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Silva F, Veiga F, Paulo Jorge Rodrigues S, Cardoso C, Cláudia Paiva-Santos A. COSMO Models for the Pharmaceutical Development of Parenteral Drug Formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:156-165. [PMID: 37120066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is one of the most important features to be considered during the development of parenteral formulations in the pharmaceutical industry. Computational modelling has become in the last years an integral part of pharmaceutical development. In this context, ab initio computational models, such as COnductor-like Screening MOdel (COSMO), have been proposed as promising tools for the prediction of results without the effective use of resources. Nevertheless, despite the clear evaluation of computational resources, some authors had not achieved satisfying results and new calculations and algorithms have been proposed over the years to improve the outcomes. In the development and production of aqueous parenteral formulations, the solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in an aqueous and biocompatible vehicle is a decisive step. This work aims to study the hypothesis that COSMO models could be useful in the development of new parenteral formulations, mainly aqueous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Paulo Jorge Rodrigues
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tang J, Li X, Yu X, Li G, Khan S, Cai C. Application of triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) passive sampler to study phase distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20823-20832. [PMID: 29761355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that exhibit strong hydrophobicity. The ubiquity and persistence of HBCDs in sediment have attracted significant attention because of public health concerns. The environmental fate and ecological risks of HBCDs closely depend on their phase distribution in sediments. However, little information is available regarding the freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of HBCDs in sediment porewater. In this study, we developed a method to measure Cfree of HBCDs in sediment porewater using triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAM). The TECAM-to-water partitioning coefficient (log KTECAM) was 4.69, 4.77, and 4.63 for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, and γ-HBCD, respectively. In sediments, HBCDs sorbed to the sediment solid phase accounted for more than 99% of the total chemical mass. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-water partition coefficient (KDOC) values were derived from TECAM measurements, and the log KDOC values ranged from 5.77 to 6.23 for the three HBCD diastereomers, suggesting a strong tendency for HBCDs to sorb to DOC. The high sorption of HBDCs for DOC implies a potential for DOC-facilitated transport which may enhance the environmental mobility of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Xinhu Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Vorkamp K, Bossi R, Riget FF, Skov H, Sonne C, Dietz R. Novel brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in Greenland air and biota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:284-291. [PMID: 25463724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, other halogenated flame retardants (FRs) might be used increasingly. This study has analyzed hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE), 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and dechloraneplus (DP) in Greenland air over the course of a year. Moreover, BTBPE, DPTE, DP, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were analyzed in samples of polar bear, ringed seal, black guillemot and glaucous gull from Greenland. HBCD in air appeared low, while mean concentrations of syn- and anti-DP were 2.3 and 5.2 pg/m(3), respectively. BTBPE and DPTE were undetectable in air. Detection frequencies in biota were <50% for BTBPE, TBPH and DBDPE, but near 100% for the remaining compounds. Ringed seals from East Greenland had highest mean concentrations of TBB, DPTE, syn- and anti-DP (1.02, 0.078, 0.096 and 0.42 ng/g wet weight, respectively). Our study documents the long-range transport and, to some extent, bioaccumulation of these novel FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lankova D, Kockovska M, Lacina O, Kalachova K, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J. Rapid and simple method for determination of hexabromocyclododecanes and other LC–MS–MS-amenable brominated flame retardants in fish. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7829-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nyholm JR, Grabic R, Arp HPH, Moskeland T, Andersson PL. Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:307-314. [PMID: 23201697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.
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Simultaneous extraction and determination of HBCD isomers and TBBPA by ASE and LC–MSMS in fish. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fernie KJ, Marteinson SC, Bird DM, Ritchie IJ, Letcher RJ. Reproductive changes in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in relation to exposure to technical hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2570-2575. [PMID: 21898552 DOI: 10.1002/etc.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the ban of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a high-production-volume flame retardant, was announced in Europe and North America. However, the effects of HCBD remain understudied in birds. The objectives of the present comparative effects study were to determine whether exposure to an HBCD technical mixture (HBCD-TM) altered avian reproductive measures at an environmentally relevant concentration. American kestrels were exposed daily by food to HBCD-TM, i.e., 0.51 µg HBCD/g kestrel/d; exposed kestrels laid eggs that had α-HBCD concentrations (163.5 ± 75.1 ng/g wet wt) tenfold greater than β- and γ-HBCD isomers, an isomer profile and concentrations similar to those of eggs of wild peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Concentrations of HBCD were not detected in the control kestrel eggs. In comparison with controls, the kestrels exposed to HBCD began to lay their eggs 6 d earlier and laid larger clutches of smaller eggs. The size of the eggs was inversely correlated with the in ovo α-HBCD concentrations. The smaller eggs of the HBCD exposed kestrels also lost more weight by midincubation, suggesting increased eggshell porosity since eggshell thickness was comparable. Generally birds that lay more eggs and lay earlier in the breeding season gain the advantage of better hatching and fledging success, yet the kestrels exposed to HBCD failed to have better reproductive success than the control birds. These reproductive changes were a function of HBCD exposure, likely through changes in food consumption, with possible impacts on, for example, reproductive behavior and/or alterations in thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Fernie
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
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Riddell N, Becker R, Chittim B, Emmerling F, Köppen R, Lough A, McAlees A, McCrindle R. Preparation and X-ray structural characterization of further stereoisomers of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:900-907. [PMID: 21724224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Technical 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) consists largely of three diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) produced by the trans addition of bromine to cis,trans,trans-cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene (CDT). However, another seven diastereomers are theoretically possible and may be produced by trans addition of bromine across the double bonds of the other three isomers of 1,5,9-CDT. There are indications that small amounts of the minor HBCD isomers may be present in commercial HBCD mixtures or in products containing this brominated flame retardant (BFR). Such minor components may indeed derive from traces of other 1,5,9-CDTs in the cis, trans, trans starting material, however their formation may also be possible through isomerizations during the processing of this BFR or by bioisomerization subsequent to its release into the environment. Two of the seven additional diastereomers (δ- and ε-HBCD) were synthesized previously from trans,trans,trans-CDT. We now report the preparation of the remaining five diastereomers, ζ-, η-, and θ-HBCD from cis,cis,trans-CDT and ι- and κ-HBCD from cis,cis,cis-CDT, and their characterization by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The availability of these further diastereomers of HBCDshould aid in determining if the minor isomers are present in commercial samples of this BFR, in products containing HBCDs, or in environmental samples. We have also carried out an X-ray crystal structure determination on ε-HBCD, so that crystal structures are now available for all 10 HBCD diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, Research Division, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 3M5.
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Hu J, Jin J, Wang Y, Ma Z, Zheng W. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:355-360. [PMID: 21546059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Air samples in four seasons at one site and tree bark samples from four districts were determined to investigate seasonal variation and regional distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Beijing, China. The total concentrations of PBDEs (∑PBDE) and HBCD (∑HBCD) were in the range of 57-470 and 20-1800 pg m(-3) in the atmosphere, respectively. The ∑PBDE and ∑HBCD concentrations were significantly influenced by the total suspended particulate matter in atmosphere. The total concentrations of PBDEs and HBCD in tree bark samples were in the range of 99-3700 and 26-3400 ng g(-1) lipid weight. It was found that regional distribution of PBDEs and HBCD was related to the function of each district. In addition, the study found that weeping willow bark was an ideal atmospheric PBDEs and HBCD passive sampler. Finally, atmospheric levels of BDE-209 and HBCD at tree bark sampling districts were estimated via applying an established bark/air partitioning model, which had been verified by the measured concentrations in tree bark and atmosphere in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Ross MS, Wong CS. Comparison of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and anion attachment atmospheric pressure photoionization for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7855-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Haukås M, Hylland K, Nygård T, Berge JA, Mariussen E. Diastereomer-specific bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a coastal food web, Western Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5910-5916. [PMID: 20828788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports diastereomer-specific accumulation of HBCD from a point source in five marine species representing a typical food web in a Norwegian coastal area. Samples of mussels, polychaetes, crabs and seabird eggs were analyzed for the diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD, as well as lipid content and stable isotopes of nitrogen ((15)N/(14)N) to estimate trophic level. Accumulated HBCD did not correlate well with lipid content for most of the species, thus wet-weight based concentrations were included in an assessment of biomagnification. In contrast to β- and γ-HBCD, the α-diastereomer increased significantly with trophic level, resulting in magnification factors >1 in this coastal marine ecosystem. Data for poikilotherms did not show the same positive correlation between the α-diastereomer and trophic position as homeotherms. The apparent biomagnification of the α-HBCD could be due to bioisomerization or diastereomer-specific elimination that differed between poikilotherms and homeotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Haukås
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Haukås M, Ruus A, Hylland K, Berge JA, Mariussen E. Bioavailability of hexabromocyclododecane to the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: exposure through sediment and food from a contaminated fjord. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1709-1715. [PMID: 20821623 DOI: 10.1002/etc.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the bioavailability of brominated flame retardants for sediment-dwelling organisms is limited. The present study investigated bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the ragworm Hediste diversicolor exposed to field-contaminated sediments and food. Sediments and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were sampled from a fjord on the Norwegian west coast known to be highly contaminated with the brominated flame retardant HBCD. During a four-week experiment, ragworms were either exposed to sediment containing moderate or high concentrations of HBCD, or they were fed contaminated soft tissue from mussel. Although mean sediment concentrations were as high as 40 microg/g dry weight in the contaminated sediments, no HBCD were detected in the exposed ragworms (detection limit up to 2.0 ng/g wet wt). In contrast, the exposure to contaminated food (mussel) resulted in elevated body concentrations of 9.1 ng HBCD/g wet weight. The partitioning of HBCD in the test-sediments appeared to be influenced by the quantity and quality of the sediment organic matter (up to 15% total organic carbon). The presence of small plastic beads (<2 mm), which were shown to contain a mean of 50 microg/g dry weight of HBCD, could explain the low bioavailability of the flame retardant in the sediment. Hexabromocyclododecane in food appeared to be readily assimilated in the ragworm, however, and the diastereomer pattern indicated a relative increase of alpha-HBCD from mussel to ragworm. Hence, in the sampled areas of the fjord, trophic transfer appeared to be a more important mechanism for the entry of HBCD into the local benthic food web than sediment-to-biota accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Haukås
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Guerra P, Covaci A, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Recent Methodologies for Brominated Flame Retardant Determinations by Means of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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