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Ye Y, Sun X, Huang C, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Wang JS, Zhao H, Sun X. Metabolic transformation of cyclopiazonic acid in liver microsomes from different species based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134902. [PMID: 38909467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the metabolic transformation of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the liver of different species and to supplement accurate risk assessment information, the metabolism of CPA in liver microsomes from four animals and humans was studied using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight method. The results showed that a total of four metabolites were obtained, and dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation, and glucuronidation were identified as the main metabolic pathways of CPA. Rat liver microsomes exhibited the highest metabolic capacity for CPA, with dehydrogenated (C20H18N2O3) and glucuronic acid-conjugated (C26H28N2O10) metabolites identified in all liver microsomes except chicken, indicating significant species metabolic differences. Moreover, C20H18N2O3 was only detected in the incubation system with cytochromes P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The hydroxylated (C20H20N2O4) and methylated (C21H22N2O3) metabolites were detected in all incubation systems except for the CYP2C9, with CYP3A4 demonstrating the strongest metabolic capacity. The "cocktail" probe drug method showed that CPA exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on the CYP3A4 (IC50 value = 8.658 μM), indicating that the substrate had a negative effect on enzyme activity. Our results provide new insights to understand the biotransformation profile of CPA in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Caihong Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- Center for Food Evaluation, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100070, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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2
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Hu X, Liu L, Peng M, Zheng D, Xia H, Zhou Y, Peng L, Peng X. One-Pot Preparation of Mixed-Mode Reversed-Phase Anion-Exchange Silica Sorbent and its Application in the Detection of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Feeds and Agricultural Products. Foods 2024; 13:1499. [PMID: 38790799 PMCID: PMC11119939 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel co-bonded octyl and pyridine silica (OPS) sorbent was prepared and applied for the solid phase extraction (SPE) of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, a type of mycotoxin) in feed and agricultural products for the first time. A simple mixed-ligand one-pot reaction strategy was employed for OPS sorbent preparation. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, elemental analysis (EI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis demonstrated the successful immobilization of octyl and quaternary ammonium groups onto the surface of silica gel. The large specific surface area, high-density functional groups, and mixed-mode anion-exchange characteristics of these silica particles made them the ideal material for the efficient extraction of CPA. Additionally, the OPS sorbents displayed excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility, satisfactory reusability, and low cost. The SPE parameters were optimized to explore the ionic and hydrophobic interactions between CPA and the functional groups, and the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) parameters were optimized to obtain a desirable extraction efficiency and high sensitivity to CPA. Meanwhile, the OPS sorbent presented a satisfactory extraction selectivity and low matrix effect. Under the optimized conditions, our developed CPA detection method was used to determine CPA level in rice, wheat flour, corn flour, peanut, and feed samples, exhibiting a lower detection limit, better linearity, higher sensitivity, and satisfactory extraction recovery rate than previously reported methods. Therefore, our method can be preferentially used as a method for the detection of CPA in agricultural products and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Maomin Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xitian Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
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3
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Maragos CM, Probyn C, Proctor RH, Sieve KK. Cyclopiazonic acid in soft-ripened and blue cheeses marketed in the USA. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:14-23. [PMID: 35997046 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti are used in the production of soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. However, some strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a neurotoxin. Data on the levels of CPA in cheeses marketed in the USA are extremely limited. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted for measuring CPA in soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. Recoveries from cheese curds were 103 ± 27% (n = 30). A total of 254 samples of soft-ripened, blue and miscellaneous cheeses were examined. CPA was detected in 36/79 (45.6%) of soft-ripened cheeses and in 41/168 (24.4%) of blue-veined cheeses. Median levels in positive samples were 48.5 µg/kg and 30 µg/kg, respectively. The highest levels found were 3,820 µg/kg (in a Brie), 1,250 µg/kg (in a blue) and 7,900 µg/kg (in a Monte Enebro). The implication of such exposures is unknown, as a consensus on acceptable intake remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal Probyn
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristal K Sieve
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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4
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Deepika C, Hariprasanna K, Das IK, Jacob J, Ronanki S, Ratnavathi CV, Bellundagi A, Sooganna D, Tonapi VA. 'Kodo poisoning': cause, science and management. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2517-2526. [PMID: 35734115 PMCID: PMC9206982 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many mycotoxigenic fungi infect the food crops and affect the quality of the produce due to production of mycotoxins. Kodo millet is one of the important minor millets cultivated in India, mostly confined to marginal lands and tribal regions but has high yield potential under good management. The grains are nutritious and have anti-oxidant properties besides having many medicinal properties. However, the consumption is often hindered by the condition called 'kodo poisoning' resulting from fungal contamination producing cyclopiazonic acid, a toxic fungal secondary metabolite. An attempt has been made here to review the limited information available on kodo poisoning, its causes and effects, and proposed management practices by which the contamination can be checked. Further research efforts are essential for identifying sources of natural resistance to fungal metabolite, induction of host resistance through antimicrobial compounds or microbial antagonism to the pathogens to achieve cleaner grains from this crop even under high humid and rainy conditions. By effective adoption of both pre- and post-harvest management the kodo millet grains can be made safe for human consumption and can be popularized as a nutritious grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Deepika
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - K. Hariprasanna
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - I. K. Das
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Jinu Jacob
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Swarna Ronanki
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - C. V. Ratnavathi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Amasiddha Bellundagi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - D. Sooganna
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Vilas A. Tonapi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
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5
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Vulić A, Lešić T, Kudumija N, Zadravec M, Kiš M, Vahčić N, Pleadin J. The development of LC-MS/MS method of determination of cyclopiazonic acid in dry-fermented meat products. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Carlson AB, Mukerji P, Mathesius CA, Huang E, Herman RA, Hoban D, Thurman JD, Roper JM. DP-2Ø2216-6 maize does not adversely affect rats in a 90-day feeding study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104779. [PMID: 32888975 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maize plants containing event DP-2Ø2216-6 (DP202216), which confers herbicide tolerance through expression of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and enhanced grain yield potential via temporal modulation of the native ZMM28 protein, were developed for commercialization. To address current regulatory expectations, a mandatory 90-day rodent feeding study was conducted to support the safety assessment. Diets containing 50% by weight of ground maize grain from DP202216, non-transgenic control, and 3 non-transgenic reference varieties, were fully characterized, along with the grain, and diets were fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for at least 90 days. As anticipated, no biologically-relevant effects or toxicologically-significant differences were observed on survival, body weight/gain, food consumption/efficiency, clinical and neurobehavioral evaluations, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, or gross and microscopic pathology parameters in rats fed a diet containing up to 50% DP202216 maize grain when compared with rats fed diets containing control or reference maize grains. The results of this study support the conclusion that maize grain from plants containing event DP-2Ø2216-6 is as safe and nutritious as maize grain not containing the event and add to the significant existing database of rodent subchronic studies demonstrating the absence of hazards from consumption of edible fractions of genetically modified plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Carlson
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Pushkor Mukerji
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | | | - Emily Huang
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Denise Hoban
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - J Dale Thurman
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - Jason M Roper
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA.
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7
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Li Y, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Visible and eco-friendly immunoassays for the detection of cyclopiazonic acid in maize and rice. J Food Sci 2019; 85:105-113. [PMID: 31880328 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indole-tetramine mycotoxin commonly produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus and is widely found in agricultural products, fermented food, and feed. Food contaminated with CPA poses a substantial health risk to consumers. Therefore, eco-friendly immunoassays, including an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFICS), were developed to monitor CPA in maize and rice samples. For this purpose, a monoclonal antibody (3H12) posed highly resistant to pH (5.6 to 9.6) and ethanol (≤50%) was generated by mouse immunization. Negative maize and rice samples or samples spiked with CPA were extracted with ethanol/0.01 M sodium borate buffer (4/1, v/v, pH 8.4). For ic-ELISA analysis, the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.48 and 0.28 ng/g for maize and rice samples, respectively. The recovery for spiked maize was 76.9% to 83.5% with the highest variable coefficient (CVmax ) being 9.32%. For spiked rice, the recovery was 85.3% to 105.1% with a CVmax of 8.56%. For LFICS analysis, the visible LODs were 2.5 and 1 ng/g and cutoff values were 5 and 2.5 ng/g for maize and rice samples, respectively. The LFICS method gave results within 5 to 10 min, providing an auxiliary analytical tool for the rapid, sensitive, and portable screening of the massive samples onsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
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8
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Homa M, Manikandan P, Szekeres A, Kiss N, Kocsubé S, Kredics L, Alshehri B, Dukhyil AAB, Revathi R, Narendran V, Vágvölgyi C, Shobana CS, Papp T. Characterization of Aspergillus tamarii Strains From Human Keratomycoses: Molecular Identification, Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns and Cyclopiazonic Acid Producing Abilities. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2249. [PMID: 31649626 PMCID: PMC6794953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus tamarii appears to be an emerging aetiological agent of human keratomycoses in South India. The investigated strains were isolated from six suspected fungal keratitis patients attending a tertiary care eye hospital in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, India), and were initially identified by the microscopic examinations of the scrapings and the cultures. Our data suggest that A. tamarii could be easily overlooked when identification is carried out based on morphological characteristics alone, while the sequence analysis of the calmodulin gene can be used successfully to recognize this species accurately. According to the collected clinical data, ocular trauma is a common risk factor for the infection that gradually developed from mild to severe ulcers and could be healed with an appropriate combined antifungal therapy. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that A. tamarii strains are susceptible to the most commonly used topical or systemic antifungal agents (i.e., econazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole) except for natamycin. Moreover, natamycin proved to be similarly less effective than the azoles against A. tamarii in our drug interaction tests, as the predominance of indifferent interactions was revealed between natamycin and econazole and between natamycin and itraconazole as well. Four and five isolates of A. tamarii were confirmed to produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in RPMI-1640 – which is designed to mimic the composition of human extracellular fluids – and in yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium, respectively, which is a widely used culture medium for testing mycotoxin production. Although a ten times lower mycelial biomass was recorded in RPMI-1640 than in YES medium, the toxin contents of the samples were of the same order of magnitude in both types of media. There might be a relationship between the outcome of infections and the toxigenic properties of the infecting fungal strains. However, this remains to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Homa
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia.,Greenlink Analytical and Research Laboratory (India) Private Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kiss
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajaraman Revathi
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Papp
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Golubović J, Heath E, Heath D. Validation challenges in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of naturally occurring compounds in foodstuffs. Food Chem 2019; 294:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Hossain Z, Busman M, Maragos CM. Immunoassay utilizing imaging surface plasmon resonance for the detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize and cheese. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3543-3552. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Peromingo B, Rodríguez M, Núñez F, Silva A, Rodríguez A. Sensitive determination of cyclopiazonic acid in dry-cured ham using a QuEChERS method and UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2018; 263:275-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Maragos CM. Complexation of the Mycotoxin Cyclopiazonic Acid with Lanthanides Yields Luminescent Products. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E285. [PMID: 29996475 PMCID: PMC6071049 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxin that acts through inhibition of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). CPA blocks the calcium access channel of the enzyme. The inhibition may involve the binding of CPA with a divalent cation such as Mg2+. The potential for CPA to act as a chelator also has implications for methods to detect this toxin. Certain of the lanthanide metals undergo a dramatic increase in luminescence upon coordination with small molecules that can transfer excitation energy to the metal. This report is the first to describe the coordination of CPA with lanthanide metals, resulting in a substantial enhancement of their luminescence. The luminescence expressed was dependent upon the type of lanthanide, its concentration, and the environment (solvent, water content, pH). Based upon the phenomenon, a competitive assay was also developed wherein terbium (Tb3+) and a series of metal cations competed for binding with CPA. With increasing cation concentration, the luminescence of the CPA/Tb3+ complex was inhibited. The chlorides of ten metals were tested. Inhibition was best with Cu2+, followed by Co2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Au3+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Two cations in oxidation state one (Na⁺, K⁺) did not inhibit the interaction significantly. The interaction of CPA with lanthanides provides a novel recognition assay for this toxin. It also provides a novel way to probe the binding of CPA to metals, giving insights into CPA’s mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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13
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Ostry V, Toman J, Grosse Y, Malir F. Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ostry
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Reference Centre for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Palackeho 3a, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Toman
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Y. Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - F. Malir
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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14
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Detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize by immunoassay. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:157-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Unravelling the Diversity of the Cyclopiazonic Acid Family of Mycotoxins in Aspergillus flavus by UHPLC Triple-TOF HRMS. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010035. [PMID: 28098779 PMCID: PMC5308267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (α-cyclopiazonic acid, α-CPA) is an indole-hydrindane-tetramic acid neurotoxin produced by various fungal species, including the notorious food and feed contaminant Aspergillus flavus. Despite its discovery in A. flavus cultures approximately 40 years ago, its contribution to the A. flavus mycotoxin burden is consistently minimized by our focus on the more potent carcinogenic aflatoxins also produced by this fungus. Here, we report the screening and identification of several CPA-type alkaloids not previously found in A. flavus cultures. Our identifications of these CPA-type alkaloids are based on a dereplication strategy involving accurate mass high resolution mass spectrometry data and a careful study of the α-CPA fragmentation pattern. In total, 22 CPA-type alkaloids were identified in extracts from the A. flavus strains examined. Of these metabolites, 13 have been previously reported in other fungi, though this is the first report of their existence in A. flavus. Two of our metabolite discoveries, 11,12-dehydro α-CPA and 3-hydroxy-2-oxo CPA, have never been reported for any organism. The conspicuous presence of CPA and its numerous derivatives in A. flavus cultures raises concerns about the long-term and cumulative toxicological effects of these fungal secondary metabolites and their contributions to the entire A. flavus mycotoxin problem.
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16
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Determination of cyclopiazonic acid in white mould cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) using a novel internal standard. Food Chem 2016; 211:978-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Zhang WB, Kwan CY. Pharmacological evidence that potentiation of plasmalemmal Ca(2+)-extrusion is functionally coupled to inhibition of SR Ca(2+)-ATPases in vascular smooth muscle cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:447-55. [PMID: 26842648 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a specific inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-ATPases, causes slowly developing and subsequently diminishing characteristic contractions in vascular smooth muscle, and the second application of CPA has incompletely repeatable effects, depending on the vessel type. The objective of the present study was to examine the mechanisms underlying the significant decrease of CPA-induced contractions upon the second application. A pharmacological intervention of Ca(2+) extrusion process as a strategy was performed to modulate vasoconstrictor effects of CPA in rat aortic ring preparations. CPA-induced contractions, expressed as percentages of the contractions induced by KCl (80 mM), were significantly decreased from 44.1 ± 5.7 to 7.6 ± 1.8 % (P < 0.001) upon the second application. The contractions, however, were completely repeatable in the presence of vanadate, an inhibitor of ATPases, but not of ouabain, an inhibitor of Na(+)-pumps. Strikingly, CPA-induced contractions were sustained and completely repeatable in Na(+)-free and low Na(+) medium. Furthermore, we found that the contractions were completely repeatable in the presence of 2',4'-dichlorobenzamil, an inhibitor of the forward mode of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, but not of KBR7943, an inhibitor of the reverse mode of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers. Our findings indicate that CPA by inducing a transient rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) level causes a long-lasting upregulation of plasma membrane (PM) Ca(2+) extruders and thus leads to a diminished contraction upon its second application in blood vessels. This suggests that there is a functional coupling between PM Ca(2+) extruders and SR Ca(2+)-ATPases in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Chiu-Yin Kwan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. .,Vascular Biology Research Group and Research Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.
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18
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Alapont C, Martínez-Culebras PV, López-Mendoza MC. Determination of lipolytic and proteolytic activities of mycoflora isolated from dry-cured teruel ham. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:5250-6. [PMID: 26243949 PMCID: PMC4519470 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi play a key role in dry-cured ham production because of their lipolytic and proteolytic activities. In the present study, 74 fungal strains from dry-cured Teruel hams and air chambers were tested for proteolytic and lipolytic activities, with a view to their possible use as starter cultures. Lipolytic activity of fungi was studied against lauric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, whereas proteolytic activity was studied against casein and myosin. Of the 74 fungal strains tested, most of them demonstrated lipolytic activity (94.59 %). Lipolytic activity against lauric and oleic acids was stronger than against palmitic and stearic acids. 39 strains (52.70 %) demonstrated proteolytic activity against casein and the 6 highest proteolytic strains were also tested for pork myosin proteolysis. Some strains belonging to Penicillium commune, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium nalgiovense and Cladosporium cladosporioides were selected because of their significant proteolytic and lipolytic activities and could be suitable to use as starters in dry-cured ham.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Alapont
- />Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, C/ Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia), Spain
| | - P. V. Martínez-Culebras
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Food Sciences, Public Health, Bromatology, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Valencia University, Vicente Andrès Estellès sn, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
- />Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, P.O. 73, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - M. C. López-Mendoza
- />Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, C/ Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia), Spain
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19
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Gjevre AG, Kaldhusdal M, Eriksen GS. Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of causal or predisposing factors. Avian Pathol 2014; 42:297-303. [PMID: 23859215 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.817665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (GEU) was described for the first time in the 1930s. The main focus of early studies was on nutritional deficiencies and peroxidation of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids as causative factors. During the 1970s and 1980s the focus was moved towards toxic substances in the feed. Scott's review in 1985 concluded that overproduction of gastric acid induced by gizzerosine was a major cause of GEU. During the last decades, serotype 1 of fowl adenovirus A and Clostridium perfringens have been implicated as important pathogenic agents in the development of GEU in chickens. Although GEU is globally distributed and its subclinical form appears to be common in commercial poultry flocks, the condition is rarely mentioned in standard textbooks on poultry health. This regrettable fact is probably due in part to the lack of one definitive cause of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gerd Gjevre
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway.
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20
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Alapont C, López-Mendoza M, Gil J, Martínez-Culebras P. Mycobiota and toxigenic Penicillium species on two Spanish dry-cured ham manufacturing plants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 31:93-104. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.849007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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King ED, Bobby Bassi AB, Ross DC, Druebbisch B. An industry perspective on the use of "atoxigenic" strains of Aspergillus flavus as biological control agents and the significance of cyclopiazonic acid. TOXIN REV 2011; 30:33-41. [PMID: 22844262 PMCID: PMC3339596 DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2011.588818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several nonaflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus have been registered in the United States to reduce aflatoxin accumulation in maize and other crops, but there may be unintended negative consequences if these strains produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). AF36, a nonaflatoxigenic, CPA-producing strain has been shown to produce CPA in treated maize and peanuts. Alternative strains, including Afla-Guard® brand biocontrol agent and K49, do not produce CPA and can reduce both aflatoxin and CPA in treated crops. Chronic toxicity of CPA has not been studied, and recent animal studies show significant harmful effects from short-term exposure to CPA at low doses. Grower and industry confidence in this approach must be preserved through transparency.
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22
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Astoreca AL, Dalcero AM, Pinto VF, Vaamonde G. A survey on distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus section Flavi in poultry feeds. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:38-43. [PMID: 21354643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five samples of poultry feeds and corresponding raw materials (maize, soybean and meat meal) from a processing plant were analyzed to evaluate the distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates. Mycological analysis of the samples indicated the presence of five fungal genera (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Eurotium). Aspergillus flavus was the predominant species being present in 48.5% of the analyzed samples. Ninety-one isolates belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated; ninety were identified as A. flavus and only one as A. parasiticus. Fifty-seven isolates were capable of producing sclerotia, 41 were identified as L-type strains and 16 as type S. Fifty-seven percent of the isolates produced AFB₁ levels ranging from 0.05 μg/kg to 27.7 μg/kg whereas 86.8% produced CPA from 1.5 μg/kg to 137.8 μg/kg. L-strains produced from 0.05 to 14.8 μg/kg of aflatoxin and type S produced levels from 0.05 to 1.65 μg/kg. No significant differences in CPA production among S- and L-strains were observed. Sclerotial isolates produced AFB₁ levels ranging between 0.05 and 27.7 μg/kg and CPA levels from 3.8 to 47.3 μg/kg. More than half of the A. flavus isolates were able to produce AFB and CPA simultaneously. Twenty percent of the 35 samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ whereas 34.3% were contaminated with CPA. The high rate of CPA producing isolates represents a potential risk of contamination with this toxin in poultry feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Astoreca
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Área Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° Piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Martos P, Thompson W, Diaz G. Multiresidue mycotoxin analysis in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 22 mycotoxins in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain. Analysis is carried out with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The compounds included in this analysis are aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, tricothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalonone, and ergot alkaloids. Sample extraction (2 g) with acetonitrile:water (8 ml, 80:20) was carried out for 2 min using a commercial sample preparation apparatus (Stomacher®). The extract was then centrifuged, filtered and analysed. Extraction of fumonisins from maize (2 g) was optimised by first extracting the maize with acetonitrile: water (5 ml, 80:20) followed by the addition of water (3 ml), which permitted extraction of the 22 mycotoxins, including the fumonisins. Chromatography was carried out with a minicolumn (7.5×2.1 mm, 5 µm) (5 µl sample injection) and in 11 min, including column reconditioning. Analysis was carried out with 2 MRM transitions for the precursor ions. All method detection limits were below current maximum Canadian residue limits. Matrix effects for each compound in each of the 5 matrices were estimated and ranged from 70 to 149%, but most were 100±10%. Accuracy, repeatability and ruggedness were established. Proficiency samples from FERA (Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK) were tested and are reported. Finally, 100 field samples of the various grains were tested with this method and are reported with the observation of numerous mycotoxins in all matrices, including ergotamine in winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Martos
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - W. Thompson
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - G. Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Dorner J, Krska R, Lombaert G, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Trucksess M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Dorner
- USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742, USA
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Lombaert
- Health Canada, 510 Lagimodiere Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, R2J 3Y1, Canada
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 111 West Fourth Street, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - M. Trucksess
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, P.O. Box 7625, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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25
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Li SM. Prenylated indole derivatives from fungi: structure diversity, biological activities, biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:57-78. [DOI: 10.1039/b909987p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Cheng K, Wang S, Guo K, Zhang D, Guo J, Sun W, Hu Y. Analysis of Nanafrocin in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin by LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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