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Chen X, Yu N, Yang N, Zhang J, Chen J. Simultaneous determination of sixteen phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil and evaluation of matrix effect using a QuEChERS/GC/MS-internal standard method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:51253-51266. [PMID: 39106010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are emerging pollutants that need to be analyzed precisely. Chromatography-based determination of PAE content in soils are frequently affected by matrix effect, which may limit the quantification of different kinds of PAEs from different types of soil. Here we optimized a QuEChERS protocol combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for simultaneous determination of 16 PAEs in different soils. PAEs in different type of soils (fluvo-aquic soil, red soil, and black soil) were extracted with acetonitrile followed by GC-MS detection based on quantitative ion internal standard method. All 16 PAEs showed excellent linear relationships with mass peak areas (R2 > 0.99). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of all the samples were in the range of 0.91-66.97 µg/kg and 2.7-200.9 µg/kg, respectively. The accurate test at 0.5, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg spiking level recorded recovery rate between 80.11% and 100.99% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.37 to 8.50% in tested matrices. No significant matrix effect was observed for most tested PAEs. This is a simple method with high sensitivity and strong stability, which is suitable and reproducible for quantifying large number of PAEs in different types of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ningwei Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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2
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Song N, Tian Y, Luo Z, Dai J, Liu Y, Duan Y. Advances in pretreatment and analysis methods of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6099-6113. [PMID: 35424557 PMCID: PMC8981609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene compounds that are prevalent in the soil as organic pollutants mainly include BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). These pose a severe threat to many aspects of human health. Therefore, the accurate measurement of BTEX and PAHs concentrations in the soil is of great importance. The samples for analysis of BTEX and PAHs need to be suitable for the various detection methods after pretreatment, which include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical extraction, and needle trap. The detection techniques mainly consist of gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and online sensors, and provide comprehensive information on contaminants in the soil. Their performance is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery. Recently, there has been rapid progress in the pretreatment and analysis methods for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of BTEX and PAHs. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a timely and in-depth review of the emerging pretreatment and analysis methods, which is unfortunately absent from the recent literature. In this work, state-of-art extraction techniques and analytical methods have been summarized for the determination of BTEX and PAHs in soil, with a particular focus on the potential and limitations of the respective methods for different aromatic hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the paper will describe the basic methodological knowledge, as well as the recent advancement of pretreatment and analysis methods for samples containing BTEX and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
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Yu M, Roszkowska A, Pawliszyn J. In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction and Applications in Environmental Sciences. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:30-41. [PMID: 37101756 PMCID: PMC10114724 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a well-established sample-preparation technique for environmental studies. The application of SPME has extended from the headspace extraction of volatile compounds to the capture of active components in living organisms via the direct immersion of SPME probes into the tissue (in vivo SPME). The development of biocompatible coatings and the availability of different calibration approaches enable the in vivo sampling of exogenous and endogenous compounds from the living plants and animals without the need for tissue collection. In addition, new geometries such as thin-film coatings, needle-trap devices, recession needles, coated tips, and blades have increased the sensitivity and robustness of in vivo sampling. In this paper, we detail the fundamentals of in vivo SPME, including the various extraction modes, coating geometries, calibration methods, and data analysis methods that are commonly employed. We also discuss recent applications of in vivo SPME in environmental studies and in the analysis of pollutants in plant and animal tissues, as well as in human saliva, breath, and skin analysis. As we show, in vivo SPME has tremendous potential for the targeted and untargeted screening of small molecules in living organisms for environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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4
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Nanostructured octadecylsilica chemically coated stainless-steel fiber for vacuum-assisted HS-SPME sampling of PAHs in soil. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Zhang Q, Liu P, Li S, Zhang X, Chen M. Progress in the analytical research methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1746668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Li
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Mengdi Chen
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Rodinkov OV, Bugaichenko AS, Moskvin LN. Static Headspace Analysis and Its Current Status. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482001013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rodríguez-Ramos R, Socas-Rodríguez B, Santana-Mayor Á, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Nanomaterials as alternative dispersants for the multiresidue analysis of phthalates in soil samples using matrix solid phase dispersion prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124377. [PMID: 31548171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the application of different nanomaterials as dispersants in matrix solid phase dispersion has been evaluated for the extraction of fifteen phthalates from different environmental samples prior to their separation and quantification by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Within the evaluated nanomaterials, including graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate metal-organic framework, the last one showed the best results in terms of extraction capacity and sample clean-up. The effects of the different parameters affecting the sample pretreatment efficiency were exhaustively evaluated. The whole methodology was validated for agricultural soil and sand, using dibutyl phthalate-3,4,5,6-d4 as surrogate. Recovery values ranged from 70 to 120% for both matrices with RSD values lower than 20% and the limits of quantification of the method achieved were in the range 0.14-2.7 μg/kg dry weight. Finally, the analysis of soil samples from different locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was carried out finding the presence of BBP, DIBP and DBP in the range 5-52 μg/kg dry weight in agricultural soils, and DIPP, DNOP and DINP in the range 2-101 μg/kg dry weight in sand samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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8
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Diamantidou D, Begou O, Theodoridis G, Gika H, Tsochatzis E, Kalogiannis S, Kataiftsi N, Soufleros E, Zotou A. Development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of phthalate esters in Greek grape marc spirits. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:165-178. [PMID: 31239151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry method has been developed for the analysis of 12 phthalate esters in Greek grape marc spirits. The phthalates were separated on a U-VDSpher PUR 100 C18-E (100 mm x 2.0 mm, 1.8 μm) column by gradient elution. The analytes were ionized by positive electrospray ionization using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The standard addition method was used for quantification and the Student's t-test was carried out to evaluate the matrix effect. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery experiments resulting in values from 81.6 to 109.6%. The detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 33.3 μg L-1.The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the analysis of 45 samples collected from Greece and Cyprus. All phthalate esters proved to be present at least once in the analysed grape marc spirits samples, except only in cases of diphenyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate, while for the regulated phthalates only bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was quantified above the legislative concentration limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Diamantidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; BIOMIC Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Buldings A&B, Thessaloniki, 10thkm Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR, 57001, Greece; FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; BIOMIC Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Buldings A&B, Thessaloniki, 10thkm Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR, 57001, Greece; FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; BIOMIC Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Buldings A&B, Thessaloniki, 10thkm Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR, 57001, Greece; FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- BIOMIC Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Buldings A&B, Thessaloniki, 10thkm Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR, 57001, Greece; FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Tsochatzis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natalia Kataiftsi
- Laboratory of Oenology and Alcoholic Beverages, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Soufleros
- Laboratory of Oenology and Alcoholic Beverages, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zotou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR, Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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9
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Reis PA, Salgado MA, Vasconcelos V. Pollicipes pollicipes as a Biomonitor of PAHs Contamination in Seawaters of the Northwest Coast of Portugal. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1296873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Reis
- CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Antónia Salgado
- CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Banafsheh Aghvami, Faraji H, Shahbaazi H. Chemometrics-Assisted QuEChERS Method Coupled with HPLC-Diode Array Detection for the Determination of Phthalate Esters in Food-Grade Plastics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Raza N, Hashemi B, Kim KH, Lee SH, Deep A. Aromatic hydrocarbons in air, water, and soil: Sampling and pretreatment techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Saunders JE, Chen H, Brauer C, Clayton M, Loock HP. Two distinct mechanisms upon absorption of volatile organic compounds into siloxane polymers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2206-2218. [PMID: 29431812 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The response of polysiloxane materials to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and toluene (BTEX), as well as cyclohexane, acetone, methanol and isopropanol is studied using thin film large-angle refractometry. Refractive index and thickness changes are measured to quantify the diffusion rate and partition coefficients associated with the absorption and desorption of VOC vapours into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS) - PDMS copolymer films. Absorption of volatile solvent vapours into siloxane polymers is found to follow two distinct mechanisms with different absorption rates. These mechanisms are also associated with different excess volumes of mixing and may be accompanied by a polymer restructuring step.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Chris Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - McGregor Clayton
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Hans-Peter Loock
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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13
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Ghiasvand AR, Hajipour S, Heidari N. Cooling-assisted microextraction: Comparison of techniques and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Liu L, Hao Y, Ren Y, Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z. Magnetic nanoporous carbon as an adsorbent for the extraction of phthalate esters in environmental water and aloe juice samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1411-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Yunhui Hao
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Yiqian Ren
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
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Rainey CL, Bors DE, Goodpaster JV. Design and Optimization of a Total Vaporization Technique Coupled to Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11319-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Rainey
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Dana E. Bors
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - John V. Goodpaster
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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16
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Triñanes S, Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC. Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 2014; 132:433-42. [PMID: 25476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R≥0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 µg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Triñanes
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Pena
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Casais
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ma Carmen Mejuto
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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17
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Behzadi M, Noroozian E, Mirzaei M. Electropolymerization of carbon nanotubes/poly-ortho-aminophenol nanocomposite on a stainless steel fiber for the solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Hu C, He M, Chen B, Zhong C, Hu B. Sorptive extraction using polydimethylsiloxane/metal–organic framework coated stir bars coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Demirci A. Factorial Design Optimization of Solid-Phase Microextraction for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Ultraviolet Spectrometry Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Filter Tar. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.857358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Surface molecularly imprinted polymers with synthetic dummy template for simultaneously selective recognition of nine phthalate esters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang M, Huang J, Zeng J, Zhang C. Silicon dioxide–poly(dimethylsiloxane) with a bilayer structure, incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes, supported on stainless steel wire as a solid-phase microextraction fiber for the determination of trace phthalate esters in drinking water samples. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Simultaneous determination of trihalomethanes and organochlorine pesticides in water samples by direct immersion-headspace-solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Mehdinia A, Aziz-Zanjani MO. Advances for sensitive, rapid and selective extraction in different configurations of solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Preparation of an ionic liquid-mediated carbon nanotube-poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber by sol–gel technique for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples using head-space solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Guo L, Lee HK. Vortex-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction followed by low-density solvent based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the fast and efficient determination of phthalate esters in river water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Lv X, Hao Y, Jia Q. Preconcentration Procedures for Phthalate Esters Combined with Chromatographic Analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:632-44. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Demirci A, Alver E. DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CIGARETTE FILTER TAR BY MEANS OF HOLLOW-FIBER LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION-HPLC-UV SYSTEM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Demirci
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
| | - Erol Alver
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
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28
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Evaluation of a completely automated cold fiber device using compounds with varying volatility and polarity. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Bianchin JN, Nardini G, Merib J, Dias AN, Martendal E, Carasek E. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in water samples using a new sampling strategy combining different extraction modes and temperatures in a single extraction solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:22-9. [PMID: 22386255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a new optimization approach for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) from water samples using the solid-phase microextraction technique followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) separation and detection. The objective of the study was to achieve compromise extraction conditions, suitable for all semi-volatile and volatile compounds, under which the amount extracted is maximized for all analytes. This was achieved by careful optimization of the fiber coating, salting-out effect, extraction time and temperature and extraction mode (headspace or direct immersion). With the optimized fiber coating - PDMS/DVB 65 μm - the other selected factors were optimized using a response surface methodology through central composite designs. As expected, the optimized results for each class of analytes varied significantly, probably due to the differences in their volatility and the equilibrium constants for the analyte/fiber coating. In order to overcome this issue, a new optimization approach was proposed based on a combination of extraction modes and extraction temperatures in a single extraction procedure. The final optimized procedure was: 48 min of extraction in direct immersion mode with the sample maintained at 80 °C followed by a further 32 min of headspace extraction with the sample temperature kept at 10 °C. The proposed procedure was compared with conventional methods based on the use of a single extraction mode and temperature (80 min of headspace extraction at 60 °C or 80 min of direct immersion extraction at 50 °C). The newly proposed method was shown to be more attractive as it extracted higher amounts of both semi-volatile and volatile compounds in a single extraction procedure compared to the conventional approaches. The optimized method was validated and excellent results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Nunes Bianchin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040900, SC, Brazil
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Zhou X, Shao X, Shu JJ, Liu MM, Liu HL, Feng XH, Liu F. Thermally stable ionic liquid-based sol–gel coating for ultrasonic extraction–solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography determination of phthalate esters in agricultural plastic films. Talanta 2012; 89:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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A Hexagonally Ordered Nanoporous Silica-Based Fiber Coating for SPME of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water Followed by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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