1
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Gerigk M, Luca SV, Schwarzenbach S, Minceva M. Model-based design of gradient elution in liquid-liquid chromatography: Application to the separation of cannabinoids. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464888. [PMID: 38613932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC) is a separation technique that utilizes a biphasic solvent system as the mobile and stationary phases. The components are separated solely due to their different distributions between the two liquid phases. Gradient change in the mobile phase composition during the chromatographic process is a powerful method for improving the resolution of separation or shortening the process time. Gradient elution readily applies to LLC with biphasic solvent systems in which the stationary phase composition remains nearly constant when the mobile phase composition changes. This work proposes a model-based approach to optimize gradients in LLC and circumvent tedious trial-and-error experiments. The solutes' distribution constant depends on the mobile phase composition. Thus, the distribution constants were described as a function of the content of one of the solvents (= modifier) in the mobile phase. The dispersive and mass-transfer effects in the tubing and the column are modeled with a stage model. Only a few experiments are required to determine the model parameters. After the validation of the model and its parameters, the model can be used for LLC gradient optimization. The proposed approach was demonstrated for a gradient LLC separation of a mixture of four cannabinoids. Two different gradient shapes, one-step and linear gradient, were considered. For a pre-selected minimal purity requirement, the gradient was optimized for maximum process efficiency, defined as the product of productivity and yield. An experiment conducted with the optimized gradient conditions was in good agreement with the simulation, showing the potential of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gerigk
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Sophie Schwarzenbach
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany.
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2
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Salting-out Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Caffeine and Nicotinic Acid in Coffee by HPLC–UV/Vis Detector. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Lu H, Tian Z, Cui Y, Liu Z, Ma X. Chlorogenic acid: A comprehensive review of the dietary sources, processing effects, bioavailability, beneficial properties, mechanisms of action, and future directions. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3130-3158. [PMID: 33337063 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a group of hydroxycinnamates, are generally abundant in everyday foods and beverages, most prominently in certain coffee drinks. Among them, the chlorogenic acid (CGA), also termed as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), is one of the most abundant, highly functional polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. The evidence of its health benefits obtained from clinical studies, as well as basic research, indicates an inverse correlation between 5-CQA consumption and a lower risk of metabolic syndromes and chronic diseases. This review focuses on the beneficial properties for health and mechanisms of action of 5-CQA, starting with its history, isomers, dietary sources, processing effects, preparation methods, pharmacological safety evaluation, and bioavailability. It also provides the possible molecular mechanistic bases to explain the health beneficial effects of 5-CQA including neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, gastrointestinal protective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, glucose and lipid metabolism regulatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The information summarized here could aid in the basic and clinical research on 5-CQA as a natural dietary additive, potential drug candidate, as well as a natural health promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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4
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Song X, Li K, Cui L, Yu J, Ali I, Zhu H, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang D. A simple and efficient linear gradient coupled with inner-recycling high-speed counter-current chromatography mode for the preparative separation of flavonoid glycosides from leaves of custard apple. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Zhang L, Wu S. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions in countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Chen Z, Yang Y, Mi S, Fan Q, Sun X, Deng B, Wu G, Li Y, Zhou Q, Ruan Z. Hepatoprotective effect of chlorogenic acid against chronic liver injury in inflammatory rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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7
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Yang Z, Guo P, Han R, Wu D, Gao JM, Wu S. Methanol linear gradient counter-current chromatography for the separation of natural products: Sinopodophyllum hexandrum as samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:251-261. [PMID: 31266644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is a unique, liquid-liquid partition chromatography process. Both the mobile and stationary phases are liquids, so no solid support matrix is used. CCC has gained wide acceptance as a preparative technique in a variety of fields. Because the mobile and stationary phases are both liquids, gradient elution is difficult to perform with CCC. Phase equilibrium must be maintained, so any change in the composition of one phase may induce a compositional change in the other. In this work, a new linear gradient elution method was developed for CCC. Biphasic solvent systems containing heptane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (HepEMWat) in various ratios were prepared and used to optimize both isocratic and linear gradient CCC separation with methanol. We first separated a test mixture of four standard compounds with partition coefficients ranging from 0.8 to 7.8. The separation resembled a reversed-phase process, and elution was performed while progressively decreasing the polarity of the mobile phase. Target molecules with small partition coefficients eluted first in the lower phase of the optimized HepEMWat solvent system. Elution of constituents with large partition coefficients was quite slow under isocratic conditions. Separation time was significantly reduced when elution was performed with a linear gradient using methanol and the optimal HepEMWat system. Elution with a 3:7:4:6 (v/v/v/v) HepEMWat system took approximately 200 min. This included an 80-min isocratic step, followed by gradient elution with methanol from 0% to 30%. The optimized methanol linear gradient CCC method was then used to separate a complex mixture of natural products isolated from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying roots. Twelve compounds with a wide range of polarities were well-resolved in a single separation. We have developed a convenient and cost-effective strategy for the separation of complex mixtures. No tedious mobile phase preparation step is required. The volume of unused mobile phase is minimal, so little solvent is wasted. The method is an important advance for the separation of mixtures that contain many compounds with a large range of polarities and partition coefficients, which are common features of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Peipei Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dingfang Wu
- Rui'an Food Inspection and Testing Center, Rui'an, 325204, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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8
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Liu D, Liu X, Zhang X. Preparative isolation of caffeoylquinic acid isomers from Kuding tea by salt‐containing aqueous two‐phase extraction and purification by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
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9
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Khan BM, Liu Y. High speed counter current chromatography: Overview of solvent-system and elution-mode. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1499528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Muhammad Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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10
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Nguyen NU, Stamper BD. Polyphenols reported to shift APAP-induced changes in MAPK signaling and toxicity outcomes. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:129-136. [PMID: 28918124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to its widespread availability, acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause for drug-induced liver injury in many countries including United States and United Kingdom. When used as recommended, APAP is relatively safe. However, in overdose cases, increased metabolism of APAP to N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), a reactive metabolite, leads to glutathione (GSH) depletion, oxidative stress, and cellular injury. Throughout this process, a variety of factors play important roles in propagating toxicity, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Because of its involvement in multiple cellular processes, biomarkers associated with MAPK signaling have generated interest as a mechanistic target for protecting against APAP-induced liver injury and hepatocellular injury, in general. This review summarizes mechanistic details by which natural products, specifically those containing polyphenolic moieties, are capable of attenuating APAP-induced toxicity, at least in part through an ability to modulate MAPKs. These compounds include carnosic acid, chlorogenic acid, davallialactone, extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa, quercetin-based compounds, and resveratrol. Despite variations in the experimental designs across these studies, common pathways and biomarkers were implicated in cytoprotection when polyphenolic compounds were given with APAP, such as enhanced antioxidant gene expression and reversal of APAP-induced changes in oxidative stress markers and MAPK signaling. Overall, an emphasis should be placed on method standardization for future studies if we are to gain a more in-depth understanding of how polyphenolic moieties contribute to cytoprotection during an APAP overdose event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Uy Nguyen
- Pacific University College of Arts & Sciences, 2043 College Way UC #4882, Forest Grove, OR 97116, USA.
| | - Brendan David Stamper
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 S.E. 8th Avenue #451, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA.
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11
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Wu S. Sugaring-out strategy for counter-current chromatography isolation: podophyllotoxins and flavones from Dysosma versipellis as examples. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduced a sugaring-out strategy for optimizing two-phase solvent systems for counter-current chromatography by adding some sugars into the selected two-phase solvent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhang
- Research Centre of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology
- College of Life Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Research Centre of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology
- College of Life Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Centre of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology
- College of Life Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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12
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Room temperature ionic liquids-based salting-in strategy for counter-current chromatography in the separation of arctiin. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1478:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Huang XY, Ignatova S, Hewitson P, Di DL. An overview of recent progress in elution mode of counter current chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Lu Y. Preparative separation of bioactive constitutes from Zanthoxylum planispinum
using linear gradient counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3735-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Science and Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Key laboratory of aquatic products processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Marine Food; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yanbin Lu
- Key laboratory of aquatic products processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Marine Food; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou China
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15
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Chen WB, Li SQ, Chen LJ, Fang MJ, Chen QC, Wu Z, Wu YL, Qiu YK. Online polar two phase countercurrent chromatography×high performance liquid chromatography for preparative isolation of polar polyphenols from tea extract in a single step. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:179-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Countercurrent Separation of Natural Products: An Update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1765-96. [PMID: 26177360 PMCID: PMC4517501 DOI: 10.1021/np501065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the current instrumentation, method development, and applications in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), collectively referred to as countercurrent separation (CCS). The article provides a critical review of the CCS literature from 2007 since our last review (J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1489-1508), with a special emphasis on the applications of CCS in natural products research. The current state of CCS is reviewed in regard to three continuing topics (instrumentation, solvent system development, theory) and three new topics (optimization of parameters, workflow, bioactivity applications). The goals of this review are to deliver the necessary background with references for an up-to-date perspective of CCS, to point out its potential for the natural product scientist, and thereby to induce new applications in natural product chemistry, metabolome, and drug discovery research involving organisms from terrestrial and marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brent Friesen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
- Physical
Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
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17
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Liu Q, Yu J, Liao X, Zhang P, Chen X. One-Step Separation of Antioxidant Compounds from Erythrina variegata by High Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:730-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Ying H, Jiang H, Liu H, Chen F, Du Q. Ethyl acetate-n-butanol gradient solvent system for high-speed countercurrent chromatography to screen bioactive substances in okra. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:117-23. [PMID: 25069743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-speed countercurrent chromatographic separation (HSCCC) possesses the property of zero-loss of sample, which is very useful for the screening of bioactive components. In the present study, the ethyl acetate-n-butanol gradient HSCCC solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water was investigated for the screening of bioactive substances. To screen the antiproliferative compounds in okra extract, we used the stationary phase ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1:1:10) as the stationary phase, and eluted the antiproliferative components by 6-steps of gradient using mobile phases n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:2), n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:4), n-hexane-ethyl acetate (0:4), n-butanol-ethyl acetate (1:4) n-butanol-ethyl acetate (1:2), n-butanol-ethyl acetate (2:2), and n-butanol-ethyl acetate (2:1). The fractions collected from HSCCC separation with the gradient solvent system were assayed for antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Bioactive components were identified: a major anti-cancer compound, 4'-hydroxy phenethyl trans-ferulate, with middle activity, and a minor anti-cancer compound, carolignan, with strong activity. The result shows that the gradient solvent system is potential for the screening of bioactive compounds from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ying
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Heyuan Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Fangjuan Chen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Qizhen Du
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China.
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19
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Inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with chlorogenic acids (CHAs) from crude and purified aqueous extracts of green Robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora L.). Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Upadhyay R, Mohan Rao LJ. An outlook on chlorogenic acids-occurrence, chemistry, technology, and biological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 53:968-84. [PMID: 23768188 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.576319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics are widespread dietary antioxidants. Among these, chlorogenic acids (CGAs) received considerable attention for their wide distribution and part of human diet with potential biological effects. CGAs (71 compounds), being esters of derivatives of cinnamic acids with quinic acid are widely distributed in plant materials. Coffee is among the highest found in plants, ranging from 4 to 14%. Besides, these are reported in plant foods such as apples, pears, carrot, tomato, sweet potato, Phyllostachys edulis, oilseeds, Prunus domestica L, cherries, and eggplant. The traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as flowers and buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb and the leaves of Eucommia ulmodies contained CGAs as bioactive compound. These play an important role in the formation of roasted coffee flavor and have a marked influence on coffee cup quality. CGAs are considered as main precursors of coffee flavor and pigments. Recent technological advancements in the separation and purification of CGAs such as molecular-imprinted polymer technique; microwave-assisted extraction; pH gradient counter current chromatography has also been described. The consumption of coffee correlated to several health benefits such as reducing the risk of human chronic diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease owing to its antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Upadhyay
- Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour Technology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
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21
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Application of stepwise gradients in counter-current chromatography: A rapid and economical strategy for the one-step separation of eight coumarins from Seseli resinosum. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Ji L, Jiang P, Lu B, Sheng Y, Wang X, Wang Z. Chlorogenic acid, a dietary polyphenol, protects acetaminophen-induced liver injury and its mechanism. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1911-9. [PMID: 24011717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant dietary polyphenols, possessing well-known antioxidant capacity. The present study is designed to observe the protection provided by CGA against acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury in mice in vivo and the underlying mechanisms engaged in this process. Serum transaminases analysis and liver histological evaluation demonstrated the protection of CGA against AP-induced liver injury. CGA treatment decreased the increased number of liver apoptotic cells induced by AP in a dose-dependent manner. CGA also inhibited AP-induced cleaved activation of caspase-3, 7. Moreover, CGA reversed AP-decreased liver reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione reductase activity. Further results showed that CGA increased mRNA and protein expression of the catalytic subunit of GCL (GCLC), thioredoxin (Trx) 1/2 and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) 1. Furthermore, CGA abrogated AP-induced phospholyated activation of ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 kinases and molecular signals upstream. The results of this study demonstrate that CGA counteracts AP-induced liver injury at various levels by preventing apoptosis and oxidative stress damage, and more specifically, both the GSH and Trx antioxidant systems and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade appear to be engaged in this protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Kaiser N, Birkholz D, Colomban S, Navarini L, Engelhardt UH. A new method for the preparative isolation of chlorogenic acid lactones from coffee and model roasts of 5-caffeoylquinic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6937-6941. [PMID: 23790059 DOI: 10.1021/jf4011356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid lactones (CQL) are known to contribute to the bitter taste of roasted coffee. CQL might also have beneficial biological activities. Until now, there is a lack of pure standard compounds for quantification and biological testing. Using high-speed countercurrent chromatography, milligram amounts of lactones could be isolated. The structures of 3-O-caffeoyl-γ-quinide, 4-O-caffeoyl-muco-γ-quinide, and 5-O-caffeoyl-epi-δ-quinide were confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy including (13)C NMR data, which were previously not available from the literature. An UHPLC method was developed that enabled the separation of the lactones from roasted coffee in significantly shorter time than conventional HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kaiser
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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24
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wang K, Cao X, Wu S. Novel linear and step-gradient counter-current chromatography for bio-guided isolation and purification of cytotoxic podophyllotoxins from Dysosma versipellis (Hance). J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1022-8. [PMID: 23418155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma versipellis (Hance) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of snakebite, weakness, condyloma accuminata, lymphadenopathy, and tumors for thousands of years. In this work, four podophyllotoxin-like lignans including 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (1), α-peltatin (2), podophyllotoxin (3), β-peltatin (4) as major cytotoxic principles of D. versipellis were successfully isolated and purified by several novel linear and step gradient counter-current chromatography methods using the systems of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:3:7 and 4:6:4:6, v/v/v/v). Compared with isocratic elution, linear and step-gradient elution can provide better resolution and save more time for the separation of photophyllotoxin and its congeners. Their cytotoxicities were further evaluated and their structures were validated by high-resolution electrospray TOF MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. All components showed potent anticancer activity against human hepatoma cells HepG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Wu S, Wu D, Liang J, Berthod A. Modeling gradient elution in countercurrent chromatography: efficient separation of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:964-76. [PMID: 22589157 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a support-free liquid-liquid chromatography using centrifugal fields to hold the liquid stationary phase. CCC has been widely applied in the separation of various natural and synthetic components using a variety of biphasic liquid systems. The related hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water biphasic liquid systems demonstrated their significance in CCC. Gradient is difficult in CCC since any composition change in one phase induces a composition change of the other phase to maintain phase equilibrium. This work provides a new insight into linear gradient elution in CCC that is feasible with some biphasic liquid systems such as selected compositions of the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water systems. The equations modeling solute motion inside the CCC column are proposed. Particular compositions of the liquid system, namely the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water 8:2:E:W compositions with E + W = 10, were studied from W = 1 to 9. They showed moderate changes in the upper organic phase compositions. The model is tested with the separation of tanshinones from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Different linear solvent gradient profiles were experimentally performed between 8:2:5:5 and 8:2:3:7 compositions and the results were evaluated using the proposed model. Five tanshinones including dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, 1,2-dihydrotanshinquinone, and tanshinone IIA have been successfully separated (>95% purities) using a gradient profile optimized by the developed model. The gradient model can be used only with biphasic liquid systems in which one phase shows minimum composition changes when the other phase composition changes notably. This case is not the general case for biphasic liquid systems but can be applied with specific compositions of the quaternary hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water most useful CCC liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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26
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Wang J, Lu D, Sun Q, Zhao H, Ling X, Ouyang P. Reactive extraction and recovery of mono-caffeoylquinic acids from tobacco wastes by trialkylphosphine oxide. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Shehzad O, Khan S, Ha IJ, Park Y, Kim YS. Rational development of a selection model for solvent gradients in single-step separation of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng
using high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1462-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Shehzad
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy; Inje University, Gimhae; Gyeongnam Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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28
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Xie Q, Yin L, Zhang G, Wei Y. Separation and purification of isorhamnetin 3-sulphate from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze by counter-current chromatography comparing two kinds of solvent systems. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:159-65. [PMID: 22084024 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first preparative separation of a flavonoid sulphate isorhamnetin 3-sulphate from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze by counter-current chromatography (CCC) was presented. Two kinds of solvent systems were used. A conventional organic/aqueous solvent system n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (4:1:5, v/v) was used, yielding isorhamnetin 3-sulphate 2.0 mg with a purity of 93.4% from 83 mg of pre-enriched crude extract obtained from 553 mg ethanol extract by macroporous resin. A one-component organic/salt-containing system composed of n-butanol-0.25% sodium chloride aqueous solution (1:1, v/v) was also used, and the LC column packed with macroporous resin has been employed for desalination of the target compound purified from CCC. As a result, 2.1 mg of isorhamnetin 3-sulphate with a purity of over 97% has been isolated from 402 mg of crude extract without pre-enrichment. Compared with the conventional organic/aqueous system, the one-component organic/salt-containing aqueous system was more suitable for the separation of isorhamnetin 3-sulphate, and purer target compound was obtained from the crude extract without pre-enrichment using the new solvent system. The chemical structure was confirmed by ESI-MS and (1)H, (13)C NMR. In summary, our results indicated that CCC using one-component organic/salt-containing aqueous solution is very promising and powerful for high-throughput purification of isorhamnetin 3-sulphate from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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29
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Zeng L, Wu D, Wu S. A novel protocol for the preparation of sodium tanshinone sulphonates by direct ultrasound-assisted sulphonation of the crude extract of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and following counter-current chromatography purification. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:424-431. [PMID: 21465597 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium tanshinone sulphonates are water-soluble derivatives of tanshinones originated from Tanshen (or Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine, which have potent biological activities, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. However, the classical preparation processes of sodium tanshinone sulphonates often involve multiple time- and solvent-consuming steps after purification of tanshinones, resulting in relatively low yields. OBJECTIVE To develop a simple protocol for direct preparation of sodium tanshinone sulphonates from the complex crude extract of the roots of S. miltiorrhiza without pre-purification of tanshinones. METHODOLOGY The 100 mg crude tanshinone extract of S. miltiorrhiza was first sulphonated in a ultrasound bath with glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid for 20 min, and then subjected to counter-current chromatography (CCC) separation using a optimum two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane:ethylacetate:ethanol:5% sodium chloride aqueous solution (1:8:4:10, v/v). Based on the UV detection and HPLC analyses, the sulphonated fractions were collected. RESULT Sodium tanshinone IIA sulphonate (7.1 mg) and sodium tanshinone I sulphonate (2.8 mg) with over 95% purity were obtained successfully for the first time by ultrasound-assisted sulphonation and following CCC purification. CONCLUSION The study has shown that the method combining ultrasound-assisted sulphonation and CCC purification is an efficient way to prepare tanshinone sulphonates without pre-purification of tanshinones from the complex extracts of Tanshen, and can be explored as a new protocol for wide natural product modification directly from a crude complex extracts without pre-purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zeng
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
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30
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Ignatova S, Sumner N, Colclough N, Sutherland I. Gradient elution in counter-current chromatography: a new layout for an old path. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6053-60. [PMID: 21470614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gradient elution in CCC is a powerful tool, which needs further systematic development to become robust and easy to use. The first attempt to build a correlation between gradient elution profile and distribution ratio (K(D)) values for model mixtures containing typical representatives of pharmaceutical compounds is presented in this paper. The three step estimation of the solvent system composition of a heptane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) series is described. The estimation is based on simple measurements of initial and final stationary phase retention for gradient elution run, calculating gradient distribution ratio and correlating it with static K(D) against HEMWat number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ignatova
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB83PH, UK.
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31
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Kim SM, Shang YF, Um BH. Preparative separation of chlorogenic acid by centrifugal partition chromatography from highbush blueberry leaves (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:457-462. [PMID: 20310076 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blueberries (genus Vaccinium) have gained worldwide focus because of the high anthocyanin content of their fruits. In contrast, the leaves of blueberry have not attracted any attention, even though they contain large quantities of chlorogenic acid, a strong antioxidant compound. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was the quantification and preparative isolation of chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA) from blueberry leaves using a new separation scheme, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). METHODOLOGY A water fraction containing a high concentration of 5-CQA (14.5% of dry weight extract) was obtained by defatting a crude methanol extract from blueberry leaves. CPC was applied to isolate 5-CQA from this water fraction using a two-phase solvent system of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water at a volume ratio 4:1:5 (v/v/v). The flow-rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/min with the ascending mode while rotating at 1200 rpm. The eluate was monitored at 330 nm. The structure of chlorogenic acid in the CPC fraction was confirmed with HPLC, UV, ESI/MS and NMR spectra. RESULTS The HPLC chromatogram showed that the fractions collected by CPC contained chlorogenic acid with 96% purity based on peak area percentage. The total amount of chlorogenic acid isolated from 0.5 g of a water fraction was 52.9 mg, corresponding to 10.6% of the water fraction. The isolated compound was identified successively as 5-CQA with MS (parent ion at m/z 355.1 [M + H](+)) and (1)H NMR spectra [caffeoyl moiety in the down field (δ 6.0-8.0 ppm) and quinic acid moiety in the up field (δ 2.0-5.5 ppm)]. CONCLUSION 5-CQA was successfully isolated from blueberry leaves by the CPC method in a one-step procedure, indicating a further potential use for blueberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Techno Valley, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-340, Korea
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32
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Yoon KD, Chin YW, Kim J. CENTRIFUGAL PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY: APPLICATION TO NATURAL PRODUCTS IN 1994–2009. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kee Dong Yoon
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
- b Immune Modulator Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- a College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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33
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On-line coupling of counter-current chromatography and macroporous resin chromatography for continuous isolation of arctiin from the fruit of Arctium lappa L. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5398-406. [PMID: 20619844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a novel hybrid two-dimensional counter-current chromatography and liquid chromatography (2D CCC x LC) system for the continuous purification of arctiin from crude extract of Arctium lappa. The first dimensional CCC column has been designed to fractionalize crude complex extract into pure arctiin effluent using a one-component organic/salt-containing system, and the second dimensional LC column has been packed with macroporous resin for on-line adsorption, desalination and desorption of arctiin which was effluent purified from the first CCC dimension. Thus, the crude arctiin mixture has been purified efficiently and conveniently by on-line CCC x LC in spite of the use of a salt-containing solvent system in CCC separation. As a result, high purity (more than 97%) of arctiin has been isolated by repeated injections both using the ethyl acetate-8% sodium chloride aqueous solution and butanol-1% sodium chloride aqueous solution. By contrast with the traditional CCC processes using multi-component organic/aqueous solvent systems, the present on-line CCC x LC process only used a one-component organic solvent and thus the solvent is easier to recover and regenerate. All of used solvents such as ethyl acetate, n-butanol and NaCl aqueous solution are low toxicity and environment-friendly. Moreover, the lower phase of salt-containing aqueous solution used as mobile phase, only contained minor organic solvent, which will save much organic solvent in continuous separation. In summary, our results indicated that the on-line hybrid 2D CCC x LC system using one-component organic/salt-containing aqueous solution is very promising and powerful tool for high-throughput purification of arctiin from fruits of A. lappa.
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