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Rezayat MR, Jafari MT, Mohammadipour L. A configuration for cooling assisted organic solvent coated thin film microextraction after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method: A microextraction method for ultra-trace analyzing of volatile sample. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33230. [PMID: 39022067 PMCID: PMC11253257 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A combination of the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on the total vaporization procedure and cooling-assisted organic solvent-coated thin film microextraction (TFME) was applied for extracting chlorpyrifos (as the model compound). Based on the high thermal conductivity, a nickel foam thin film with the dimensions of 5.0 mm × 5.0 mm was used as a substrate for holding the organic solvent. Supporting thin film by organic solvent increases the thickness and contact area of the film relative to TFME or single drop microextraction (SDME) alone, resulting in a dramatic increase in the extraction efficiency. To protect the organic solvent and enhance the analyte distribution coefficient between the film and the vapor phase, a cooling system was applied. The proposed design was effective due to condensing the target analyte only on the uniform cooled thin film and not on the other regions in the extraction chamber. A corona discharge ionization source-ion mobility spectrometer was employed to identify the analyte. After optimizing the effective parameters, the limits of quantification (S/N = 10) and detection (S/N = 3) were calculated 0.1 and 0.03 μg L-1, respectively, and the dynamic range was measured between 0.1 and 7.0 μg L-1, with a determination coefficient of 0.9997. For three concentration levels of 0.1, 3.0, and 7.0 μg L-1, the relative standard deviations (n = 3) as the repeatability index were to be 6 %, 5 %, and 4 % for intra-day and 9 %, 6 %, and 5 % for inter-day, respectively. The enrichment factor was also calculated to be 3630 for the analyte concentration of 1.0 μg L-1. Well water, potato, and agricultural wastewater were analyzed as the real samples and the relative recovery values were measured between 92 % and 99 %. The accuracy of the proposed technique was validated by the European Standards EN 12393 method. In this approach, two steps of analyte extraction (DLLME and TFME) were used consecutively, resulting in better preconcentration and reduced matrix interference during cleaning-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Rezayat
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad T. Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadipour
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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A green analytical method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oral fluids from crack smokers. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1711-1724. [PMID: 33275040 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Develop and validate a method of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography to investigate three major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oral fluid. Results/Methodology: The extraction phase was exposed to 1.5 ml of diluted oral fluid under stirring at 1000 rpm for 60 min, at 70°C. Then, it was immersed in 200 μl of acetonitrile for 10 min at 25°C for desorption of the analytes. Linearity, absolute recovery, and inter- and intra-assay relative standard deviations and relative errors were 50-300 ng.ml-1, ≥24% and ≤15% for all analytes, respectively. A full factorial design was used to SPME optimization. Discussion/Conclusion: The method is suitable for the exploratory analysis of some PAHs in the oral fluid of crack smokers.
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Kadmi Y, Favier L, Yehya T, Soutrel I, Simion AI, Vial C, Wolbert D. Controlling contamination for determination of ultra-trace levels of priority pollutants chlorophenols in environmental water matrices. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background:
Green chemistry is the application of methodologies and techniques to reduce
the use of hazardous substances, minimize waste generation and apply benign and cheap applications.
Methods:
In this article, the following issues were considered: greener solvents and reagents, miniaturization
of analytical instrumentation, reagent-free methodologies, greening with automation, greener
sample preparation methods, and greener detection systems. Moreover, the tables along with the investigated
topics including environmental analysis were included. The future aspects and the challenges
in green analytical chemistry were also discussed.
Results:
The prevention of waste generation, atomic economy, use of less hazardous materials for
chemical synthesis and design, use of safer solvents, auxiliaries and renewable raw materials, reduction
of unnecessary derivatization, design degradation products, prevention of accidents and development
of real-time analytical methods are important for the development of greener methodologies.
Conclusion:
Efforts should also be given for the evaluation of novel solid phases, new solvents, and
sustainable reagents to reduce the risks associated with the environment. Moreover, greener methodologies
enable energy efficient, safe and faster that reduce the use of reagents, solvents and preservatives
which are hazardous to both environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Yayayürük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Heidari N, Ghiasvand A. A review on magnetic field-assisted solid-phase microextraction techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1668804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
- School of Natural Sciences, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Gao J, Zhang C, Cheng Z, Liu D, Zhou Z, Wang P. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in environmental matrices by nitrogen-assisted headspace solid-phase extraction. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel pretreatment method named nitrogen-assisted headspace solid-phase extraction (NA/HS-SPE) was developed for the analysis of volatile organic pollutants in water, sediment, honey, and juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Chuntao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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Yuan SF, Liu ZH, Lian HX, Yang CT, Lin Q, Yin H, Lin Z, Dang Z. Fast trace determination of nine odorant and estrogenic chloro- and bromo-phenolic compounds in real water samples through automated solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3813-3822. [PMID: 29177998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable method was developed for simultaneous trace determination of nine odorous and estrogenic chloro- and bromo-phenolic compounds (CPs and BPs) in water samples using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For sample preparation, the extraction efficiencies of two widely applied cartridges Oasis HLB and Sep-Pak C18 were compared, and the Oasis HLB cartridge showed much better extraction performance; pH of water sample also plays important role on extraction, and pH = 2-3 was found to be most appropriate. For separation of the target compounds, small addition of ammonium hydroxide can obviously improve the detection sensitivity, and the optimized addition concentration was determined as 0.2%. The developed efficient method was validated and showed excellent linearity (R 2 > 0.995), low limit of detection (LOD, 1.9-6.2 ng/L), and good recovery efficiencies of 57-95% in surface and tap water with low relative standard deviation (RSD, 1.3-17.4%). The developed method was finally applied to one tap and one surface water samples and most of these nine targets were detected, but all of them were below their odor thresholds, and their estrogen equivalent (EEQ) were also very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fen Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hai-Xian Lian
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Chuang-Tao Yang
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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Simple, Low-Cost and Reliable Device for Vacuum-Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds from Complex Solid Samples. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Kumar R, Abdel-Wahab M, Barakat M, Rashid J, Salah N, Al-Ghamdi AA. Role of N doping on the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of the silver deposited ZnO thin films. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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11
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Recent Developments and Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) in Food and Environmental Analysis—A Review. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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He H, Zhuang Y, Peng Y, Gao Z, Yang S, Sun C. Solid-phase microextraction based on polyaniline doped with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid coupled to HPLC for the quantitative determination of chlorophenols in water samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:427-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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13
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Mehdinia A, Aziz-Zanjani MO. Advances for sensitive, rapid and selective extraction in different configurations of solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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New membraneless vaporization unit coupled with flow systems for analysis of ethanol. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 796:61-7. [PMID: 24016584 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the development of a new design for a membraneless vaporization (MBL-VP) unit, called dual chamber MBL-VP for measurement of volatile compounds. With this unit, exact volumes of sample and reagent are introduced into their respective cone-shaped chambers from the base of the cones. Diffusion of volatile analyte then takes place. After an appropriate time interval, the acceptor solution is withdrawn from the chamber into the detector flow-cell, while the sample solution is withdrawn to waste. Unlike the previous MBL-VP design, problems with overflow of solutions are eliminated by precise control of the input volume to be less than the volume of the chamber. The developed flow system with the dual chamber MBL-VP unit was applied to the determination of the ethanol content of various liquid samples, using the oxidation reaction between potassium dichromate and the diffused ethanol. In addition, in order to accelerate the gas diffusion process, the donor chamber was aerated. As the result, relatively short analysis time of 144 s was achieved for ethanol content in the range of 5-50% (v/v). The proposed method was successfully validated against a gas chromatographic method for 17 alcoholic samples. Percentage recovery was in the range of 96-109%.
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Faludi T, Andrási N, Vasanits-Zsigrai A, Záray G, Molnár-Perl I. Systematic derivatization, mass fragmentation and acquisition studies in the analysis of chlorophenols, as their silyl derivatives by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Morales R, Cruz Ortiz M, Sarabia LA. Optimization of headspace experimental factors to determine chlorophenols in water by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and parallel factor analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 754:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Hung CH, Ho HP, Lin MT, Chen CY, Shu YY, Lee MR. Purge-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of trace nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Noestheden M, Noot D, Hindle R. Fast, extraction-free analysis of chlorinated phenols in well water by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Souza Silveira CD, Martendal E, Soldi V, Carasek E. Application of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chlorophenols in leather. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:602-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Vasconcelos MTS. Extraction and preconcentration techniques for chromatographic determination of chlorophenols in environmental and food samples. Talanta 2012; 89:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Ho TT, Chen CY, Li ZG, Yang TCC, Lee MR. Determination of chlorophenols in landfill leachate using headspace sampling with ionic liquid-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 712:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Elci L, Kolbe N, Elci SG, Anderson JT. Solid phase extractive preconcentration coupled to gas chromatography–atomic emission detection for the determination of chlorophenols in water samples. Talanta 2011; 85:551-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou Q, Gao Y, Xiao J, Xie G. Sensitive determination of phenols from samples by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:653-658. [PMID: 32938086 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper established a new determination method for phenols using temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. In this experiment, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8MIM][PF6]) was employed as the extraction solvent for the enrichment of 2-chlorophenol, 2-naphthol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency including the volume of [C8MIM][PF6], dissoluble temperature, extraction time, sample pH, amount of ethanol, centrifugation time and salting-out effect have been investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, they have good linear relationships over the concentration range of 1.0-100 ng mL-1 for 2-chlorophenol, 2-naphthol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 1.5-150 ng mL-1 for 2,4-dichlorophenol, and excellent detection sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) in the range of 0.27-0.68 μg L-1. Intra day and inter day precisions of the proposed method (RSDs, n = 6) were 2.1-3.7% and 5.1-7.2%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to analyze real water samples spiked with two different concentrations and good spiked recoveries over the range of 85.8-117.0% were obtained. These results indicated that the proposed method would be competitive in the analysis of phenols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
- State Laboratory of Petroeum Resource and Prospecting, College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing Capmus(CUP), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Junping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guohong Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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