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Gong X, Chen W, Zhang K, Li T, Song Q. Serially coupled column liquid chromatography: An alternative separation tool. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464278. [PMID: 37572536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of liquid chromatography (LC) in recent decades, it remains a challenge to achieve the desired chromatographic separation of complex matrices using a single column. Multi-column LC techniques, particularly serially coupled column LC (SCC-LC), have emerged as a promising solution to overcome this challenge. While more attention has been focused on heart-cutting or comprehensive two-dimensional LC, reviews specifically focusing on SCC-LC, which offers advantages in terms of precision and facile instrumentation, are scarce. Here, our concerns are devoted to the progress summary regarding the instrumentation and applications of SCC-LC. Emphasis is placed on column selection aiming to enlarge peak capacity, selectivity, or both through the optimization of combination types (e.g. RPLC-RPLC, -RPLC-HILIC, and achiral-chiral LC), connection devices (e.g. zero dead volume connector, tubing, and T-type connector), elution program (i.e. isocratic or gradient) and detectors (e.g. mass spectrometer, ultraviolet detector, and fluorescence detector). The application of SCC-LC in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, and food fields is also reviewed, and future perspectives and potential directions for SCC-LC are discussed. We envision that the review can give meaningful information to analytical scientists when facing heavy chromatographic separation tasks for complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Xu X, Tao R, Li K, Wang W. An UHPLC/LC-MS illustrated the dynamic profiling of balanophorin B, gallic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid in rat as 3 molecular entities from Balanophora simaoensis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123103. [PMID: 35021136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An UHPLC/LC-MS was founded to detect balanophorin B (B), gallic acid (GA), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HC), and their in vivo profiling in rats, after oral administration of the ethanol extract of Balanophora simaoensis S. Y. Chang et Tam. The in vivo dynamic existence of 3 molecular entities in rats and the multistep biotransformation of GA were elucidated by their sensitive mass spectrometry response after efficient UHPLC and/or HPLC separation, through analyzing the bio-samples of rat plasma, bile, liver, kidneys, and excreta. The method was validated with satisfactory calibration curves having correlation coefficients r from 0.996 to 0.999 for concentration scaled from 0.100 nM to 0.100 μM, internal standard normalized matrix factors ranged from 0.923 to 0.993, sextuplicate recoveries valued from 95.0% to 103.6%, as well as accuracy and precision varied from 95.6% to 103.7%. The content of B, GA, and HC in the whole herb was of 4.66, 63.5, and 10.4 μmol/kg in dry weight, respectively. The Cmax for B, GA, and HC in rat systemic circulation was of 76.0 nM, 2.30 μM, and 51.0 μM, with tmax at 3, 2, and 2 h, respectively. B and GA stayed in rat liver over 4 hs to present a material base for the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of the whole herb. The biotransformation of GA indicated a complicated scheme in rats. As a final metabolite from GA with total biotransformation conversion over 20%, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde resourced from two steps of dehydroxylation and one step of reduction of GA, but not concerned with HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Rujun Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwei Second Municipal People's Hospital, Xuanwei, Yunnan 655400, PR China
| | - Kexian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
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Stationary-phase optimized selectivity in supercritical fluid chromatography using a customized Phase OPtimized Liquid Chromatography kit: comparison of different prediction approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6553-6565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Deconinck E, Djiogo CS, Kamugisha A, Courselle P. The use of Stationary Phase Optimized Selectivity Liquid Chromatography for the development of herbal fingerprints to detect targeted plants in plant food supplements. Talanta 2017; 170:441-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stationary phase modulation in liquid chromatography through the serial coupling of columns: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 923:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Separation of transition and heavy metals using stationary phase gradients and thin layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Deconinck E, Ghijs L, Kamugisha A, Courselle P. Comparison of three development approaches for Stationary Phase Optimised Selectivity Liquid Chromatography based screening methods Part II: A group of structural analogues (PDE-5 inhibitors in food supplements). Talanta 2016; 148:346-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Comparison of three development approaches for Stationary Phase Optimised Selectivity Liquid Chromatography based screening methods Part I: A heterogeneous group of molecules (slimming agents in food supplements). Talanta 2016; 148:518-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Development of a Stationary Phase Optimised Selectivity Liquid Chromatography based screening method for adulterations of food supplements for the treatment of pain. Talanta 2015; 138:240-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Feng M, Qu R, Wei Z, Wang L, Sun P, Wang Z. Characterization of the thermolysis products of Nafion membrane: A potential source of perfluorinated compounds in the environment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9859. [PMID: 25947254 PMCID: PMC5386195 DOI: 10.1038/srep09859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal decomposition of Nafion N117 membrane, a typical perfluorosulfonic acid membrane that is widely used in various chemical technologies, was investigated in this study. Structural identification of thermolysis products in water and methanol was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). The fluoride release was studied using an ion-chromatography system, and the membrane thermal stability was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. Notably, several types of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorocarboxylic acids were detected and identified. Based on these data, a thermolysis mechanism was proposed involving cleavage of both the polymer backbone and its side chains by attack of radical species. This is the first systematic report on the thermolysis products of Nafion by simulating its high-temperature operation and disposal process via incineration. The results of this study indicate that Nafion is a potential environmental source of PFCs, which have attracted growing interest and concern in recent years. Additionally, this study provides an analytical justification of the LC/ESI-MS/MS method for characterizing the degradation products of polymer electrolyte membranes. These identifications can substantially facilitate an understanding of their decomposition mechanisms and offer insight into the proper utilization and effective management on these membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Delahaye S, Lynen F. Implementing Stationary-Phase Optimized Selectivity in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12220-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Delahaye
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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12
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Simultaneous optimization of mobile phase composition, column nature and length to analyse complex samples using serially coupled columns. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Metal organic framework–organic polymer monolith stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 779:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ortiz-Bolsico C, Torres-Lapasió J, Ruiz-Ángel M, García-Álvarez-Coque M. Comparison of two serially coupled column systems and optimization software in isocratic liquid chromatography for resolving complex mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chen K, Lynen F, Szucs R, Hanna-Brown M, Sandra P. Gradient stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography with conventional columns. Analyst 2013; 138:2914-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Zedda M, Tuerk J, Peil S, Schmidt TC. Determination of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) degradation products in fuel cell water using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3531-3538. [PMID: 21080505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Within the scope of research of membrane degradation phenomena during fuel cell operation a reliable analytical procedure for the extraction, detection and quantification of possible membrane oxidation products has been developed. These oxidation products originate from the attack of hydroxyl or peroxyl radicals on the membrane polymer. Such radicals are formed in situ (during fuel cell operation) or ex situ (Fenton test as oxidative stress simulation). The analysis of membrane oxidation products was carried out by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Five potential membrane oxidation products (4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBAD), 4,4-biphenol (4,4-BP), 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (4-HBS), and 4,4-sulfonylbiphenol (4,4-SBP)) were selected based on the molecular structure of the sulfonated polyarylether membrane used. In conjunction with the development of a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method, the ionization and fragmentation of the selected compounds were investigated. For 4,4-BP a molecular ion (M(+•) ) was observed in the positive ionization mode and used for MRM method development. Reproducible extraction of the model compounds was achieved using a mixed-mode sorbent material with both weak anion-exchange and reversed-phase retention properties. By using the developed analytical procedure, the identities of two membrane degradation products (4-HBA and 4-HBAD) were determined in situ and ex situ. In addition to the investigation of membrane degradation phenomena, the combination of extraction on a mixed-mode sorbent material and tandem mass spectrometric detection is attractive for the analysis of aromatic sulfonic acids, phenolic acids and phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zedda
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 60, D-47229 Duisburg, Germany
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Chen K, Lynen F, De Beer M, Hitzel L, Ferguson P, Hanna-Brown M, Sandra P. Selectivity optimization in green chromatography by gradient stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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