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Geers LM, Loonen AJM, Touw DJ. Microsampling Techniques Suitable for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 44:302-310. [PMID: 38639427 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antipsychotics for dose titration or detection of noncompliance is not uncommon in daily practice. Normally, TDM implies measuring a drug concentration in venous blood samples. This technique is invasive and requires trained assistants and patients normally need to go to an outpatient clinic. Over the past decades, sensitivity of analytical equipment has improved leading to a growing interest in microsampling techniques. These techniques are minimally invasive, require a small volume (<100 μL), usually result in stable samples, and can be collected by the patient or a caregiver at home. Before a microsampling technique can be used in daily routine, proper method development and a clinical validation study should be performed. METHOD For this review, the databases of PubMed and Embase were systematically searched. Currently available microsampling techniques for antipsychotics in blood, serum, or plasma are summarized. Subsequently, it has also been assessed whether these techniques are sufficiently validated for TDM monitoring in daily practice. RESULTS Several microsampling techniques are available today, for example, dried blood spot sampling, dried plasma extraction cards, and volumetric absorptive microsampling. Eighteen studies were identified in which a microsampling technique for 1 or a few antipsychotics was chemically analytically and clinically validated. However, the majority of these studies have relevant shortcomings that mean its usefulness for different antipsychotics is not yet well established. CONCLUSIONS Microsampling for TDM can be recommended for patients using clozapine. For TDM of other antipsychotics, it is a very promising development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics
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Pour PH, Suzaei FM, Daryanavard SM. Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:249-278. [PMID: 38466891 PMCID: PMC11216521 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hosseini Pour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, 79177, Iran
| | - Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei
- Toxicology Laboratories, Monitoring the Human Hygiene Condition and Standard of Qeshm (MHCS Company), Qeshm Island, 79511, Iran
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Carniel E, Dos Santos KA, de Andrade de Lima L, Kohlrausch R, Linden R, Antunes MV. Determination of clozapine and norclozapine in dried plasma spot and dried blood spot by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114591. [PMID: 35033943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of alternative blood sampling strategies in clozapine (CLZ) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims to facilitate collection and improve drug therapy and adherence. This study aimed to develop and validate two methods for the determination CLZ and norclozapine (NOR) in dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma spots (DPS) by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analytes were extracted from one 10 microliter volumetric DBS disc punch and from one 6 mm DPS disc punch with methyl tert-butyl ether: methanol (1:9, v/v) and injected into the HPLC-MS/MS with Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. Separation was performed in a phenyl column, with mobile phase ammonium formate 1 mM pH 4.0 with methanol in gradient mode. The method was linear from 50 to 1500 ng/ml (r > 0.99), with accuracy between 98% and 105% in DBS and 91-101% in DPS, and intra- and inter-assay CV% from 5.23% to 9.35% in DBS and 2.22-11.36% in DPS for both analytes. The matrix effect was compensated by the internal standard, between - 5.1-6.89% in DBS and - 2.45-5.74% in DPS. The average extraction efficiency was 63-67% for CLZ and 58-69% for NOR with no significant impact of hematocrit (HCT). The analytes were stable in the dried matrices stored up to 42 °C for 26 days. The method was applied in the evaluation of clozapine therapy in 13 schizophrenic patients with mean serum levels of 401 ng/ml (43-914 ng/ml). Only 38% were within the therapeutic range, 46% below and 23% above. CLZ and NOR concentrations in dried samples were highly correlated to serum levels, with greater accuracy for DPS compared to DBS (97 versus 89%, and 99 versus 131%, for CLZ and NOR, respectively). Our data support the use of DBS and DPS as alternative sampling strategies in CLZ therapeutic drug monitoring, with satisfactory performance and logistics advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Carniel
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ramona Kohlrausch
- Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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Tan MSA, Pandey P, Falconer JR, Siskind DJ, Balmanno A, Parekh HS. Clozapine-Encapsulated Binary Mixed Micelles in Thermosensitive Sol-Gels for Intranasal Administration. Gels 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 35049572 PMCID: PMC8774880 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic. It is, however, associated with many adverse drug reactions. Nose-to-brain (N2B) delivery offers a promising approach. This study aims to develop clozapine-encapsulated thermosensitive sol-gels for N2B delivery. (2) Methods: Poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were mixed and hydrated with water. Glycerin and carbopol solutions were added to the mixture and stirred overnight at 2-8 °C. Clozapine 0.1% w/w was stirred with polysorbate 20 (PS20) or polysorbate 80 (PS80) at RT (25 °C) before being added to the polymer solution. The final formulation was made to 10 g with water, stirred overnight at 2-8 °C and then adjusted to pH 5.5. (3) Results: Formulations F3 (3% PS20) and F4 (3% PS80) were selected for further evaluation, as their gelation temperatures were near 28 °C. The hydrodynamic particle diameter of clozapine was 18.7 ± 0.2 nm in F3 and 20.0 ± 0.4 nm in F4. The results show a crystallinity change in clozapine to amorphous. Drug release studies showed a 59.1 ± 3.0% (F3) and 53.1 ± 2.7% (F4) clozapine release after 72 h. Clozapine permeated after 8 h was 20.8 ± 3.0% (F3) and 17.8 ± 3.1% (F4). The drug deposition was higher with F4 (144.8 ± 1.4 µg/g) than F3 (110.7 ± 2.7 µg/g). Both sol-gels showed no phase separation after 3 months. (4) Conclusions: Binary PS80-P407 mixed micelles were more thermodynamically stable and rigid due to the higher synergism of both surfactants. However, binary mixed PS20-P407 micelles showed better drug permeation across the nasal mucosa tissue and may be a preferable carrier system for the intranasal administration of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S. A. Tan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - Preeti Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - Dan J. Siskind
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 20 Weightman Street, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Level 2 Mental Health, Woolloongabba Community Health Centre, 228 Logan Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Harendra S. Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
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Marasca C, Mandrioli R, Sardella R, Vovk T, Armirotti A, Cavalli A, Serretti A, Protti M, Mercolini L. Dried Volumetric Microsampling Approaches for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing Clozapine Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:794609. [PMID: 35722565 PMCID: PMC9198272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.794609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is one of the most widely used second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) for the treatment of schizophrenia. Despite advantages over first-generation drugs, clozapine still shows significant side effects and interindividual variations in efficacy. In order to ensure frequent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and improve the compliance of psychiatric patients undergoing clozapine treatment, two novel dried microsampling approaches based on whole blood and plasma volumetric absorptive microsampling (b-VAMS and p-VAMS) and microfluidic generated-dried blood spot technology (mfDBS) were developed and coupled to HPLC with electrochemical detection (ED). The proposed miniaturized strategies by means of VAMS and microfluidic channel-based devices provide several advantages in terms of collection, storage, and handling compared to classical blood and plasma processing. Satisfactory validation results were obtained for all microsampling platforms, with mean extraction yields >85.1%, precision as relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5.1%, and stability < 4.5% analyte loss after 30 days for p-VAMS; mean extraction yields > 83.4%, precision RSD < 5.4%, and stability < 4.6% analyte loss after 30 days for b-VAMS, and mean extraction yields > 74.0%, precision RSD < 5.6%, and stability < 4.9% analyte loss after 30 days for mfDBS. The original microsampling methodologies have been successfully applied to the blood and plasma collected from five psychiatric patients for the monitoring of the levels of clozapine and its main metabolites, providing robust and reliable quali-quantitative results. Comparisons between results of the two dried microsampling technologies with those obtained by classic fluid plasma analysis were in good agreement and have demonstrated that the proposed miniaturized approaches could be suitable for TDM purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Marasca
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Computational and Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Majid Arvand, Akram Pourhabib. Adsorptive Stripping Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples Using a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Modified Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Senel M, Alachkar A. Lab-in-a-pencil graphite: A 3D-printed microfluidic sensing platform for real-time measurement of antipsychotic clozapine level. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:405-411. [PMID: 33331378 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel lab-in-a-pencil graphite microfluidic sensing electrode (μFSE) was fabricated for real-time flow injection measurement of the antipsychotic drug clozapine (Clz). A simple, low-cost, and reusable μFSE was obtained by using 3D printing of a microfluidic chamber integrated with a flat pencil graphite without the need to utilize complex technologies. The μFSE has tubular geometry with 800 μm diameter, where the solution continuously flows in the holes of flat pencil graphite electrodes. Under optimized conditions, this device offers fast and effective Clz detection with good analytical features. A linear calibration curve in the range of 0.5 to 10 μM Clz was obtained with good sensitivity (0.01275 μA μM-1) and detection limit (24 nM). Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our lab-fabricated microfluidic electrochemical device by monitoring Clz in serum samples at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Senel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA.
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Challa GN, Nimmu NV, Bondigalla R, Arnipalli MS. Bioassay studies of Risperidone and its active metabolite in rat dried blood spots and dried plasma spots using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS: Comparison of their pharmacokinetic profiles. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangu Naidu Challa
- Vignan's Foundation For Science Technology & Research (VFSTRU) (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Narendra Varma Nimmu
- D‐216, Discovery Lab Analytical Chemistry Division Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Hyderabad India
| | | | - Manikanta Swamy Arnipalli
- D‐216, Discovery Lab Analytical Chemistry Division Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Hyderabad India
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Mobed A, Ahmadalipour A, Fakhari A, Kazem SS, Saadi GK. Bioassay: A novel approach in antipsychotic pharmacology. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:30-35. [PMID: 32504638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Knoll S, Rösch T, Huhn C. Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6149-6165. [PMID: 32710277 PMCID: PMC7442764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knoll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rösch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany.
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Miniaturized extraction method for analysis of synthetic opioids in urine by microextraction with packed sorbent and liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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The use of micro carbon pencil lead electrode for sensitive HPLC-ED analysis of selected antipsychotic drugs. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ruggiero C, Ramirez S, Ramazzotti E, Mancini R, Muratori R, Raggi MA, Conti M. Multiplexed therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotics in dried plasma spots by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1440-1449. [PMID: 32077627 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a convenient method for the therapeutic monitoring of seven common antipsychotic drugs in "dried plasma spot" samples has been developed. It is based on the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique, operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and a straightforward procedure for the simultaneous extraction of all antipsychotics in a single step, with high extraction yield. The method was fully validated with proper accuracy, precision, selectivity and sensitivity, for all the drugs. Limits of quantification were 0.12, 1.09, 1.46, 1.47, 5.70, 1.32, 1.33 µg/L for haloperidol, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, risperidone, and paliperidone, respectively. Accuracy, intra- and interday precision values were <10% for all drugs at all concentration levels examined. The method was tested in the analysis of 30 plasma samples from real patients for each drug. The proposed analytical approach, by combining practical and logistical advantages of microsampling with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analytical performance, could offer an ideal strategy for accurate and timely therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotic drugs in most clinical settings, even in remote centers and/or in out-patient settings, bringing so many potential improvements in psychiatric patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ruggiero
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Rita Mancini
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Conti
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Micro-extraction by packed sorbent combined with UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the determination of prostanoids and isoprostanoids in dried blood spots. Talanta 2020; 206:120236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Majidi SM, Hadjmohammadi MR. Air-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of Clozapine in biological samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Rosado T, Oppolzer D, Cruz B, Barroso M, Varela S, Oliveira V, Leitão C, Gallardo E. Development and validation of a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantitation of several antipsychotics in human plasma and oral fluid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2081-2095. [PMID: 29448305 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antipsychotic drugs are prescription medications used to treat psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic depression. With several antipsychotic drugs currently available all over the world, this class of drugs has quickly gained importance in both the clinical and forensic context. This work describes the development and validation of a methodology for the determination of seven antipsychotic drugs in plasma and oral fluid samples. METHODS The antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, cyamemazine and, levomepromazine) were isolated from 0.2 mL of oral fluid and 0.5 mL of plasma using solid-phase extraction (SPE) following analysis by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The method was validated according to the international guidelines in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery. RESULTS The procedure was linear within 2-600 ng/mL (plasma) and 2-400 ng/mL (oral fluid), the intervals varying according to the compound; a mean R2 value of 0.99 was obtained and the calibrator's accuracy (mean relative error) was within a ±15 % interval for all concentrations. The limits of detection ranged from 1 to 10 ng/mL. Within- and between-run precision and accuracy were acceptable for all studied compounds. The extraction efficiency of the process ranged from 79% to 95%. The method was applied to authentic specimens. CONCLUSIONS The described method was proven selective and sensitive for the determination of antipsychotics in low sample volumes using SPE and GC/MS/MS. This method was considered suitable not only for routine analysis of patients undergoing antipsychotic treatment (to evaluate compliance), but also in forensic scenarios where the studied compounds may be involved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that reports the determination of antipsychotic drugs in oral fluid using MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Oppolzer
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Belinda Cruz
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Samira Varela
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Victor Oliveira
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Leitão
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Dried Blood Spot Analysis for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antipsychotics: Drawbacks of Its Clinical Application. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:344-350. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nakahara T, Otani N, Ueno T, Hashimoto K. Development of a hematocrit-insensitive device to collect accurate volumes of dried blood spots without specialized skills for measuring clozapine and its metabolites as model analytes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1087-1088:70-79. [PMID: 29715679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots have been used as alternatives to traditional plasma and serum samples. We have now developed new devices, named volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini), to collect accurate volumes of dried blood spots in a simple manner and without the need for additional instruments. VAPD consists of a filter paper disc and a filter paper sheet with holes slightly larger than the disc. The disc is fixed in one such hole without direct contact with the filter sheet. VAPDmini is a scaled-down version of the same device. When several drops of whole blood are applied, the disc becomes saturated and any excess sample is absorbed by the surrounding filter sheet. Accuracy and precision of sampling were assessed by determining the levels of clozapine and its metabolites as target analytes by liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. In addition, differences in analyte recovery were within ±15% for all analytes in samples with 30-60% hematocrit, suggesting that VAPD and VAPDmini are insensitive to hematocrit for the analytes tested. The devices were also validated for analyte concentrations in the range 50-1000 ng/mL, and the limit of detection and lower limit of quantification were 5-17 ng/mL and 15-51 ng/mL, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 3% to 13%, whereas accuracy ranged from a -14% to 12% bias. Analytes were stable in the devices for at least 2 weeks at room temperature. Collectively, these results indicate that sampling using VAPD and VAPDmini is comparable to conventional hole punch sampling of entire dried blood spots, even for samples obtained from patients treated with clozapine. Importantly, the devices were also found to be suitable for sample self-collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Nakahara
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Otani
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan
| | - Kijiro Hashimoto
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan
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Recent Advances in Microextraction Techniques of Antipsychotics in Biological Fluids Prior to Liquid Chromatography Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Rapid determination of some psychotropic drugs in complex matrices by tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:51-59. [PMID: 28355580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple and rapid determinations of some psychotropic drugs in some pharmaceutical wastewater and human plasma samples were successfully accomplished via the tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (TDLLME-HPLC-UV). TDLLME of the three psychotropic drugs clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine was easily performed through two consecutive dispersive liquid-liquid microextractions. By performing this convenient method, proper sample preconcentrations and clean-ups were achieved in just about 7min. In order to achieve the best extraction efficiency, the effective parameters involved were optimized. The optimal experimental conditions consisted of 100μL of CCl4 (as the extraction organic solvent), and the pH values of 13 and 2 for the donor and acceptor phases, respectively. Under these optimum experimental conditions, the proposed TDLLME-HPLC-UV technique provided a good linearity in the range of 5-3000ngmL-1 for the three psychotropic drugs with the correlation of determinations (R2s) higher than 0.996. The limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) obtained were 5.0ngmL-1 and 1.0-1.5ngmL-1, respectively. Also the proper enrichment factors (EFs) of 96, 99, and 88 for clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine, respectively, and good extraction repeatabilities (relative standard deviations below 9.3%, n=5) were obtained.
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Martial LC, Aarnoutse RE, Mulder M, Schellekens A, Brüggemann RJM, Burger DM, Schene AH, Batalla A. Dried Blood Spot sampling in psychiatry: Perspectives for improving therapeutic drug monitoring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:205-216. [PMID: 28130001 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of drug concentrations is indicated to guide dosing of a selected number of drugs used in psychiatry. Conventionally this is done by vena puncture. Novel sampling strategies such as dried blood spot (DBS) sampling have been developed for various drugs, including antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood-stabilizers. DBS sampling is typically performed by means of a finger prick. This method allows for remote sampling, which means that patients are not required to travel to a health care facility. The number of DBS assays for drugs used in psychiatry has increased over the last decade and includes antidepressants (tricyclic and serotonin and/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), mood stabilizers and first- and second-generation antipsychotics. Available assays often comply with analytical validation criteria but are seldom used in routine clinical care. Little attention has been paid to the clinical validation and implementation processes of home sampling. Ideally, not only medicines but also clinical chemistry parameters should be measured within the same sample. This article reflects on the position of DBS remote sampling in psychiatry and provides insight in the requisites of making such a sampling tool successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Martial
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Mulder
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 10, Route 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 10, Route 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roger J M Brüggemann
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 10, Route 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Batalla
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 10, Route 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sorbent, device, matrix and application in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS): A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Enderle Y, Foerster K, Burhenne J. Clinical feasibility of dried blood spots: Analytics, validation, and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Are capillary DBS applicable for therapeutic drug monitoring of common antipsychotics? A proof of concept. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:2119-30. [PMID: 26327190 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM DBS sampling has been proposed as an alternative for venous blood collection in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antipsychotics. For implementation in routine practice, a comparison between capillary and venous blood concentrations is mandatory. RESULTS A DBS method for quantification of antipsychotics was clinically validated. First, whole blood therapeutic ranges were calculated using the blood:serum ratio. Calculation of DBS:blood ratios and Passing-Bablok regression analysis demonstrated that concentrations obtained by DBS analysis were highly comparable to those obtained by conventional whole blood analysis. Clinical interpretation of serum, whole blood and DBS concentrations were highly identical (sensitivity 91.6-97.6%). CONCLUSION This is the first clinical study demonstrating the value of DBS sampling in TDM of antipsychotics.
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Preparation of magnetic ODS-PAN thin-films for microextraction of quetiapine and clozapine in plasma and urine samples followed by HPLC-UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rouhollahi A, Kouchaki M, Seidi S. Electrically stimulated liquid phase microextraction combined with differential pulse voltammetry: a new and efficient design for in situ determination of clozapine from complicated matrices. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction combined with differential pulse voltammetry for in situ determination of clozapine from complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rouhollahi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Masoomeh Kouchaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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Suh JH, Eom HY, Kim U, Kim J, Cho HD, Kang W, Kim DS, Han SB. Highly sensitive electromembrane extraction for the determination of volatile organic compound metabolites in dried urine spot. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Current advances in biosampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of psychiatric CNS drugs. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1925-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many CNS drugs are effective for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Psychotropic drugs work differently, thus clinical outcomes for many patients may be insufficient. For this reason it could be useful the measurement of drug levels for clinical decision-making. Analytical goals in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) should be established by selecting the appropriate biological matrix. The aim of this review is to highlight the usefulness of TDM for antiepileptics, antidepressants and antipsychotics, with a focus on current advances in biosampling. The literature on TDM was reviewed up to March 2015. An overview on the use of alternative biological matrices is provided to address the current issues and advances in the field of biosampling for psychiatric CNS drug TDM.
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29
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Determination of urinary levels of leukotriene B(4) using ad highly specific and sensitive methodology based on automatic MEPS combined with UHPLC-PDA analysis. Talanta 2015; 144:382-9. [PMID: 26452837 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent mediator of inflammation and plays a key function in the pathophysiology of chronic asthma. Detectable urinary levels of LTB4, arises from the activation of leukotriene pathways. In this study an ultra-fast, selective and sensitive analytical method based on semi-automatic microextraction by packed sorbents (MEPS) technique, using a new digitally controlled syringe (eVol®) combined with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC), is proposed for the measurement of urinary LTB4 (U-LTB4) levels in a group of asthmatic patients (APs) and healthy controls (CTRL). Important parameters affecting MEPS performance, namely sorbent type, number of extraction cycles (extract-discard) and elution volume, were evaluated. The optimal experimental conditions among those investigated for the quantification of U-LTB4 in urine samples were as follows: porous graphitic carbon sorbent (PGC), 10 extractions cycle (10×250 μL of sample) and LTB4 elution with 100 μL of acetonitrile. The UHPLC optimum conditions resulted in a mobile phase consisting of 95% (v/v) of acid aqueous solution (v/v), and acetonitrile 5% (v/v); flow rate of 500 µL/min, and a column temperature of 37±0.1 °C. Under optimized conditions the proposed method exhibit good selectivity and sensitivity LOD (0.37 ng/mL) and LOQ (1.22 ng/mL). The recovery ranging from 86.4 to 101.1% for LTB4, with relative standard deviations (% RSD) no larger than 5%. In addition, the method also afforded good results in terms of linearity (r(2)>0.995) within the established concentration range, with a residual deviation for each calibration point below 6%, and intra- and inter-day repeatability in urine samples with RSD values lower than 4 and 5%, respectively. The application of the method to urine samples revealed a tendency towards the increased urinary LTB4 levels in APs (5.42±0.17 ng/mL) when compared to those of CTRL group (from ND to 1.9 ng/mL). Urinary measurement of LTB4 may be an interesting and non-invasive option to assess control of asthma.
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31
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Patteet L, Cappelle D, Maudens KE, Crunelle CL, Sabbe B, Neels H. Advances in detection of antipsychotics in biological matrices. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 441:11-22. [PMID: 25512162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring antipsychotic concentrations in human matrices is important for both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology. This review provides a critical overview of the analytical methods for detection and quantification of antipsychotics published in the last four years. Focus lies on advances in sample preparation, analytical techniques and alternative matrices. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used most often for quantification of antipsychotics. This sensitive technique makes it possible to determine low concentrations not only in serum, plasma or whole blood, but also in alternative matrices like oral fluid, dried blood spots, hair, nails and other body tissues. Current literature on analytical techniques for alternative matrices is still limited and often requires a more thorough validation including a comparison between conventional and alternative results to determine their actual value. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) makes it possible to quantify a high amount of compounds within a shorter run time. This technique is widely used for multi-analyte methods. Only recently, high-resolution mass spectrometry has gained importance when a combination of screening of (un)known metabolites, and quantification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Patteet
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Delphine Cappelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof E Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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32
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Procedures and practices for the validation of bioanalytical methods using dried blood spots: a review. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2481-514. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, the collection of whole blood samples on paper, is an emerging technique used for bioanalytical methods. Several analytical challenges, such as possible effects of spotting volume, hematocrit and spot inhomogeneity are identified for these methods, however, no regulatory-based guidelines for the specific validation of DBS-based assays are available hitherto. To date, 68 validation reports concerning methods for the quantitative determination of drugs in human DBS could be traced in the literature, with large differences in the extensiveness of the reported validations. This review aims to present an overview of these published validations. Additionally, the different challenges of DBS-based assays are discussed and recommendations on how to perform validation tests addressing these challenges are provided.
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Patteet L, Maudens KE, Stove CP, Lambert WE, Morrens M, Sabbe B, Neels H. The use of dried blood spots for quantification of 15 antipsychotics and 7 metabolites with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography ‐ tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:502-11. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Patteet
- Toxicological CentreUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory for TDM and ToxicologyZNA Stuivenberg Lange Beeldekensstraat 267 B‐2060 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kristof E. Maudens
- Toxicological CentreUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of ToxicologyGhent University Harelbekestraat 72 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Willy E. Lambert
- Laboratory of ToxicologyGhent University Harelbekestraat 72 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological CentreUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory for TDM and ToxicologyZNA Stuivenberg Lange Beeldekensstraat 267 B‐2060 Antwerp Belgium
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Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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Moein MM, Said R, Bassyouni F, Abdel-Rehim M. Solid phase microextraction and related techniques for drugs in biological samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:921350. [PMID: 24688797 PMCID: PMC3943203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery and development, the quantification of drugs in biological samples is an important task for the determination of the physiological performance of the investigated drugs. After sampling, the next step in the analytical process is sample preparation. Because of the low concentration levels of drug in plasma and the variety of the metabolites, the selected extraction technique should be virtually exhaustive. Recent developments of sample handling techniques are directed, from one side, toward automatization and online coupling of sample preparation units. The primary objective of this review is to present the recent developments in microextraction sample preparation methods for analysis of drugs in biological fluids. Microextraction techniques allow for less consumption of solvent, reagents, and packing materials, and small sample volumes can be used. In this review the use of solid phase microextraction (SPME), microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS), and stir-bar sorbtive extraction (SBSE) in drug analysis will be discussed. In addition, the use of new sorbents such as monoliths and molecularly imprinted polymers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Moein
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rana Said
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- National Research Center of Egypt, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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36
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Páleníková A, Hrouzková S. Microextraction in packed syringe: solvent-minimized sample preparation technique. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sánchez MDN, Santos PM, Sappó CP, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Microextraction by packed sorbent and salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction for the determination of aromatic amines formed from azo dyes in textiles. Talanta 2014; 119:375-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pereira J, Silva CL, Perestrelo R, Gonçalves J, Alves V, Câmara JS. Re-exploring the high-throughput potential of microextraction techniques, SPME and MEPS, as powerful strategies for medical diagnostic purposes. Innovative approaches, recent applications and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2101-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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A critical review of microextraction by packed sorbent as a sample preparation approach in drug bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1409-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is widely accepted as the most labor-intensive and error-prone part of the bioanalytical process. The recent advances in this field have been focused on the miniaturization and integration of sample preparation online with analytical instrumentation, in order to reduce laboratory workload and increase analytical performance. From this perspective, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) has emerged in the last few years as a powerful sample preparation approach suitable to be easily automated with liquid and gas chromatographic systems applied in a variety of bioanalytical areas (pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, environmental and food research). This paper aims to provide an overview and a critical discussion of recent bioanalytical methods reported in literature based on MEPS, with special emphasis on those developed for the quantification of therapeutic drugs and/or metabolites in biological samples. The advantages and some limitations of MEPS, as well as its comparison with other extraction techniques, are also addressed herein.
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Determination of seven selected antipsychotic drugs in human plasma using microextraction in packed sorbent and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3953-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gonçalves J, Silva CL, Castilho PC, Câmara JS. An attractive, sensitive and high-throughput strategy based on microextraction by packed sorbent followed by UHPLC-PDA analysis for quantification of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids in wines. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vallecillos L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Fully automated determination of macrocyclic musk fragrances in wastewater by microextraction by packed sorbents and large volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1264:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Rani S, Malik AK. A novel microextraction by packed sorbent-gas chromatography procedure for the simultaneous analysis of antiepileptic drugs in human plasma and urine. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2970-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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del Nogal Sánchez M, Pérez Sappó C, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. A method based on microextraction by packed sorbent-programmed temperature vaporizer–fast gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2007-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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A sensitive microextraction by packed sorbent-based methodology combined with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography as a powerful technique for analysis of biologically active flavonols in wines. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 739:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of losartan and its active metabolite on dried blood spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:47-54. [PMID: 22770781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid quantitative bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of losartan and its active metabolite, losartan carboxylic acid on rat dried blood spots was developed and validated as per regulatory guidelines. Losartan and its metabolite were extracted from dried blood spots using 50% aqueous methanol and separated on Waters XTerra(®) RP18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using mobile phase composed of 40% acetonitrile and 60% aqueous ammonium acetate (10mM). The eluents were monitored using ESI tandem mass spectrometric detection with negative polarity in MRM mode using ion transitions m/z 421.2→179.0, m/z 435.3→157.0 and m/z 427.3→193.0 for losartan, losartan carboxylic acid and Irbesartan (internal standard), respectively. The method was validated over the linear range of 1-200 ng/mL and 5-1000 ng/mL with lower limits of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL and 5.0 ng/mL for losartan and losartan carboxylic acid, respectively. Inter and intra-day precision and accuracy (Bias) were below 5.96% and between -2.8 and 1.5%, respectively. The mean recoveries of the analytes from dried blood spots were between 89% and 97%. No significant carry over and matrix effects were observed. The stability of stock solution, whole blood, dried blood spot and processed samples were tested under different conditions and the results were found to be well within the acceptable limits. Additional validation parameters such as influence of hematocrit and spot volume were also evaluated and found to be well within the acceptable limits.
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Moreno IED, da Fonseca BM, Magalhães AR, Geraldes VS, Queiroz JA, Barroso M, Costa S, Gallardo E. Rapid determination of piperazine-type stimulants in human urine by microextraction in packed sorbent after method optimization using a multivariate approach. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1222:116-20. [PMID: 22209305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the analysis of piperazine-type stimulants [1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MeOPP)] in low volume urine samples (0.1 mL) by microextraction in packed sorbent and liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Analyte extraction has been comprehensively optimized, and the influencing factors were screened by means of the fractional factorial design approach. Several parameters susceptible of influencing the process were studied, and these included extraction sorbent type (C(8) and C(18)), sample dilution (1:2 and 1:4), number of aspirations through the device (2 and 8) and the amount of methanol on both the washing (0 and 10%) and eluting solvents (10 and 100%). The method was linear from 0.5 (lower limit of quantitation) to 5 μgmL(-1), with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all compounds. Intra- and interday precision ranged from 1 to 9%, trueness was within a ± 11% interval for all analytes, and analyte recoveries were of about 70% for mCPP and TFMPP, and of about 10% for MeOPP and BZP. The method has shown to be selective, as no interferences from endogenous substances were detected by analysis of blank samples, and the analytes were stable in the samples for short periods at room temperature, after three freeze/thaw cycles and in processed samples. Due to its simplicity and speed, this method can be successfully applied in the screening and quantitation of these compounds in urine samples, and is suitable for application in forensic toxicology routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E D Moreno
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
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Noche GG, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM, Lorenzo SM. Microextraction by packed sorbent for the analysis of pharmaceutical residues in environmental water samples by in situ derivatization-programmed temperature vaporizer–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9390-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. The review initially outlines the principle of each technique, followed by sections addressing each class of abused drugs separately. The novel strategies currently reviewed focus on the preparation of various biological samples for the subsequent determination of opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics and cannabinoids. According to our experience, these analytes are the most frequently responsible for intoxications in Greece. The applications of techniques such as disposable pipette extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase microextraction, polymer monolith microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction and others, which are rapidly gaining acceptance in the field of toxicology, are currently reviewed.
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Abstract
The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in bioanalysis is described. In this article, the sample preparation concept and strategies will be discussed, along with the requirements for good sample preparation. The most widely used sample preparation methods in the pharmaceutical industry are presented; for example, the need for same-day rotation of results from large numbers of biological samples in pharmaceutical industry makes high throughput bioanalysis more essential. In this article, high-throughput sample preparation techniques are presented; examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from biological matrices, including protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and microextraction-related techniques. Finally, the potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases, is considered.
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