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Trinh KT, Thai DA, Chae WR, Lee NY. Rapid Fabrication of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Devices for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications Using Acetic Acid and UV Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17396-17404. [PMID: 32715224 PMCID: PMC7377064 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we introduce a new approach for rapid bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based microdevices using an acetic acid solvent with the assistance of UV irradiation. For the anticipated mechanism, acetic acid and UV irradiation induced free radicals on the PMMA surfaces, and acrylate monomers subsequently formed cross-links to create a permanent bonding between the PMMA substrates. PMMA devices effectively bonded within 30 s at a low pressure using clamps, and a clogging-free microchannel was achieved with the optimized 50% acetic acid. For surface characterizations, contact angle measurements and bonding performance analyses were conducted using predetermined acetic acid concentrations to optimize bonding conditions. In addition, the highest bond strength of bonded PMMA was approximately 11.75 MPa, which has not been reported before in the bonding of PMMA. A leak test was performed over 180 h to assess the robustness of the proposed method. Moreover, to promote the applicability of this bonding method, we tested two kinds of microfluidic device applications, including a cell culture-based device and a metal microelectrode-integrated device. The results showed that the cell culture-based application was highly biocompatible with the PMMA microdevices fabricated using an acetic acid solvent. Moreover, the low pressure required during the bonding process supported the integration of metal microelectrodes with the PMMA microdevice without any damage to the metal films. This novel bonding method holds great potential in the ecofriendly and rapid fabrication of microfluidic devices using PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The
Loan Trinh
- Department
of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Duc Anh Thai
- Department
of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Woo Ri Chae
- BioNano
Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department
of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
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Fedosse Zornio C, Livi S, Duchet-Rumeau J, Gerard JF. Ionic Liquid-Nanostructured Poly(Methyl Methacrylate). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1376. [PMID: 31561407 PMCID: PMC6835392 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, ionic liquids (ILs) based on imidazolium and ammonium cations were used as modifying agents for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by extrusion. The effects of the chemical nature of the cation and/or counter anion on the resulting properties of IL-modified PMMA blends were analyzed. It was found that the use of low amounts of ILs (2 wt.%) improved the thermal stability. A plasticizing effect of ILs is evidenced by a decrease in glass transition temperature Tg of the modified PMMA, allowing to get large strains at break (i.e., up to 280% or 400%) compared to neat PMMA. The deformation and fracture mechanisms of PMMA under uniaxial tensile stress (i.e., crazing) reveal that the presence of IL delayed the strain during the initiation step of crazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Fedosse Zornio
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Livi
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jannick Duchet-Rumeau
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-François Gerard
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Klunder KJ, Clark KM, McCord C, Berg KE, Minteer SD, Henry CS. Polycaprolactone-enabled sealing and carbon composite electrode integration into electrochemical microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2589-2597. [PMID: 31250868 PMCID: PMC6801002 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Combining electrochemistry with microfluidics is attractive for a wide array of applications including multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Electrochemical instrumentation also has the advantage of being low-cost and can enable high analyte sensitivity. For many electrochemical microfluidic applications, carbon electrodes are more desirable than noble metals because they are resistant to fouling, have high activity, and large electrochemical solvent windows. At present, fabrication of electrochemical microfluidic devices bearing integrated carbon electrodes remains a challenge. Here, a new system for integrating polycaprolactone (PCL) and carbon composite electrodes into microfluidics is presented. The PCL : carbon composites have excellent electrochemical activity towards a wide range of analytes as well as high electrical conductivity (∼1000 S m-1). The new system utilizes a laser cutter for fast, simple fabrication of microfluidics using PCL as a bonding layer. As a proof-of-concept application, oil-in-water and water-in-oil droplets are electrochemically analysed. Small-scale electrochemical organic synthesis for TEMPO mediated alcohol oxidation is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Klunder
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kaylee M Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Cynthia McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Matellan C, Del Río Hernández AE. Cost-effective rapid prototyping and assembly of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6971. [PMID: 29725034 PMCID: PMC5934357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty in translating conventional microfluidics from laboratory prototypes to commercial products has shifted research efforts towards thermoplastic materials for their higher translational potential and amenability to industrial manufacturing. Here, we present an accessible method to fabricate and assemble polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic devices in a "mask-less" and cost-effective manner that can be applied to manufacture a wide range of designs due to its versatility. Laser micromachining offers high flexibility in channel dimensions and morphology by controlling the laser properties, while our two-step surface treatment based on exposure to acetone vapour and low-temperature annealing enables improvement of the surface quality without deformation of the device. Finally, we demonstrate a capillarity-driven adhesive delivery bonding method that can produce an effective seal between PMMA devices and a variety of substrates, including glass, silicon and LiNbO3. We illustrate the potential of this technique with two microfluidic devices, an H-filter and a droplet generator. The technique proposed here offers a low entry barrier for the rapid prototyping of thermoplastic microfluidics, enabling iterative design for laboratories without access to conventional microfabrication equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Matellan
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Armando E Del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Yilmaz A, Utz M. Characterisation of oxygen permeation into a microfluidic device for cell culture by in situ NMR spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2079-2085. [PMID: 27149932 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A compact microfluidic device for perfusion culture of mammalian cells under in situ metabolomic observation by NMR spectroscopy is presented. The chip is made from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and uses a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) membrane to allow gas exchange. It is integrated with a generic micro-NMR detector developed recently by our group [J. Magn. Reson., 2016, 262, 73-80]. While PMMA is an excellent material in the context of NMR, PDMS is known to produce strong background signals. To mitigate this, the device keeps the PDMS away from the detection area. The oxygen permeation into the device is quantified using a flow chemistry approach. A solution of glucose is mixed on the chip with a solution of glucose oxidase, before flowing through the gas exchanger. The resulting concentration of gluconate is measured by (1)H NMR spectroscopy as a function of flow rate. An oxygen equilibration rate constant of 2.4 s(-1) is found for the device, which is easily sufficient to maintain normoxic conditions in a cell culture at low perfusion flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yilmaz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Chen Q, Zhang L, Chen G. Far infrared-assisted embossing and bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09909e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Gaudry AJ, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM. In-plane alloy electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in poly(methylmethacrylate) electrophoretic chips. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2980-7. [PMID: 23925858 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for producing PMMA electrophoresis microchips with in-plane electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection is presented. One PMMA plate (channel plate) is embossed with the microfluidic and electrode channels and lamination bonded to a blank PMMA cover plate of equal dimensions. To incorporate the electrodes, the bonded chip is heated to 80 °C, above the melting point of the alloy (≈ 70 °C) and below the glass transition temperature of the PMMA (≈ 105 °C), and the molten alloy drawn into the electrode channels with a syringe before being allowed to cool and harden. A 0.5 mm diameter stainless steel pin is then inserted into the alloy filled reservoirs of the electrode channels to provide external connection to the capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection detector electronics. This advance provides for a quick and simple manufacturing process and negates the need for integrating electrodes using costly and time-consuming thin film deposition methods. No additional detector cell mounting structures were required and connection to the external signal processing electronics was achieved by simply slipping commercially available shielded adaptors over the pins. With a non-optimised electrode arrangement consisting of a 1 mm detector gap and 100 μm insulating distance, rapid separations of ammonium, sodium and lithium (<22 s) yielded LODs of approximately 1.5-3.5 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gaudry
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Microchip bioreactors based on trypsin-immobilized graphene oxide-poly(urea-formaldehyde) composite coating for efficient peptide mapping. Talanta 2013; 117:119-26. [PMID: 24209319 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin was covalently immobilized to graphene oxide (GO)-poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) composite coated on the channel wall of poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips to fabricate microfluidic bioreactors for highly efficient proteolysis. A mixture solution containing urea-formaldehyde prepolymer and GO nanosheets was allowed to flow through the channels. The modification layer on the channel wall could further polycondense to form GO-PUF composite coating in the presence of ammonium chloride. The primary amino groups of trypsin could react with the carboxyl groups of the GO sheets in the coating with the aid of carboxyl activating agents to realize covalent immobilization. The feasibility and performance of the novel GO-based microchip bioreactors were demonstrated by the digestion of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, ovalbumin, and myoglobin. The digestion time was significantly reduced to less than 5s. The obtained digests were identified by MALDI-TOF MS with satisfactory sequence coverages that were comparable to those obtained by using 12-h in-solution digestion. The present proteolysis strategy is simple and efficient, offering great promise for high-throughput protein identification.
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Bao H, Zhang L, Chen G. Immobilization of trypsin via graphene oxide-silica composite for efficient microchip proteolysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:74-81. [PMID: 23998335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this report, trypsin was covalently immobilized in the graphene oxide (GO)-silica composite coating on the channel wall of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microchips to fabricate microfluidic bioreactors for highly efficient proteolysis. A mixture solution containing GO nanosheets and silica gel was injected into the channels to form coating. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide were used as carboxyl activating agents to crosslink the primary amino groups of trypsin to the carboxyl groups of the entrapped GO sheets in the composite to realize covalent immobilization. The feasibility and performance of the novel GO-based microfluidic bioreactors were demonstrated by the digestion of hemoglobin (HEM), cytochrome c (Cyt-c), myoglobin (MYO), and ovalbumin (OVA) and the digestion time was significantly reduced to 5s. The obtained digests were identified by MALDI-TOF MS with the sequence coverages of 95%, 76%, 69%, and 55% for HEM, Cyt-c, MYO, and OVA, respectively. The suitability of the prepared bioreactors to complex proteins was demonstrated by digesting human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Efficient sample proteolysis based on a microchip containing a glass fiber core with immobilized trypsin. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C⁴D): an update. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:990-1000. [PMID: 22430262 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively contactless conductivity detector (CE-C⁴D) is becoming a significant useful technique for the analysis of analytes in various fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, food and environmental. This review is an update describing the recent developments in the application of CE with a C⁴D detector.
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12
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Gan Z, Zhang L, Chen G. Solvent bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chip using phase-changing agar hydrogel as a sacrificial layer. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3319-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hot embossing and thermal bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips using positive temperature coefficient ceramic heater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques - recent developments. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:30-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu T, Bao H, Chen G. Inflation bulb-driven microfluidic reactor for infrared-assisted proteolysis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3070-3. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen Z, Zhang L, Chen G. A spring-driven press device for hot embossing and thermal bonding of PMMA microfluidic chips. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2512-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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