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Feng T, Tang Z, Shu J, Wu X, Jiang H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complex Induces Oncosis for Synergistic Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405679. [PMID: 38771671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
An optimal cancer chemotherapy regimen should effectively address the drug resistance of tumors while eliciting antitumor-immune responses. Research has shown that non-apoptotic cell death, such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis, can enhance the immune response. Despite this, there has been limited investigation and reporting on the mechanisms of oncosis and its correlation with immune response. Herein, we designed and synthesized a Ru(II) complex that targeted the nucleus and mitochondria to induce cell oncosis. Briefly, the Ru(II) complex disrupts the nucleus and mitochondria DNA, which active polyADP-ribose polymerase 1, accompanied by ATP consumption and porimin activation. Concurrently, mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress result in the release of Ca2+ ions and increased expression of Calpain 1. Subsequently, specific pore proteins porimin and Calpain 1 promote cristae destruction or vacuolation, ultimately leading to cell membrane rupture. The analysis of RNA sequencing demonstrates that the Ru(II) complex can initiate the oncosis-associated pathway and activate both innate and adaptive immunity. In vivo experiments have confirmed that oncosis promotes dendritic cell maturation and awakens adaptive cytotoxic T lymphocytes but also activates the innate immune by inducing the polarization of macrophages towards an M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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2
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Versatile analytical methodology for evaluation of drug-like properties of potentially multi-targeting anticancer metallodrugs. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:627-632. [DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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3
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Foteeva LS, Kuznetsova OV, Keppler BK. How versatile is the use of ultrafiltration to study biointeractions of therapeutic metallodrugs? Anal Biochem 2020; 598:113697. [PMID: 32224145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For a representative number of approved or investigational anticancer metallodrugs varying in lipophilicity, unspecific adsorption onto ultracentrifugal filter units was studied. It was found that for fairly hydrophilic compounds, such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin, the binding to filters does not substantially affect their amount measured (by ICP-MS) after ultrafiltration (>95%). In the case of metal complexes with moderate lipophilicity (log P > -0.1), adsorption effects turn out to be substantial. This might impede using ultrafiltration for studying the transformations of such drugs in human serum, unless they are rapidly converted into the protein adducts. The adsorption-suppressing effect of proteins was proved for indazolium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] whose recovery from the filters was 61 and 14% in free and HSA-bound form, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S Foteeva
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga V Kuznetsova
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Busemann A, Araman C, Flaspohler I, Pratesi A, Zhou XQ, van Rixel VHS, Siegler MA, Messori L, van Kasteren SI, Bonnet S. Alkyne Functionalization of a Photoactivated Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complex for Click-Enabled Serum Albumin Interaction Studies. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7710-7720. [PMID: 32396371 PMCID: PMC7268191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Studying metal-protein
interactions is key for understanding the
fate of metallodrugs in biological systems. When a metal complex is
not emissive and too weakly bound for mass spectrometry analysis,
however, it may become challenging to study such interactions. In
this work a synthetic procedure was developed for the alkyne functionalization
of a photolabile ruthenium polypyridyl complex, [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine,
bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, and Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol. In
the functionalized complex [Ru(HCC-tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where HCC-tpy = 4′-ethynyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine,
the alkyne group can be used for bioorthogonal ligation to an azide-labeled
fluorophore using copper-catalyzed “click” chemistry.
We developed a gel-based click chemistry method to study the interaction
between this ruthenium complex and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Our
results demonstrate that visualization of the interaction between
the metal complex and the protein is possible, even when this interaction
is too weak to be studied by conventional means such as UV–vis
spectroscopy or ESI mass spectrometry. In addition, the weak metal
complex-protein interaction is controlled by visible light irradiation, i.e., the complex and the protein do not interact in the
dark, but they do interact via weak van der Waals
interactions after light activation of the complex, which triggers
photosubstitution of the Hmte ligand. A “clickable”
and photosubstitutionally active
ruthenium complex has been prepared that bears a terminal alkyne group.
In the dark, the saturated coordination sphere of the complex prevents
it from interacting with serum albumin. Upon photosubstitution of
one ligand, the complex interacts with the protein via weak interactions that were visualized using copper-catalyzed “click”
chemistry postfunctionalization with an azide fluorophore on polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis. These studies demonstrate that the metal-protein
interaction is triggered by light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Luigi Messori
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Amara CS, Vantaku V, Lotan Y, Putluri N. Recent advances in the metabolomic study of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:315-324. [PMID: 30773067 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1583105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is a chemical process, involving the characterization of metabolites and cellular metabolism. Recent studies indicate that numerous metabolic pathways are altered in bladder cancer (BLCA), providing potential targets for improved detection and possible therapeutic intervention. We review recent advances in metabolomics related to BLCA and identify various metabolites that may serve as potential biomarkers for BLCA. Areas covered: In this review, we describe the latest advances in defining the BLCA metabolome and discuss the possible clinical utility of metabolic alterations in BLCA tissues, serum, and urine. In addition, we focus on the metabolic alterations associated with tobacco smoke and racial disparity in BLCA. Expert commentary: Metabolomics is a powerful tool which can shed new light on BLCA development and behavior. Key metabolites may serve as possible markers of BLCA. However, prospective validation will be needed to incorporate these markers into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Amara
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Venkatrao Vantaku
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- b Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,c Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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6
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Mass spectrometry as a powerful tool to study therapeutic metallodrugs speciation mechanisms: Current frontiers and perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Spectroscopic and cytotoxic characteristics of (p-cymene)Ru(II) complexes with bidentate coumarins and density functional theory comparison with selected Pd(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Pröfrock D. Coupling Techniques and Orthogonal Combination of Mass Spectrometric Techniques. Metallomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527694907.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research; Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research/Biogeochemistry in Coastal Seas; Max-Planck Str.1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
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9
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Aleksenko SS. Determination of adduct forms of antitumor ruthenium(III) complex with cytosolic components by capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816070030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Biodistribution of the novel anticancer drug sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] KP-1339/IT139 in nude BALB/c mice and implications on its mode of action. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:250-5. [PMID: 26993078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium complex sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP-1339/IT139) has entered clinical trials as the more soluble alternative to the indazolium compound KP1019. In order to get insight into its distribution and accumulation throughout a living organism, KP-1339/IT139 was administered intravenously in non-tumor bearing nude BALB/c mice and the Ru content in blood cells and plasma, bone, brain, colon, kidneys, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, stomach and thymus was determined at several time points. The Ru concentration in blood cells and plasma was found to increase slightly within the first hours of analysis, with the Ru concentration being 3-times higher in plasma compared to blood cells. The plasma samples were subjected to analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and size exclusion/anion exchange chromatography (SEC-IC) both coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a large majority of the total Ru content was found attached to mouse serum albumin (MSA), confirming similar behavior to KP1019 in an in vivo setting. Within 1h, the peak ratio of approximately 1.2-1.5 Ru per albumin molecule was reached which declined to about 1 Ru per albumin molecule within 24h. Beside the MSA adduct a higher molecular weight species was observed probably stemming from MSA conjugates. In addition, the tissue samples were mineralized by microwave digestion and analyzed for their Ru content. The highest Ru levels were found in colon, lung, liver, kidney and notably in the thymus. The peak Ru concentrations in these tissues were reached 1-6h after administration and declined slowly over time.
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11
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Zheng X, Bi C, Li Z, Podariu M, Hage DS. Analytical methods for kinetic studies of biological interactions: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:163-80. [PMID: 25700721 PMCID: PMC4516701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rates at which biological interactions occur can provide important information concerning the mechanism and behavior of these processes in living systems. This review discusses several analytical methods that can be used to examine the kinetics of biological interactions. These techniques include common or traditional methods such as stopped-flow analysis and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, as well as alternative methods based on affinity chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The general principles and theory behind these approaches are examined, and it is shown how each technique can be utilized to provide information on the kinetics of biological interactions. Examples of applications are also given for each method. In addition, a discussion is provided on the relative advantages or potential limitations of each technique regarding its use in kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Maria Podariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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12
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Webb MI, Walsby CJ. Albumin binding and ligand-exchange processes of the Ru(III) anticancer agent NAMI-A and its bis-DMSO analogue determined by ENDOR spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:17482-93. [PMID: 26174110 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ruthenium anticancer compound NAMI-A, imidazolium [trans-RuCl4(1H-imidazole)(DMSO-S)], is currently undergoing advanced clinical evaluation. As with other Ru(iii) chemotherapeutic candidates, interactions with human serum albumin (HSA) have been identified as a key component of the speciation of NAMI-A following intravenous administration. To characterize coordination to HSA, we have performed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopic analysis of deuterium-labelled isotopologues of both NAMI-A and its bis-DMSO analogue, [(DMSO)2H][trans-RuCl4(DMSO-S)2] (Ru-bis-DMSO). Samples were prepared using phosphate buffered saline, in the presence of HSA, and with the individual amino acids histidine, cysteine, and alanine. Analysis of (1)H ENDOR spectra shows characteristic hyperfine interactions from DMSO, water, and imidazole ligands. Furthermore, coordination of imidazole ligands was confirmed from diagnostic (14)N ENDOR signals. Combined with the EPR data from the complexes following incubation in the presence of histidine, the ENDOR data demonstrate that both complexes bind to HSA via histidine imidazoles. Furthermore, the protein-bound species are shown to have water ligands and, in the case of Ru-bis-DMSO, one species has a remaining coordinated DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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13
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Matczuk M, Kupiec M, Legat J, Pawlak K, Timerbaev AR, Jarosz M. A shotgun metalloproteomic approach enables identification of proteins involved in the speciation of a ruthenium anticancer drug in the cytosol of cancer cells. Analyst 2015; 140:3492-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of a versatile analytical methodology for characterization of the cancer cytosol species formed between ruthenium originating from a Ru(iii) drug and cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matczuk
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Monika Kupiec
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Joanna Legat
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Maciej Jarosz
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
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14
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Martinčič A, Milačič R, Vidmar J, Turel I, Keppler BK, Ščančar J. New method for the speciation of ruthenium-based chemotherapeutics in human serum by conjoint liquid chromatography on affinity and anion-exchange monolithic disks. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Hackenberg F, Tacke M. Benzyl-substituted metallocarbene antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:8144-53. [PMID: 24770329 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl-substituted metallocarbene compounds synthesised by our group and others during the past 5 years give a new perspective on their activity as antibiotic and antitumoral drugs. N-heterocyclic carbenes containing an imidazole core were functionalised and their transition metal complexes (M = Ag, Au, Cu, Ru) have shown promising antibacterial as well as anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. IC50 values in the nanomolar region or antibacterial activity comparable to conventional antibiotics lead the way towards novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hackenberg
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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16
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Webb MI, Wu B, Jang T, Chard RA, Wong EWY, Wong MQ, Yapp DTT, Walsby CJ. Increasing the Bioavailability of RuIIIAnticancer Complexes through Hydrophobic Albumin Interactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:17031-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Ali I, Haque A, Wani WA, Saleem K, Al Za'abi M. Analyses of anticancer drugs by capillary electrophoresis: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1296-311. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Waseem A. Wani
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Kishwar Saleem
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi; 110025; India
| | - Mohammed Al Za'abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat; Sultanate of Oman
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18
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Miszczak A, Rosłon M, Zbroja G, Brama K, Szalacha E, Gawrońska H, Pawlak K. SEC ICP MS and CZE ICP MS investigation of medium and high molecular weight complexes formed by cadmium ions with phytochelatins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4667-78. [PMID: 23525539 PMCID: PMC3637892 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were applied to characterize low, medium, and high molecular weight cadmium complexes with glutathione and phytochelatins (PCs). The dominant stoichiometry of the complexes formed in vitro was established as 1:1 using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Calculated molecular masses of Cd1L1 complexes were used for calibration of the SEC and CZE methods. The results showed a lower (2 kDa) SEC column exclusion limit for cadmium complexes compared with free peptides (10 kDa), and most of the high molecular weight cadmium species were eluted in the void volume of the column. Moreover, the CZE method based on the semiempirical model of Offord to elucidate peptide migration allowed us to show a high propensity of Cd–PC complexes for polymorphism on complexation, which was also observed for extracts of Arabidopsis thaliana treated with cadmium. All the information presented is vital for understanding the mechanism of metal deactivation in plants. Estimation of molecular mass of Cd-thiopeptide complexes by size electrophoretic mobility ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Miszczak
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Aleksenko SS, Matczuk M, Lu X, Foteeva LS, Pawlak K, Timerbaev AR, Jarosz M. Metallomics for drug development: an integrated CE-ICP-MS and ICP-MS approach reveals the speciation changes for an investigational ruthenium(iii) drug bound to holo-transferrin in simulated cancer cytosol. Metallomics 2013; 5:955-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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21
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Timerbaev AR. Element speciation analysis using capillary electrophoresis: twenty years of development and applications. Chem Rev 2012; 113:778-812. [PMID: 23057472 DOI: 10.1021/cr300199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Pröfrock D, Prange A. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for quantitative analysis in environmental and life sciences: a review of challenges, solutions, and trends. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:843-68. [PMID: 22800465 DOI: 10.1366/12-06681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This focal point review provides an overview of recent developments and capabilities of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with different separation techniques for applications in the fields of quantitative environmental and bio-analysis. Over the past years numerous technical improvements, which are highlighted in this review, have helped to promote the evolution of ICP-MS to one of the most versatile tools for elemental quantification. In particular, the benefits and possibilities of using state-of-the-art hyphenated ICP-MS approaches for quantitative analysis are demonstrated with a focus on environmental and bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht-Zentrum für Material und Küstenforschung, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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Bytzek AK, Hartinger CG. Capillary electrophoretic methods in the development of metal-based therapeutics and diagnostics: new methodology and applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:622-34. [PMID: 22451055 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has matured to a standard method in medicinal inorganic chemistry. More and more steps of the drug discovery process are followed by CE. However, not only the number of applications has steadily increased but also the variety of used methodology has significantly broadened and, as compared to a few years ago, a wider scope of separation modes and hyphenated systems has been used. Herein, a summary of the newly utilized CE methods and their applications in metallodrug research in the timeframe 2006-2011 is presented, following related reviews from 2003 and 2007 (Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 2023-2037; Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 3436-3446). Areas covered include impurity profiling, quality control of pharmaceutical formulations, lipophilicity estimation, interactions between metallodrugs and proteins or nucleotides, and characterization and also quantification of metabolites in biological matrices and real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bytzek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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The binding and transport of alternative metals by transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:362-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Webb MI, Chard RA, Al-Jobory YM, Jones MR, Wong EWY, Walsby CJ. Pyridine analogues of the antimetastatic Ru(III) complex NAMI-A targeting non-covalent interactions with albumin. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:954-66. [PMID: 22224431 DOI: 10.1021/ic202029e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyridine-based derivatives of the antimetastatic Ru(III) complex imidazolium [trans-RuCl(4)(1H-imidazole)(DMSO-S)] (NAMI-A) have been synthesized along with their sodium-ion compensated analogues. These compounds have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), NMR, and electrochemistry, with the goal of probing their noncovalent interactions with human serum albumin (hsA). EPR studies show that the choice of imidazolium ligands and compensating ions does not strongly influence the rates of ligand exchange processes in aqueous buffer solutions. By contrast, the rate of formation and persistence of interactions of the complexes with hsA is found to be strongly dependent on the properties of the axial ligands. The stability of noncovalent binding is shown to correlate with the anticipated ability of the various pyridine ligands to interact with the hydrophobic binding domains of hsA. These interactions prevent the oligomerization of the complexes in solution and limit the rate of covalent binding to albumin amino acid side chains. Electrochemical studies demonstrate relatively high reduction potentials for these complexes, leading to the formation of Ru(II) species in aqueous solutions containing biological reducing agents, such as ascorbate. However, EPR measurements indicate that while noncovalent interactions with hsA do not prevent reduction, covalent binding produces persistent mononuclear Ru(III) species under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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26
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Bytzek AK, Boeck K, Hermann G, Hann S, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Koellensperger G. LC- and CZE-ICP-MS approaches for the in vivo analysis of the anticancer drug candidate sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1339) in mouse plasma. Metallomics 2011; 3:1049-55. [PMID: 21935553 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-indazole complexes are promising anticancer agents undergoing clinical trials. KP1339 is administered intravenously (i.v.), where serum proteins are the first available biological binding partners. In order to gain a better insight into the mode of action, mice were treated with different doses of KP1339 i.v. and sacrificed at different time points. The blood plasma was isolated from blood samples and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and size exclusion/anion exchange chromatography (SEC-IC) both combined on-line to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The performance of the analytical methodology was compared and the interaction of KP1339 with mouse plasma proteins characterized in vivo. Interestingly, the samples of the mice treated with 50 mg kg(-1) and terminated after 24 h showed a ca. 4-fold lowered albumin content and increased ruthenation of albumin aggregates as compared to the untreated control group and the 40 mg kg(-1) group. The majority of Ru was bound to albumin and the stoichiometry of the KP1339 protein binding was determined through the molar Ru/S ratio. In general, good agreement of the data obtained with both techniques was achieved and the SEC-IC method was found to be more sensitive as compared to the CZE-ICP-MS approach, whereas the latter benefits from the shorter analysis time and lower sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bytzek
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhu P, Bowden P, Zhang D, Marshall JG. Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:685-732. [PMID: 24737629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post-translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post-translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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Timerbaev A, Pawlak K, Gabbiani C, Messori L. Recent progress in the application of analytical techniques to anticancer metallodrug proteomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Webb MI, Walsby CJ. Control of ligand-exchange processes and the oxidation state of the antimetastatic Ru(iii) complex NAMI-A by interactions with human serum albumin. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1322-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins 2007-2010. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:66-82. [PMID: 21171114 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CE coupled to MS has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of intact proteins, as it combines the high separation efficiency of CE with the selectivity of MS. This review provides an overview of the development and application of CE-MS methods within the field of intact protein analysis as published between January 2007 and June 2010. Ongoing technological developments with respect to CE-MS interfacing, capillary coatings for CE-MS, coupling of CIEF with MS and chip-based CE-MS are treated. Furthermore, CE-MS of intact proteins involving ESI, MALDI and ICP ionization is outlined and overviews of the use of the various CE-MS methods are provided by tables. Representative examples illustrate the applicability of CE-MS for the characterization of proteins, including glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, protein-ligand complexes, biomarkers and dietary proteins. It is concluded that CE-MS is a valuable technique with high potential for intact protein analysis, providing useful information on protein identity and purity, including modifications and degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Pröfrock D. Progress and possible applications of miniaturised separation techniques and elemental mass spectrometry for quantitative, heteroatom-tagged proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2383-401. [PMID: 20582698 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of miniaturised separation techniques such as capillary LC, nano LC or capillary electrophoresis offers a number of advantages in terms of analytical performance, solvent consumption and the ability to analyse very small sample amounts. These features make them attractive for various bioanalytical tasks, in particular those related to the analysis of proteins and peptides. The skillful combination of such techniques with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has recently permitted the design of combined analytical approaches utilising either elemental or molecule-specific detection techniques such as electrospray ionisation (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry in a highly complementary manner for, as an example, proteomics-orientated research (heteroatom-tagged proteomics). Such hybrid approaches are, in particular, providing promising new options for the fast screening of complex samples for specific metal-containing or--more generally speaking--heteroatom-containing biomolecules, as well as the accurate absolute quantification of biomolecules, which is still an unsolved problem in bioanalysis. Here, progress in as well as the potential and the special requirements of hyphenating miniaturised separation techniques with ICP-MS are reviewed and critically discussed. In addition, selected applications are highlighted to indicate current and possible future trends within this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pröfrock
- GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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32
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Timerbaev AR. Inorganic species analysis by CE â An overview for 2007â2008. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:192-204. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Foteeva LS, Timerbaev AR. Application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of metal-containing pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Bettmer J, Montes Bayón M, Ruiz Encinar J, Fernández Sánchez ML, Fernández de la Campa MDR, Sanz Medel A. The emerging role of ICP-MS in proteomic analysis. J Proteomics 2009; 72:989-1005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Tuning heavy metal compounds for anti-tumor activity: is diversity the key to ruthenium’s success? Future Med Chem 2009; 1:541-59. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring the reader up to date with the more recent ruthenium compounds that have been synthesized and tested for their cytotoxicity. The chemistry of these transition metal complexes will be introduced and the basic principles that govern their common behavior outlined. The recent history of established compounds within this field will be presented alongside those that now represent the cutting-edge. The inherent variety within this class of compounds will lead the reader to appreciate their diversity and pose questions as to their similarities aside from the presence of a shared metal ion. This review aims to discuss and contextualize the state-of-the-art research within the context of the speculative advancement of this developing field. There is an evident need to specify the molecular and cellular targets of these drug molecules in order to ultimately elucidate their mode or modes of action. The evidence presented herein suggests that new avenues of research require novel analytical probes and methods for tracing the fate of ruthenium complexes in cells in order to understand their very promising cytotoxic activity.
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Hartinger CG, Jakupec MA, Zorbas-Seifried S, Groessl M, Egger A, Berger W, Zorbas H, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. KP1019, a new redox-active anticancer agent--preclinical development and results of a clinical phase I study in tumor patients. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:2140-2155. [PMID: 18972504 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The promising drug candidate indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019) is the second Ru-based anticancer agent to enter clinical trials. In this review, which is an update of a paper from 2006 (Hartinger et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2006, 100, 891-904), the experimental evidence for the proposed mode of action of this coordination compound is discussed, including transport into the cell via the transferrin cycle and activation by reduction. The results of the early clinical development of KP1019 are summarized in which five out of six evaluated patients experienced disease stabilization with no severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna.
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