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Vitale GA, Geibel C, Minda V, Wang M, Aron AT, Petras D. Connecting metabolome and phenotype: recent advances in functional metabolomics tools for the identification of bioactive natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:885-904. [PMID: 38351834 PMCID: PMC11186733 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1995 to 2023Advances in bioanalytical methods, particularly mass spectrometry, have provided valuable molecular insights into the mechanisms of life. Non-targeted metabolomics aims to detect and (relatively) quantify all observable small molecules present in a biological system. By comparing small molecule abundances between different conditions or timepoints in a biological system, researchers can generate new hypotheses and begin to understand causes of observed phenotypes. Functional metabolomics aims to investigate the functional roles of metabolites at the scale of the metabolome. However, most functional metabolomics studies rely on indirect measurements and correlation analyses, which leads to ambiguity in the precise definition of functional metabolomics. In contrast, the field of natural products has a history of identifying the structures and bioactivities of primary and specialized metabolites. Here, we propose to expand and reframe functional metabolomics by integrating concepts from the fields of natural products and chemical biology. We highlight emerging functional metabolomics approaches that shift the focus from correlation to physical interactions, and we discuss how this allows researchers to uncover causal relationships between molecules and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Andrea Vitale
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Geibel
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vidit Minda
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, USA.
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, USA.
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, USA.
| | - Daniel Petras
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, USA.
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Harkin C, Smith KW, MacKay CL, Moore T, Brockbank S, Ruddock M, Cobice DF. Spatial localization of β-unsaturated aldehyde markers in murine diabetic kidney tissue by mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6657-6670. [PMID: 35881173 PMCID: PMC9411223 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Limitations in current diagnosis and screening methods have sparked a search for more specific and conclusive biomarkers. Hyperglycemic conditions generate a plethora of harmful molecules in circulation and within tissues. Oxidative stress generates reactive α-dicarbonyls and β-unsaturated hydroxyhexenals, which react with proteins to form advanced glycation end products. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables the detection and spatial localization of molecules in biological tissue sections. Here, for the first time, the localization and semiquantitative analysis of “reactive aldehydes” (RAs) 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE) in the kidney tissues of a diabetic mouse model is presented. Ionization efficiency was enhanced through on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) using Girard’s reagent T (GT), forming positively charged hydrazone derivatives. MSI analysis was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) coupled with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR). RA levels were elevated in diabetic kidney tissues compared to lean controls and localized throughout the kidney sections at a spatial resolution of 100 µm. This was confirmed by liquid extraction surface analysis–MSI (LESA-MSI) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). This method identified β-unsaturated aldehydes as “potential” biomarkers of DN and demonstrated the capability of OTCD-MSI for detection and localization of poorly ionizable molecules by adapting existing chemical derivatization methods. Untargeted exploratory distribution analysis of some precursor lipids was also assessed using MALDI-FT-ICR-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Harkin
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karl W Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-4005, USA.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Logan MacKay
- Scottish Instrumentation and Research Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry (SIRCAMS), EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Tara Moore
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Mark Ruddock
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, 55 The Diamond Rd, Crumlin, UK
| | - Diego F Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Dogra R, Kumar M, Kumar A, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Pastore P, Mandal UK. Derivatization, an Applicable Asset for Conventional HPLC Systems without MS Detection in Food and Miscellaneous Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1807-1827. [PMID: 35201944 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most valuable practices for analyzing not-so-analytical-friendly analytes in complex, heterogenous matrices is derivatization. Availability of numerous derivatizing reagents (DRs) makes the modification of analyte more exploitable in terms of an analytical perspective. A wide array of derivatization techniques like pre or post-column, in-situ, enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, photochemical derivatization has added much-needed methodological strength in analyzing intricate analytical matrices (food, water, and soil). In recent years, analytical chemistry has achieved greater heights through the development of new sensitive methods with simple conventional instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) devoid of Mass detectors. The prompt availability of these straightforward instruments also makes it a favorable option for routine analysis in food, environmental, bioanalytical chemistry. Analyzing food, environmental or bioanalytical specimen has some of the most problematic aspects, like the low concentration of the analytes accompanied by not too suitable analytical properties. Even though conventional HPLC lacks the required sensitivity but merger with derivatization can lead to a remarkable increase in sensitivity. In recent years there has been a lot of application of diverse derivatizations to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the analyte for available instruments, resulting in notable findings. Therefore, this review describes the application of derivatization principles in the analysis of analytes in food and additional matrices using conventional HPLC instruments such as HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-FD. In this article, we will briefly review the different modes and multiple types of derivatizing reagents with their mechanisms and importance for encouraging the use of established HPLC instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Dogra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Marco Roverso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
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Progress and Challenges in Quantifying Carbonyl-Metabolomic Phenomes with LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206147. [PMID: 34684729 PMCID: PMC8541004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonyl-containing metabolites widely exist in biological samples and have important physiological functions. Thus, accurate and sensitive quantitative analysis of carbonyl-containing metabolites is crucial to provide insight into metabolic pathways as well as disease mechanisms. Although reversed phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-MS) is widely used due to the powerful separation capability of RPLC and high specificity and sensitivity of MS, but it is often challenging to directly analyze carbonyl-containing metabolites using RPLC-ESI-MS due to the poor ionization efficiency of neutral carbonyl groups in ESI. Modification of carbonyl-containing metabolites by a chemical derivatization strategy can overcome the obstacle of sensitivity; however, it is insufficient to achieve accurate quantification due to instrument drift and matrix effects. The emergence of stable isotope-coded derivatization (ICD) provides a good solution to the problems encountered above. Thus, LC-MS methods that utilize ICD have been applied in metabolomics including quantitative targeted analysis and untargeted profiling analysis. In addition, ICD makes multiplex or multichannel submetabolome analysis possible, which not only reduces instrument running time but also avoids the variation of MS response. In this review, representative derivatization reagents and typical applications in absolute quantification and submetabolome profiling are discussed to highlight the superiority of the ICD strategy for detection of carbonyl-containing metabolites.
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Laflamme O, Sérodes JB, Simard S, Legay C, Dorea C, Rodriguez MJ. Occurrence and fate of ozonation disinfection by-products in two Canadian drinking water systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127660. [PMID: 32758783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and the fate of 18 ozonation by-products (OBPs) (17 different aldehydes and bromate) were studied over one year in two Canadian drinking water systems. This is the first and only study reporting the occurrence of all these non-halogenated aldehydes (NON-HALs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) simultaneously, based on the multi-point monitoring of water in full-scale conditions from source to distribution network. In general, the application of both post-ozonation and liquid chlorine contributed to the formation of OBPs (aldehydes and bromate). NON-HALs were present in higher concentrations than HALs. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methylglyoxal were the most common forms of NON-HALs in the two water systems that were studied. Chloral hydrate (CH), the hydrated form of trichloroacetaldehyde, was the most dominant HAL observed. The nature of the organic matter and the water temperature proved to be important parameters for explaining the variability of aldehydes. Summer and autumn (warm seasons) were more favorable for the formation of chloral hydrate and bromate. The highest concentrations of NON-HALs were observed in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Laflamme
- Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QUE, Canada.
| | - Jean-B Sérodes
- Department of Urban and Landuse Planning, Université Laval, Quebec City, QUE, Canada
| | - Sabrina Simard
- Department of Urban and Landuse Planning, Université Laval, Quebec City, QUE, Canada
| | - Christelle Legay
- Department of Urban and Landuse Planning, Université Laval, Quebec City, QUE, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- Department of Urban and Landuse Planning, Université Laval, Quebec City, QUE, Canada.
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Extraction of carbonyl derivatives from ozonated wastewater samples using hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang X, Pan L, Feng J, Tian Y, Luo C, Sun M. Silk fiber for in-tube solid-phase microextraction to detect aldehydes by chemical derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements for determination of derivatized aldehydes in several matrices. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00392. [PMID: 29062972 PMCID: PMC5647472 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, selective and sensitive electrochemical method is described for the determination of different aldehydes at glassy carbon electrode using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The measurements were performed after their derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) in acidic medium. The impedance measurements were investigated in the frequency range from 100 mHz to 100 kHz at a potential of 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl. The Nyquist plots were modeled with a Randle's equivalent circuit. The charge transfer resistance was identified as the dependent parameter on relevant concentration of aldehydes (determined as their hydrazones). Under the optimized conditions, the linearity was established over the concentration range of 1000-0.05 μmol L-1. The limits of detection (LODs) obtained were from 0.097 to 0.0109 μmol L-1. Finally, the developed method has been applied to the determination of aldehydes in drinking water, orange juice and apple vinegar samples with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 3.1% and acceptable recovery rate (around of 80%).
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Malekpour A, Ahmadi N. Surfactant-Alumina-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Efficient Aldehydes Adsorbent Prior Their Determination by HPLC. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Qi BL, Liu P, Wang QY, Cai WJ, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Derivatization for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Micro solid-phase derivatization analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes in treated water by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:819-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Molina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
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12
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Determination of carbonyl compounds in particulate matter PM2.5 by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 115:876-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Serrano M, Gallego M, Silva M. Static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the one-step derivatisation and extraction of eleven aldehydes in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Trace determination of low-molecular-mass substituted benzaldehydes in treated water using micro solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Serrano M, Silva M, Gallego M. Development of an environment-friendly microextraction method for the determination of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in water. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ruiz-Jiménez J, Hautala S, Parshintsev J, Laitinen T, Hartonen K, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Riekkola ML. Liquid chromatography-dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of aldehydes in atmospheric aerosol particles. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:164-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Ruiz-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Sanna Hautala
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Jevgeni Parshintsev
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | | | - Kari Hartonen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
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Herrera-Herrera AV, González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Carbon nanotubes applications in separation science: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Prokai L, Szarka S, Wang X, Prokai-Tatrai K. Capture of the volatile carbonyl metabolite of flecainide on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge for quantitation by stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:281-7. [PMID: 22342210 PMCID: PMC3303990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are common byproducts of many metabolic processes. These volatile chemicals are usually derivatized before mass spectrometric analysis to enhance the sensitivity of their detections. The classically used reagent for this purpose is 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) that forms the corresponding hydrazones. When DNPH is immobilized on specific cartridges it permits solvent-free collection and simultaneous derivatization of aldehydes and ketones from gaseous samples. The utility of this approach was tested by assembling a simple apparatus for the in vitro generation of trifluoroacetaldehyde (TFAA) and its subsequent capture on the attached DNPH cartridge. TFAA was generated via cytochrome P450-catalyzed dealkylation of flecainide, an antiarrhythmic agent, in pooled human liver microsomes. Stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry coupled with GC and LC using negative chemical ionization (NCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) was evaluated for quantitative analyses. To eliminate isotope effects observed with the use of deuterium-labeled DNPH, we selected its (15)N(4)-labeled analog to synthesize the appropriate TFAA adduct, as internal standard. Quantitation by GC-NCI-MS using selected-ion monitoring outperformed LC-ESI-MS methods considering limits of detection and linearity of the assays. The microsomal metabolism of 1.5 μmol of flecainide for 1.5h resulted in 2.6 ± 0.5 μg TFAA-DNPH, corresponding to 9.3 ± 1.7 nmol TFAA, captured by the cartridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Simple and sensitive determination of low-molecular-mass aromatic aldehydes in swimming pool water by LC-diode array detector. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2732-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Improved solid-phase extraction/micellar procedure for the derivatization/preconcentration of benzaldehyde and methyl derivatives from water samples. Talanta 2011; 85:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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On-line analysis of carbonyl compounds with derivatization in aqueous extracts of atmospheric particulate PM10 by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4834-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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[Preparation of hydrophilic C18 material and its application for solid phase extraction of phenols in water]. Se Pu 2011; 29:49-53. [PMID: 21574399 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A C18 monolithic material with a hydrophilic character was obtained by copolymerizing stearyl methacrylate (SMA) and a hydrophilic monomer poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEA) with porogen of 1-propanol/1,4-butanediol, and the resulting material was used for solid phase extraction (SPE) of phenols in water sample. Several parameters, including the proportion of the porogen, the pH value, the eluent species and the eluent volume during the extraction were investigated. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the linear calibration curves of five phenols were obtained in the ranges of 0.5-10 mg/L, the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.16-0.47 mg/L. The new hydrophilic C18 material was successfully applied to analyze real environmental water samples with spiked recoveries in the range of 64.33%- 92.14% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 4.2%-6.4% (n = 3). The new hydrophilic material indicates great reliability, and it also presented an excellent extraction efficiency for the trace polar phenols in environmental water samples.
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Girod M, Shi Y, Cheng JX, Cooks RG. Mapping lipid alterations in traumatically injured rat spinal cord by desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 83:207-15. [PMID: 21142140 DOI: 10.1021/ac102264z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is used in an imaging mode to interrogate the lipid profiles of 15 μm thin tissue cross sections of injured rat spinal cord and normal healthy tissue. Increased relative intensities of fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and lysolipids (between +120% and +240%) as well as a small decrease in intensities of lipids (-30%) were visualized in the lesion epicenter and adjacent areas after spinal cord injury. This indicates the hydrolysis of lipids during the demyelination process due to activation of phospholipase A(2) enzyme. In addition, signals corresponding to oxidative degradation products, such as prostaglandin and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, exhibited increased signal intensity by a factor of 2 in the negative ion mode in lesions relative to the normal healthy tissue. Analysis of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation and marker of oxidative stress, was accomplished in the ambient environment using reactive DESI mass spectrometry imaging. This was achieved by electrospraying reagent solution containing dinitrophenylhydrazine as high-velocity charged droplets onto the tissue section. The hydrazine reacts selectively and rapidly with the carbonyl groups of malondialdehyde, and signal intensity of twice the intensity was detected in the lesions compared to healthy spinal cord. With a small amount of tissue sample, DESI-MS imaging provides information on the composition and distribution of specific compounds (limited by the occurrence of isomeric lipids with very similar fragmentation patterns) in lesions after spinal cord injury in comparison with normal healthy tissue allowing identification of the extent of the lesion and its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Chen S, Liu Q. Ionic liquid for single-drop microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection to determine carbonyl compounds in environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2376-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baños CE, Silva M. Analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes in drinking waters through capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2028-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Baños CE, Silva M. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of low-molecular mass aldehydes in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lili L, Xu H, Song D, Cui Y, Hu S, Zhang G. Analysis of volatile aldehyde biomarkers in human blood by derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet method by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2365-70. [PMID: 20181347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet method (DLLME-SFO) was developed for the determination of volatile aldehyde biomarkers (hexanal and heptanal) in human blood samples. In the derivatization and extraction procedure, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) as derivatization reagent and formic acid as catalyzer were injected into the sample solution for derivatization with aldehydes, then the formed hydrazones was rapidly extracted by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with 1-dodecanol as extraction solvent. After centrifugation, the floated droplet was solidified in an ice bath and was easily removed for analysis. The effects of various experimental parameters on derivatization and extraction conditions were studied, such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, the amount of derivatization reagent, derivatization temperature and time, extraction time and salt effect. The limit of detections (LODs) for hexanal and heptanal were 7.90 and 2.34nmolL(-1), respectively. Good reproducibility and recovery of the method were also obtained. The proposed method is an alternative approach to the quantification of volatile aldehyde biomarkers in complex biological samples, being more rapid and simpler and providing higher sensitivity compared with the traditional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Lili
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Road 152, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
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