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Vázquez Loureiro P, Nguyen KH, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Granby K, Niklas AA. Identification and quantification of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) migrating from food contact materials (FCM). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142360. [PMID: 38761829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) can be added to food contact materials (FCM) to increase their water and/or grease repellent properties. Some well-known PFAS are perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA), and polyfluorinated telomer alcohols (FTOH). Due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bond, PFAS are chemically very stable and highly resistant to biological degradation, posing a risk to human health and the environment. To examine the presence of PFAS in paper-based FCM, various samples were collected, including popcorn bags, muffin cups, and pizza boxes with high total organic fluorine (TOF) content from the Danish and Spanish markets. The FCM composition was characterised by FTIR. Quantification of some well-known PFAS such as PFCA, PFSA, and FTOH was performed in food simulants using LC-MS/MS, and in addition a non-targeted screening approach was performed by LC-Orbitrap-HRMS. Among analysed samples, the highest concentrations of PFAS were found in a muffin cup made of cellulose (PFCA ∼ 1.41 μg kg-1 food, FTOH ∼ 11.5 μg kg-1 food), and the results were used to estimate dietary exposures to PFAS migrated from this FCM. Compared to measured TOF value in this sample, the fluorine from all quantified PFAS accounted for only 0.6%. Thus, a more powerful analytical approach was used to further investigate PFAS occurrence in this sample. Using non-targeted screening, an additional twenty compounds were identified, among them five with confidence level 1 and ten with confidence level 2. Many of them were either fluorotelomer carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or ether-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vázquez Loureiro
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka A Niklas
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Partington JM, Rana S, Szabo D, Anumol T, Clarke BO. Comparison of high-resolution mass spectrometry acquisition methods for the simultaneous quantification and identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:895-912. [PMID: 38159142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous identification and quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were evaluated for three quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF) acquisition methods. The acquisition methods investigated were MS-Only, all ion fragmentation (All-Ions), and automated tandem mass spectrometry (Auto-MS/MS). Target analytes were the 25 PFAS of US EPA Method 533 and the acquisition methods were evaluated by analyte response, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and target-suspect screening identification limit (IL). PFAS LOQs were consistent across acquisition methods, with individual PFAS LOQs within an order of magnitude. The mean and range for MS-Only, All-Ions, and Auto-MS/MS are 1.3 (0.34-5.1), 2.1 (0.49-5.1), and 1.5 (0.20-5.1) pg on column. For fast data processing and tentative identification with lower confidence, MS-Only is recommended; however, this can lead to false-positives. Where high-confidence identification, structural characterisation, and quantification are desired, Auto-MS/MS is recommended; however, cycle time should be considered where many compounds are anticipated to be present. For comprehensive screening workflows and sample archiving, All-Ions is recommended, facilitating both quantification and retrospective analysis. This study validated HRMS acquisition approaches for quantification (based upon precursor data) and exploration of identification workflows for a range of PFAS compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Partington
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sahil Rana
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Drew Szabo
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Fabregat-Palau J, Zwiener C. PFΔScreen - an open-source tool for automated PFAS feature prioritization in non-target HRMS data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:349-362. [PMID: 38030884 PMCID: PMC10761406 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a huge group of anthropogenic chemicals with unique properties that are used in countless products and applications. Due to the high stability of their C-F bonds, PFAS or their transformation products (TPs) are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous detection in various samples worldwide. Since PFAS are industrial chemicals, the availability of authentic PFAS reference standards is limited, making non-target screening (NTS) approaches based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) necessary for a more comprehensive characterization. NTS usually is a time-consuming process, since only a small fraction of the detected chemicals can be identified. Therefore, efficient prioritization of relevant HRMS signals is one of the most crucial steps. We developed PFΔScreen, a Python-based open-source tool with a simple graphical user interface (GUI) to perform efficient feature prioritization using several PFAS-specific techniques such as the highly promising MD/C-m/C approach, Kendrick mass defect analysis, diagnostic fragments (MS2), fragment mass differences (MS2), and suspect screening. Feature detection from vendor-independent MS raw data (mzML, data-dependent acquisition) is performed via pyOpenMS (or custom feature lists) with subsequent calculations for prioritization and identification of PFAS in both HPLC- and GC-HRMS data. The PFΔScreen workflow is presented on four PFAS-contaminated agricultural soil samples from south-western Germany. Over 15 classes of PFAS (more than 80 single compounds with several isomers) could be identified, including four novel classes, potentially TPs of the precursors fluorotelomer mercapto alkyl phosphates (FTMAPs). PFΔScreen can be used within the Python environment and is easily automatically installable and executable on Windows. Its source code is freely available on GitHub ( https://github.com/JonZwe/PFAScreen ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joel Fabregat-Palau
- Hydrogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Strynar M, McCord J, Newton S, Washington J, Barzen-Hanson K, Trier X, Liu Y, Dimzon IK, Bugsel B, Zwiener C, Munoz G. Practical application guide for the discovery of novel PFAS in environmental samples using high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:575-588. [PMID: 37516787 PMCID: PMC10561087 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intersection of the topics of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) bring together two disparate and complex subjects. Recently non-targeted analysis (NTA) for the discovery of novel PFAS in environmental and biological media has been shown to be valuable in multiple applications. Classical targeted analysis for PFAS using LC-MS/MS, though growing in compound coverage, is still unable to inform a holistic understanding of the PFAS burden in most samples. NTA fills at least a portion of this data gap. OBJECTIVES Entrance into the study of novel PFAS discovery requires identification techniques such as HRMS (e.g., QTOF and Orbitrap) instrumentation. This requires practical knowledge of best approaches depending on the purpose of the analyses. The utility of HRMS applications for PFAS discovery is unquestioned and will likely play a significant role in many future environmental and human exposure studies. METHODS/RESULTS PFAS have some characteristics that make them standout from most other chemicals present in samples. Through a series of tell-tale PFAS characteristics (e.g., characteristic mass defect range, homologous series and characteristic fragmentation patterns), and case studies different approaches and remaining challenges are demonstrated. IMPACT STATEMENT The identification of novel PFAS via non-targeted analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry is an important and difficult endeavor. This synopsis document will hopefully make current and future efforts on this topic easier to perform for novice and experienced alike. The typical time devoted to NTA PFAS investigations (weeks to months or more) may benefit from these practical steps employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Strynar
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA.
| | - James McCord
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | - Seth Newton
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | - John Washington
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Xenia Trier
- Section of Environmental Chemistry and Physics, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Ian Ken Dimzon
- Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Young RB, Pica NE, Sharifan H, Chen H, Roth HK, Blakney GT, Borch T, Higgins CP, Kornuc JJ, McKenna AM, Blotevogel J. PFAS Analysis with Ultrahigh Resolution 21T FT-ICR MS: Suspect and Nontargeted Screening with Unrivaled Mass Resolving Power and Accuracy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2455-2465. [PMID: 35099180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large family of thousands of chemicals, many of which have been identified using nontargeted time-of-flight and Orbitrap mass spectrometry methods. Comprehensive characterization of complex PFAS mixtures is critical to assess their environmental transport, transformation, exposure, and uptake. Because 21 tesla (T) Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) offers the highest available mass resolving power and sub-ppm mass errors across a wide molecular weight range, we developed a nontargeted 21 T FT-ICR MS method to screen for PFASs in an aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) using suspect screening, a targeted formula database (C, H, Cl, F, N, O, P, S; ≤865 Da), isotopologues, and Kendrick-analogous mass difference networks (KAMDNs). False-positive PFAS identifications in a natural organic matter (NOM) sample, which served as the negative control, suggested that a minimum length of 3 should be imposed when annotating CF2-homologous series with positive mass defects. We putatively identified 163 known PFASs during suspect screening, as well as 134 novel PFASs during nontargeted screening, including a suspected polyethoxylated perfluoroalkane sulfonamide series. This study shows that 21 T FT-ICR MS analysis can provide unique insights into complex PFAS composition and expand our understanding of PFAS chemistries in impacted matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Young
- Chemical Analysis & Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Nasim E Pica
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Weston Solutions, Lakewood, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hamidreza Sharifan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Natural Science, Albany State University, Albany, Georgia 31705, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Holly K Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Greg T Blakney
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John J Kornuc
- NAVFAC EXWC, 1100 23rd Avenue, Port Hueneme, California 93041, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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Data processing strategies for non-targeted analysis of foods using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods for nontarget discovery and characterization of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental and human samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Mullin L, Katz D, Riddell N, Plumb R, Burgess JA, Yeung LWY, Jogsten IE. Analysis of hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA) by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS): Review of Current Approaches and Environmental Levels. Trends Analyt Chem 2019; 118:828-839. [PMID: 31501636 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) compounds are of increasing interest for environmental monitoring, one being hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), commonly referred to as GenX. The following review describes existing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods used to analyze HFPO-DA, including sample preparation and method sensitivity relative to other PFAS. Analytical challenges are also described, in particular the significant formation of in-source fragmentation, dimer and dimer adducts which detract from [M-H]- signal. Lastly, detected levels of HFPO-DA in environmental and biological samples are compared across the limited number of available field exposure studies, which found several μg/L concentrations in water samples taken near fluorochemical plant discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mullin
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA USA 01757.,MTM Research Centre, Örebro University SE-701 82 Örebro Sweden
| | - David Katz
- US EPA -Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI USA 02882
| | | | | | | | - Leo W Y Yeung
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University SE-701 82 Örebro Sweden
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Riedel TP, Lang JR, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Offenberg JH. Gas-Phase Detection of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Other Oxygenated Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:289-293. [PMID: 31179348 PMCID: PMC6550326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are incorporated into an ever-increasing number of modern products and inevitably enter the environment and ultimately human bodies. Herein, we show that chemical ionization mass spectrometry with iodide reagent ion chemistry is a useful technique for the detection of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and other oxygenated PFAS, including per- and polyfluoro carboxylic acids such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid. This technique offers direct, high-time resolution measurement capability with parts per trillion by volume (nanograms per cubic meter) gas-phase detection limits. Measurements were taken by direct volatilization of samples without prior processing, allowing for fast measurements and reduced sample treatment compared to established PFAS methods. We demonstrate the utility of this technique by sampling volatile and semivolatile PFAS from fluoro additives and fluoro products to quantify levels of FTOHs and identify additional fluorinated compounds for which standards were unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theran P Riedel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Johnsie R Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John H Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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12
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McEachran AD, Mansouri K, Grulke C, Schymanski EL, Ruttkies C, Williams AJ. "MS-Ready" structures for non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry screening studies. J Cheminform 2018; 10:45. [PMID: 30167882 PMCID: PMC6117229 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-018-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical database searching has become a fixture in many non-targeted identification workflows based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). However, the form of a chemical structure observed in HRMS does not always match the form stored in a database (e.g., the neutral form versus a salt; one component of a mixture rather than the mixture form used in a consumer product). Linking the form of a structure observed via HRMS to its related form(s) within a database will enable the return of all relevant variants of a structure, as well as the related metadata, in a single query. A Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME) workflow has been developed to produce structural representations observed using HRMS ("MS-Ready structures") and links them to those stored in a database. These MS-Ready structures, and associated mappings to the full chemical representations, are surfaced via the US EPA's Chemistry Dashboard ( https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ ). This article describes the workflow for the generation and linking of ~ 700,000 MS-Ready structures (derived from ~ 760,000 original structures) as well as download, search and export capabilities to serve structure identification using HRMS. The importance of this form of structural representation for HRMS is demonstrated with several examples, including integration with the in silico fragmentation software application MetFrag. The structures, search, download and export functionality are all available through the CompTox Chemistry Dashboard, while the MetFrag implementation can be viewed at https://msbi.ipb-halle.de/MetFragBeta/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. McEachran
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop D143-02, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - Kamel Mansouri
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop D143-02, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
- Present Address: Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., 601 Keystone Dr., Morrisville, NC 27650 USA
| | - Chris Grulke
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop D143-02, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Ruttkies
- Department of Stress and Development Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antony J. Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop D143-02, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
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13
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McEachran AD, Hedgespeth ML, Newton SR, McMahen R, Strynar M, Shea D, Nichols EG. Comparison of emerging contaminants in receiving waters downstream of a conventional wastewater treatment plant and a forest-water reuse system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12451-12463. [PMID: 29460251 PMCID: PMC6739829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Forest-water reuse (FWR) systems treat municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters via land application to forest soils. Previous studies have shown that both large-scale conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and FWR systems do not completely remove many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) before release of treated wastewater. To better characterize CECs and potential for increased implementation of FWR systems, FWR systems need to be directly compared to conventional WWTPs. In this study, both a quantitative, targeted analysis and a nontargeted analysis were utilized to better understand how CECs release to waterways from an FWR system compared to a conventional treatment system. Quantitatively, greater concentrations and total mass load of CECs was exhibited downstream of the conventional WWTP compared to the FWR. Average summed concentrations of 33 targeted CECs downstream of the conventional system were ~ 1000 ng/L and downstream of the FWR were ~ 30 ng/L. From a nontargeted chemical standpoint, more tentatively identified chemicals were present, and at a greater relative abundance, downstream of the conventional system as well. Frequently occurring contaminants included phthalates, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. These data indicate that FWR systems represent a sustainable wastewater treatment alternative and that emerging contaminant release to waterways was lower at a FWR system than a conventional WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McEachran
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Rebecca McMahen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mark Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Damian Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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14
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Van Hoomissen DJ, Vyas S. 1,2-Fluorine Radical Rearrangements: Isomerization Events in Perfluorinated Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8675-8687. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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15
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Lin Y, Ruan T, Liu A, Jiang G. Identification of Novel Hydrogen-Substituted Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates in Environmental Matrices near Metal-Plating Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11588-11596. [PMID: 28918639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and behaviors of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (Cl-6:2 PFESA, with trade name F-53B) have been receiving increased attention recently. Nevertheless, its potential fates under diversified conditions remain concealed. In this study, susceptibility of Cl-6:2 PFESA to reductive dehalogenation was tested in an anaerobic super-reduced cyanocobalamin assay. A rapid transformation of dosed Cl-6:2 PFESA was observed, with a hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (1H-6:2 PFESA) identified as the predominant product by a nontarget screening workflow. With the aid of laboratory-purified standards, hydrogen-substituted PFESA analogues (i.e., 1H-6:2 and 1H-8:2 PFESA) were further found in river water and sediment samples collected from two separate regions near metal-plating facilities. Geometric mean concentrations of 560 pg/L (river water) and 11.1 pg/g (sediment) for 1H-6:2 PFESA and 11.0 pg/L (river water) and 7.69 pg/g (sediment) for 1H-8:2 PFESA were measured, and both analytes consisted average compositions of 1% and 0.1% among the 18 monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonate and carboxylate pollutants, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first to report existence of polyfluoroalkyl sulfonates with both hydrogen and ether functional group in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Ruan T, Jiang G. Analytical methodology for identification of novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Paul A, Clark JN, Salama IE, Jenkins BJ, Goodwin N, Wilkes AR, Mahoney PF, Hall JE. Laboratory evaluation of a novel anaesthesia delivery device. Anaesthesia 2016; 72:63-72. [PMID: 27785790 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe proof of concept of a novel method for delivering volatile anaesthetics, where the liquid anaesthetic (sevoflurane or isoflurane) is formulated into an emulsion that is contained in a compact, lightweight device through which carrier gas flows. Release of anaesthetic is achieved by stirring of the formulation, allowing controlled and responsive release of anaesthetic at a variety of fixed flow rates between 0.5 l.min-1 and 5 l.min-1 , with ventilated, non-ventilated and draw-over breathing systems. Anaesthetic release was evaluated using target anaesthetic concentrations ranging from 0.5% v/v to 8% v/v to mimic those typically required for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, and lower concentrations suitable for sedation. Under all conditions, output could be maintained within 0.1% v/v of the intended setting, and the device could deliver a controlled level of anaesthetic for at least 60 min, with compensation for different ambient temperatures (10-30 °C) and carrier gas flow rates. This device offers a simple, inexpensive method of delivering safe concentrations of volatile anaesthetics for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J N Clark
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I E Salama
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B J Jenkins
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Goodwin
- Department of Anaesthetics, Cardiff and Vale UHB, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A R Wilkes
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - P F Mahoney
- Academic Department of Military Anaesthesia and Critical Care (ADMACC), Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - J E Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Dimzon IK, Trier X, Frömel T, Helmus R, Knepper TP, de Voogt P. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Polyfluorinated Polyether-Based Formulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:309-18. [PMID: 26519300 PMCID: PMC4723628 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was successfully applied to elucidate the structure of a polyfluorinated polyether (PFPE)-based formulation. The mass spectrum generated from direct injection into the MS was examined by identifying the different repeating units manually and with the aid of an instrument data processor. Highly accurate mass spectral data enabled the calculation of higher-order mass defects. The different plots of MW and the nth-order mass defects (up to n = 3) could aid in assessing the structure of the different repeating units and estimating their absolute and relative number per molecule. The three major repeating units were -C2H4O-, -C2F4O-, and -CF2O-. Tandem MS was used to identify the end groups that appeared to be phosphates, as well as the possible distribution of the repeating units. Reversed-phase HPLC separated of the polymer molecules on the basis of number of nonpolar repeating units. The elucidated structure resembles the structure in the published manufacturer technical data. This analytical approach to the characterization of a PFPE-based formulation can serve as a guide in analyzing not just other PFPE-based formulations but also other fluorinated and non-fluorinated polymers. The information from MS is essential in studying the physico-chemical properties of PFPEs and can help in assessing the risks they pose to the environment and to human health. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ken Dimzon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Xenia Trier
- The National Food Institute, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands.
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19
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Strynar M, Dagnino S, McMahen R, Liang S, Lindstrom A, Andersen E, McMillan L, Thurman M, Ferrer I, Ball C. Identification of Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) and Sulfonic Acids (PFESAs) in Natural Waters Using Accurate Mass Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOFMS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11622-30. [PMID: 26392038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific scrutiny and concerns over exposure, toxicity, and risk have led to international regulatory efforts resulting in the reduction or elimination of certain perfluorinated compounds from various products and waste streams. Some manufacturers have started producing shorter chain per- and polyfluorinated compounds to try to reduce the potential for bioaccumulation in humans and wildlife. Some of these new compounds contain central ether oxygens or other minor modifications of traditional perfluorinated structures. At present, there has been very limited information published on these "replacement chemistries" in the peer-reviewed literature. In this study we used a time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector (LC-ESI-TOFMS) to identify fluorinated compounds in natural waters collected from locations with historical perfluorinated compound contamination. Our workflow for discovery of chemicals included sequential sampling of surface water for identification of potential sources, nontargeted TOFMS analysis, molecular feature extraction (MFE) of samples, and evaluation of features unique to the sample with source inputs. Specifically, compounds were tentatively identified by (1) accurate mass determination of parent and/or related adducts and fragments from in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID), (2) in-depth evaluation of in-source adducts formed during analysis, and (3) confirmation with authentic standards when available. We observed groups of compounds in homologous series that differed by multiples of CF2 (m/z 49.9968) or CF2O (m/z 65.9917). Compounds in each series were chromatographically separated and had comparable fragments and adducts produced during analysis. We detected 12 novel perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic and sulfonic acids in surface water in North Carolina, USA using this approach. A key piece of evidence was the discovery of accurate mass in-source n-mer formation (H(+) and Na(+)) differing by m/z 21.9819, corresponding to the mass difference between the protonated and sodiated dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 United States
| | - Rebecca McMahen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 United States
| | - Andrew Lindstrom
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Erik Andersen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Larry McMillan
- National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc. , Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carol Ball
- Agilent Technologies Inc. , Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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20
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Flores-Ramírez R, Medellín-Garibay SE, Castillo CG, Ilizaliturri-Hernández CA, Zuki-Orozco BA, Batres-Esquivel L, Díaz-Barriga F. Application of Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Soil Samples. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:207-214. [PMID: 25894346 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid focused ultrasound extraction (FU) based method is presented for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil using a gas chromatography coupled to a mass detector with electron impact ionization. The main experimental parameters affecting the FU step have been optimized by applying a PERMANOVA and PCO analysis allowing us to obtain a maximum amount of information with a minimum number of assays. The limits of detection for POPs fell within the 0.9-6.8 ng/g d.w. interval; a linear method was used with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.99. Recovery percentages at low concentrations (25 ng/g d.w.) were 75.8%-110%, and at high concentrations (75 ng/g d.w.) 82.3%-109%; the evaluated precision as RSD% of repeatability and reproducibility were within a range of 0.5%-11% and 0.3%-18%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Flores-Ramírez
- Centro Nacional de Bioanálisis (CENBIOS)-Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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21
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Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Iparraguirre A, Aguirre J, Fernández LÁ, Berger U, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Enrichment of perfluorinated alkyl substances on polyethersulfone using 1-methylpyperidine as ion-pair reagent for the clean-up of carrot and amended soil extracts. Talanta 2015; 143:263-270. [PMID: 26078158 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, cheap and environment friendly analytical method for the simultaneous determination of different perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, three perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids and perfluorooctanesulfonamide in carrot and amended soil was carried out in the present work. The method was based on focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction followed by extract clean-up through enrichment of the target compounds on a polymeric material using an ion-pair reagent and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables affecting the clean-up step were evaluated: the nature of the polymeric material (polyethersulfone, PES, versus silicone rod), the amount of the polymeric material (from 1 to 9 mg), the ion-pair reagent (1-methylpyperidine, 1-MP, versus tetrabutylammonium salts), the concentration of the ion-pair reagent (from 5 to 50 mM) and the extraction time (from 15 min to 24 h). Optimum clean-up conditions were obtained using preconcentration on 9 mg of PES polymeric material combined with 5 mM 1-MP as ion-pair reagent for 3h. The method was validated in terms of apparent recoveries in the range of 77-140% and 95-137% at the low concentration (50 ng g(-1)) and in the range of 70-136% and 79-132% at the high concentration (290 ng g(-1)) for amended soil and carrot, respectively, after correction with the corresponding labeled standards. Precision, as relative standard deviation, was within 2-23%, while method detection limits were 0.31-2.85 ng g(-1) for amended soil and 0.11-1.83 ng g(-1) for carrot. In the absence of a certified reference material for the target analytes in the matrices studied, inter-method comparison was carried out and the same samples were processed using two independent clean-up procedures, the one developed in the present work and a classical based on solid-phase extraction. Statistically comparable results were obtained according to the one-way analysis of variance for peel, core, leaves as well as amended soil (F(Calc)=2.59, 5.06, 5.82 and 2.34 <F(Crit)=7.71). Finally, the method was applied for the determination of PFASs in uptake experiments where carrots were cultivated in an amended soil polluted with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at 500 ng g(-1) level. The highest concentration was measured in the carrot leaves (669 ng g(-1)), while the concentrations in peel and core were at the same level (72 ng g(-1) and 62 ng g(-1) respectively), concluding that translocation of PFOS from the soil to the leaves had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhiñe Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Itsaso Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantza Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Josu Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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22
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Orthogonal zirconium diol/C18 liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Yamamoto A, Hisatomi H, Ando T, Takemine S, Terao T, Tojo T, Yagi M, Ono D, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify precursors and biodegradation products of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds in end-user products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4745-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Focused ultrasound solid–liquid extraction for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in fish, vegetables and amended soil. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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D'Agostino LA, Mabury SA. Identification of novel fluorinated surfactants in aqueous film forming foams and commercial surfactant concentrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:121-9. [PMID: 24256061 DOI: 10.1021/es403729e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies comparing the results of total organofluorine-combustion ion chromatography (TOF-CIC) to targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have shown that a significant yet variable portion of the total organofluorine in environmental and biological samples is in the form of unknown PFASs. A portion of this unknown organofluorine likely originates in proprietary fluorinated surfactants not included in LC-MS/MS analyses and not fully characterized by the environmental science community, which may enter the environment through use in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) for firefighting. Contamination of water, biota, and soils with various PFASs due to AFFF deployment has been documented. Ten fluorinated AFFF concentrates, 9 of which were obtained from fire sites in Ontario, Canada, and two commercial fluorinated surfactant concentrates were characterized in order to identify novel fluorinated surfactants. Mixed-mode ion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) fractionated fluorinated surfactants based on ionic character. High resolution mass spectrometry assigned molecular formulas to fluorinated surfactant ions, while collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra assisted structural elucidation. LC-MS/MS detected isomers and low abundance fluorinated chain lengths. In total, 12 novel and 10 infrequently reported PFAS classes were identified in fluorinated chain lengths from C3 to C15 for a total of 103 compounds. Further research should examine the environmental fate and toxicology of these PFASs, especially their potential as perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A D'Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
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26
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Vestergren R, Berger U, Glynn A, Cousins IT. Dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids for the Swedish population in 1999, 2005 and 2010. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 49:120-7. [PMID: 23018201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake has been hypothesized to be the major pathway of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). However, difficulties associated with the analysis of PFAAs at ultra trace levels in food samples have prevented the confirmation of this hypothesis. In this study, the dietary intake of PFAAs for the general Swedish population was estimated by applying a highly sensitive analytical method to a set of archived food market basket samples from 1999, 2005 and 2010. Dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (860-1440 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (90-210 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (50-110 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (70-80 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) was dominated by the consumption of fish and meat. In contrast, dietary exposure to PFOA (350-690 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) originated from low levels (8-62 pg g⁻¹) found in several high consumption food categories including cereals, dairy products, vegetables and fruit. The dietary intakes of PFOS and PFOA estimated in this study were 4 to 10 times lower compared to previous exposure modeling studies. Nevertheless, the dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA was still a factor of 6 to 10 higher than exposure through ingestion of household dust and drinking water estimated for the general Swedish population. For perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) drinking water intake was the major exposure pathway (36-53% of the total exposure) whereas dust ingestion made a significant contribution (27-49%) to the total exposure for PFHxA, PFHpA, PFNA, perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA). Dietary intakes varied by less than a factor of three for all PFAAs during the different sampling years which demonstrates that dietary intake has been fairly constant over the past decade when many manufacturing changes occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vestergren
- Department of Applied Environmental Science-ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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