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Liu J, Xu X, Zhong H, Yu M, Abuduaini N, Zhang S, Yang X, Feng B. Glycosylation and Its Role in Immune Checkpoint Proteins: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1446. [PMID: 39062019 PMCID: PMC11274725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins have become recent research hotspots for their vital role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance and suppressing immune response function in a wide range of tumors. Therefore, investigating the immunomodulatory functions of immune checkpoints and their therapeutic potential for clinical use is of paramount importance. The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is an important component of cancer immunotherapy, as it targets inhibitory immune signaling transduction with antagonistic antibodies to restore the host immune response. Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies are two main types of widely used ICBs that drastically improve the survival and prognosis of many patients with cancer. Nevertheless, the response rate of most cancer types remains relatively low due to the drug resistance of ICBs, which calls for an in-depth exploration to improve their efficacy. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune checkpoint proteins are glycosylated in forms of N-glycosylation, core fucosylation, or sialylation, which affect multiple biological functions of proteins such as protein biosynthesis, stability, and interaction. In this review, we give a brief introduction to several immune checkpoints and summarize primary molecular mechanisms that modulate protein stability and immunosuppressive function. In addition, newly developed methods targeting glycosylation on immune checkpoints for detection used to stratify patients, as well as small-molecule agents disrupting receptor-ligand interactions to circumvent drug resistance of traditional ICBs, in order to increase the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy strategies of patients with cancer, are also included to provide new insights into scientific research and clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China; (J.L.); (X.X.); (H.Z.); (M.Y.); (N.A.); (S.Z.); (X.Y.)
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Fan W, Li X, Long Z, Pei D, Shi X, Wang G, Guo Y, Bo T, Zhou Y, Chen T. Integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for in-depth characterization of complex fusion proteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9484. [PMID: 36735852 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fc-fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, which combine the tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands with the multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands creating highly diverse structures, therefore the analytical characterization of fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. METHODS Employing etanercept analogues as studied fusion proteins, the Orbitrap mass analyzer with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) were utilized for the in-depth fusion protein characterization. RESULTS The amino acid sequence coverage, peptide mapping, and post-translational modifications of etanercept analogues were analyzed by UHPLC-MS. The post-translational modification results were complemented by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing to produce quality research on etanercept analogues. CONCLUSIONS The developed workflow integrating UHPLC-MS and icIEF provided an innovative strategy for characterizing complex fusion proteins in the process of quality control and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Fan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beijing, China
| | - Dening Pei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchang Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
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3
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Park CS, Kang M, Kim A, Moon C, Kim M, Kim J, Yang S, Jang L, Jang JY, Kim HH. Fragmentation stability and retention time-shift obtained by LC-MS/MS to distinguish sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers in therapeutic glycoproteins. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:305-314. [PMID: 37102108 PMCID: PMC10124117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialylated N-glycan isomers with α2-3 or α2-6 linkage(s) have distinctive roles in glycoproteins, but are difficult to distinguish. Wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered (mutant) therapeutic glycoproteins, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), were produced in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines; however, their linkage isomers have not been reported. In this study, N-glycans of CTLA4-Igs were released, labeled with procainamide, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify and quantify sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers. The linkage isomers were distinguished by comparison of 1) intensity of the N-acetylglucosamine ion to the sialic acid ion (Ln/Nn) using different fragmentation stability in MS/MS spectra and 2) retention time-shift for a selective m/z value in the extracted ion chromatogram. Each isomer was distinctively identified, and each quantity (>0.1%) was obtained relative to the total N-glycans (100%) for all observed ionization states. Twenty sialylated N-glycan isomers with only α2-3 linkage(s) in WT were identified, and each isomer's sum of quantities was 50.4%. Furthermore, 39 sialylated N-glycan isomers (58.8%) in mono- (3 N-glycans; 0.9%), bi- (18; 48.3%), tri- (14; 8.9%), and tetra- (4; 0.7%) antennary structures of mutant were obtained, which comprised mono- (15 N-glycans; 25.4%), di- (15; 28.4%), tri- (8; 4.8%), and tetra- (1; 0.2%) sialylation, respectively, with only α2-3 (10 N-glycans; 4.8%), both α2-3 and α2-6 (14; 18.4%), and only α2-6 (15; 35.6%) linkage(s). These results are consistent with those for α2-3 neuraminidase-treated N-glycans. This study generated a novel plot of Ln/Nn versus retention time to distinguish sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers in glycoprotein.
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Nebija D, Uka V, Pajaziti B, Koshi B, Muqaku L, Kelmendi N, Petkovska R. Selective costimulation modulator abatacept-design, therapeutic applications and quality assessment. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2022. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dashnor Nebija
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center n.n. 10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Valdet Uka
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center n.n. 10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Blerta Pajaziti
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center n.n. 10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Blerina Koshi
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center n.n. 10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Liridon Muqaku
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center n.n. 10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Nita Kelmendi
- Department of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College “Rezonanca”, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Rumenka Petkovska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Dent M, Mayer KL, Verjan Garcia N, Guo H, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. Impact of glycoengineering and antidrug antibodies on the anticancer activity of a plant-made lectin-Fc fusion protein. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2217-2230. [PMID: 35900183 PMCID: PMC9616523 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are an efficient production platform for manufacturing glycoengineered monoclonal antibodies and antibody-like molecules. Avaren-Fc (AvFc) is a lectin-Fc fusion protein or lectibody produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, which selectively recognizes cancer-associated high-mannose glycans. In this study, we report the generation of a glycovariant of AvFc that is devoid of plant glycans, including the core α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues. The successful removal of these glycans was confirmed by glycan analysis using HPLC. This variant, AvFcΔXF , has significantly higher affinity for Fc gamma receptors and induces higher levels of luciferase expression in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reporter assay against B16F10 murine melanoma cells without inducing apoptosis or inhibiting proliferation. In the B16F10 flank tumour mouse model, we found that systemic administration of AvFcΔXF , but not an aglycosylated AvFc variant lacking affinity for Fc receptors, significantly delayed the growth of tumours, suggesting that Fc-mediated effector functions were integral. AvFcΔXF treatment also significantly reduced lung metastasis of B16F10 upon intravenous challenge whereas a sugar-binding-deficient mutant failed to show efficacy. Lastly, we determined the impact of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) on drug activity in vivo by pretreating animals with AvFcΔXF before implanting tumours. Despite a significant ADA response induced by the pretreatment, we found that the activity of AvFcΔXF was unaffected by the presence of these antibodies. These results demonstrate that glycoengineering is a powerful strategy to enhance AvFc's antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dent
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Katarina L. Mayer
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Haixun Guo
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for BiotechnologyOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
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Camperi J, Dahotre S, Guillarme D, Stella C. Monitoring multiple quality attributes of a complex Fc-fusion protein during cell culture production processes by mD-LC-MS peptide mapping. Talanta 2022; 246:123519. [PMID: 35525056 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fc-fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products. They are considered highly heterogeneous products due to the common degradation of amino acids that occurs during their production in upstream and downstream processes (e.g., oxidation and deamidation) and, above all, their complex glycosylation profile. Multi-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (mD-LC-MS) has recently gained much interest for process analytical technology, enabling the integration of this analytical technology in production and purification environments. In this study, an online mD-LC-MS/MS peptide mapping method was developed for monitoring multiple quality attributes, including the N-glycosylation state of a complex Fc-fusion protein, which is made by combining two heavily glycosylated cytokines with an Fc domain. This fully automated workflow includes sample purification, reduction, digestion, peptide mapping, and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Two immobilized enzyme cartridges based on trypsin and Lys-C protease were employed to generate a detailed glycosylation mapping, as trypsin allowed the identification of only one of four glycosylation sites, while Lys-C was more informative for two other sites. Site-specific glycosylation information such as antennarity, sialyation, and core fucosylation state was also determined. In addition to glycans, other post-translational modifications could be monitored simultaneously during the cell culture production processes by the mD-LC-MS/MS approach. In summary, the generated data demonstrate the applicability of mD-LC-MS for the monitoring and trending of multiple attributes for complex antibody formats over production processes in an automated and fast manner, compared to the complex and time-consuming traditional offline assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Sanket Dahotre
- iLabs, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Establishment of a glycoengineered CHO cell line for enhancing the antennary structure and sialylation of CTLA4-Ig. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 157:110007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Hinterholzer A, Moises J, Regl C, Schwap S, Rapp E, Huber CG, Schubert M. Unambiguous identification of α-Gal epitopes in intact monoclonal antibodies by NMR spectroscopy. MAbs 2022; 14:2132977. [PMID: 36239533 PMCID: PMC9578466 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-Gal epitope consisting of the terminal trisaccharide Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc exposed on cell or protein surfaces can cause severe immune reactions, such as hypersensitivity reactions, in humans. This epitope is also called the xenotransplantation epitope because it is one of the main reasons for the rejection of non-human organ transplants by the human innate immune response. Recombinant therapeutic proteins expressed in murine cell lines may contain α-Gal epitopes, and therefore their absence or presence needs to be tightly monitored to minimize any undesired adverse effects. The analytical identification of α-Gal epitopes in glycoproteins using the common standard techniques based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry is challenging, mainly due to the isobaricity of hexose stereoisomers. Here, we present a straightforward NMR approach to detect the presence of α-Gal in biotherapeutics based on a quick screen with sensitive 1H-1H TOCSY spectra followed by a confirmation using 1H-13C HSQC spectra.Abbreviations: α-Gal: α1,3-linked galactose; AGC: automatic gain control; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CE: capillary electrophoreses coupled to mass spectrometry; COSY: correlation spectroscopy; DSS: 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate; DTT: dithiothreitol; GlcNAc: N-acetyl glusomamine; HCD: higher-energy collisional dissociation; HMBC: heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; HSQC: heteronuclear single-quantum corre; LacNAc: N-acetyl lactosamine; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MS: mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; NOESY: 2D) nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy; PEG: polyethylenglycol; pH*: observed pH meter reading without correction for isotope effects; PTM: post-translational modification; TCEP: tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride; TOCSY: total correlation spectroscopy; xCGE-LIF: multiplex capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinterholzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jennifer Moises
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schwap
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Bundesrealgymnasium Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße, Magdeburg, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,CONTACT Mario Schubert Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology,University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Gong Y, Qin S, Dai L, Tian Z. The glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:396. [PMID: 34782609 PMCID: PMC8591162 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 235 million individuals and led to more than 4.8 million deaths worldwide as of October 5 2021. Cryo-electron microscopy and topology show that the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes lots of highly glycosylated proteins, such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and ORF3a proteins, which are responsible for host recognition, penetration, binding, recycling and pathogenesis. Here we reviewed the detections, substrates, biological functions of the glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as the human receptor ACE2, and also summarized the approved and undergoing SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics associated with glycosylation. This review may not only broad the understanding of viral glycobiology, but also provide key clues for the development of new preventive and therapeutic methodologies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Suideng Qin
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhixin Tian
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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11
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Han HJ, Lim JH, Cha HM, Lee JH, Kim DI. Utilization of Glucocorticoids as Additives for Enhanced Sialylation of Fc-fusion Protein in CHO Cell Cultures. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Goenka R, Xu Z, Samayoa J, Banach D, Beam C, Bose S, Dooner G, Forsyth CM, Lu X, Medina L, Sadhukhan R, Sielaff B, Sousa S, Tao Q, Touw D, Wu F, Kingsbury GA, Akamatsu Y. CTLA4-Ig-Based Bifunctional Costimulation Inhibitor Blocks CD28 and ICOS Signaling to Prevent T Cell Priming and Effector Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1102-1113. [PMID: 33495237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLA4-Ig/abatacept dampens activation of naive T cells by blocking costimulation via CD28. It is an approved drug for rheumatoid arthritis but failed to deliver efficacy in a number of other autoimmune diseases. One explanation is that activated T cells rely less on CD28 signaling and use alternate coreceptors for effector function. ICOS is critical for activation of T-dependent humoral immune responses, which drives pathophysiology of IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. In this study, we asked whether CD28 and ICOS play nonredundant roles for maintenance of T-dependent responses in mouse models. Using a hapten-protein immunization model, we show that during an ongoing germinal center response, combination treatment with CTLA4-Ig and ICOS ligand (ICOSL) blocking Ab completely dissolves ongoing germinal center responses, whereas single agents show only partial activity. Next, we took two approaches to engineer a therapeutic molecule that blocks both pathways. First, we engineered CTLA4-Ig to enhance binding to ICOSL while retaining affinity to CD80/CD86. Using a library approach, binding affinity of CTLA4-Ig to human ICOSL was increased significantly from undetectable to 15-42 nM; however, the affinity was still insufficient to completely block binding of ICOSL to ICOS. Second, we designed a bispecific costimulation inhibitor with high-affinity CTLA4 extracellular domains fused to anti-ICOSL Ab termed bifunctional costimulation inhibitor. With this bispecific approach, we achieved complete inhibition of CD80 and CD86 binding to CD28 as well as ICOS binding to ICOSL. Such bispecific molecules may provide greater therapeutic benefit in IgG-mediated inflammatory diseases compared with CTLA4-Ig alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenghai Xu
- AbbVie Redwood City, Redwood City, CA 94306; and
| | | | | | | | - Sahana Bose
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | | | - Xiaoqing Lu
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingfeng Tao
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Debra Touw
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Fei Wu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
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Li D, Li J, Chu H, Wang Z. A functional antibody cross-reactive to both human and murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 via binding to an N-glycosylation epitope. MAbs 2021; 12:1725365. [PMID: 32054416 PMCID: PMC7039627 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1725365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4, CD152) is a receptor on T cells that inhibits the cell’s functions. Blocking CTLA-4 with an antibody has proven effective for the treatment of cancer patients. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies currently approved for clinical use can bind to human CTLA-4, but do not cross-react to murine CTLA-4. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a functional humanized antibody, mAb146, against both human and murine CTLA-4. Alanine scanning of CTLA-4 using mammalian cell expression cassette identified the unique epitopes of this novel antibody. In addition to the amino acid residues interacting with ligands CD80 and CD86, an N-glycosylation site on N110, conserved in CTLA-4 of human, monkey, and mouse, was identified as the specific epitope that might contribute to the cross-species binding and function of this antibody. This finding may also contribute to the understanding of the glycosylation of CTLA-4 and its related biologic function. In addition to facilitating preclinical development of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, mAb146 may be useful as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Biologics Discovery, WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Biologics Discovery, WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- Biologics Discovery, WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- Biologics Discovery, WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, China
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14
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Song Y, Qian Y, Huang Z, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3925-3935. [PMID: 33335689 PMCID: PMC7734232 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zhe Huang
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Sarwat F Khattak
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
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15
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Duivelshof BL, Murisier A, Camperi J, Fekete S, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Therapeutic Fc-fusion proteins: Current analytical strategies. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:35-62. [PMID: 32914936 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fc-Fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, with already 13 drugs approved in the European Union and United States as well as three biosimilar versions of etanercept. Fc-Fusion products combine tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands, together with multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is a great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands, including the extracellular domains of natural receptors, functionally active peptides, recombinant enzymes, and genetically engineered binding constructs acting as cytokine traps. Due to their highly diverse structures, the analytical characterization of Fc-Fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. This can be explained, for example, by the presence of numerous sialic acids, leading to high diversity in terms of isoelectric points and complex glycosylation profiles including multiple N- and O-linked glycosylation sites. In this review, we highlight the wide range of analytical strategies used to fully characterize Fc-fusion proteins. We also present case studies on the structural assessment of all commercially available Fc-fusion proteins, based on the features and critical quality attributes of their ligand-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Majewska NI, Tejada ML, Betenbaugh MJ, Agarwal N. N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:311-338. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102419-010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Max L. Tejada
- Bioassay, Impurities and Quality, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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17
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Duivelshof BL, Jiskoot W, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. Glycosylation of biosimilars: Recent advances in analytical characterization and clinical implications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Hahm YH, Lee JY, Ahn YH. Investigation of Site-Specific Differences in Glycan Microheterogeneity by N-Glycopeptide Mapping of VEGFR-IgG Fusion Protein. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213924. [PMID: 31671706 PMCID: PMC6864772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A biosimilar fusion protein VEGFR-IgG consisting of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2) and the Fc portion of human IgG1 was prepared for this study. The prepared fusion protein was expected to possess a total of five N-linked glycosylation sites: two sites in the VEGFR-1 region, two sites in the VEGFR-2 region, and one site in the human IgG Fc region. For site-specific glycan analysis, the fusion protein was hydrolyzed with trypsin, and the resulting tryptic digests were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS). The expected N-linked glycosylation sites were successfully identified and site-specific glycopeptide mapping was completed by Integrated GlycoProteome Analyzer (I-GPA) for the resulting raw tandem mass data. Finally, it was clearly confirmed that N-linked glycans for each glycosylation site showed significantly different patterns in microheterogeneity, which may indicate certain functions for each glycosylation site in the protein. Based on the mapping results, the unique features in glycan microheterogeneity for the five glycosylation sites of VEGFR-IgG fusion protein were compared site-specifically and further discussed to understand the functional meaning of each glycosylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Biomedical Omics Research Group, Cheongju 28119, Korea.
| | - Yeong Hee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
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19
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Higel F, Sandl T, Kao CY, Pechinger N, Sörgel F, Friess W, Wolschin F, Seidl A. N-glycans of complex glycosylated biopharmaceuticals and their impact on protein clearance. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Chen X, Liu X, Xiao Z, Liu J, Zhao L, Tan WS, Fan L. Insights into the loss of protein sialylation in an fc-fusion protein-producing CHO cell bioprocess. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4753-4765. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Ruhaak LR, Xu G, Li Q, Goonatilleke E, Lebrilla CB. Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Analyses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7886-7930. [PMID: 29553244 PMCID: PMC7757723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses involve the characterization of oligosaccharides (glycans) conjugated to proteins. Glycans are produced through a complicated nontemplate driven process involving the competition of enzymes that extend the nascent chain. The large diversity of structures, the variations in polarity of the individual saccharide residues, and the poor ionization efficiencies of glycans all conspire to make the analysis arguably much more difficult than any other biopolymer. Furthermore, the large number of glycoforms associated with a specific protein site makes it more difficult to characterize than any post-translational modification. Nonetheless, there have been significant progress, and advanced separation and mass spectrometry methods have been at its center and the main reason for the progress. While glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses are still typically available only through highly specialized laboratories, new software and workflow is making it more accessible. This review focuses on the role of mass spectrometry and separation methods in advancing glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses. It describes the current state of the field and progress toward making it more available to the larger scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elisha Goonatilleke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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22
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T. Retention of glycopeptides analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography is influenced by charge and carbon chain length of ion-pairing reagent for mobile phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuki
- Process Lab II, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc; Ibaraki Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
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23
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Quantification of N-glycosylation site occupancy status based on labeling/label-free strategies with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2017; 170:509-513. [PMID: 28501204 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation plays important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Characterizing the site-specific N-glycosylation including N-glycan macroheterogeneity (glycosylation site occupancy) and microheterogeneity (site-specific glycan structure) is important for understanding of glycoprotein biosynthesis and function. N-Glycan macroheterogeneity is a physiological property of glycoprotein and the technical obstacles have restricted research into the regulation and functions of this heterogeneity. Quantification of N-glycosylation site occupancy would uncover the critical role of macroheterogeneity in a variety of biological properties. Liquid chromatography (LC)- mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification is emerging as a powerful tool for glycosylation characterization. This review summarizes the labeling and label-free quantitative MS approaches for quantifying N-glycosylation site occupancy, including its quantification for target glycoproteins in recent years.
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24
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Mulagapati S, Koppolu V, Raju TS. Decoding of O-Linked Glycosylation by Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1218-1226. [PMID: 28196325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation (N- and O-linked) plays an important role in many biological processes, including protein structure and function. However, the structural elucidation of glycans, specifically O-linked glycans, remains a major challenge and is often overlooked during protein analysis. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has matured as a powerful technology for high-quality analytical characterization of O-linked glycans. This review summarizes the recent developments and insights of MS-based glycomics technologies, with a focus on mucin-type O-glycan analysis. Three main MS-based approaches are outlined: O-glycan profiling (structural analysis of released O-glycan), a "bottom-up" approach (analysis of an O-glycan covalently attached to a glycopeptide), and a "top-down" approach (analysis of a glycan attached to an intact glycoprotein). In addition, the most widely used MS ionization techniques, i.e., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization, as well as ion activation techniques like collision-induced dissociation, electron capture dissociation, and electron transfer dissociation during O-glycan analysis are discussed. The MS technical approaches mentioned above are already major improvements for studying O-linked glycosylation and appear to be valuable for in-depth analysis of the type of O-glycan attached, branching patterns, and the occupancy of O-glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- SriHariRaju Mulagapati
- Bioassay Development and Quality, Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Bioassay Development and Quality, Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - T Shantha Raju
- Bioassay Development and Quality, Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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25
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Bora de Oliveira K, Spencer D, Barton C, Agarwal N. Site-specific monitoring of N-Glycosylation profiles of a CTLA4-Fc-fusion protein from the secretory pathway to the extracellular environment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1550-1560. [PMID: 28186328 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation often plays a key role in the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins to patients, thus underlying the need for consistent control of this important post-translational modification during biologics production. In this study, we profiled the site-specific evolution of N-glycans on a CTLA4-Fc-fusion protein, from the intracellular secretory pathway to the conditioned medium (CM) in fed-batch cell culture. For this, we developed an approach that combined sub-cellular fractionation with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The study revealed that there was a significant amount of heterogeneity in the glycans displayed amongst the three distinct N-glycosylation sites. Furthermore, 54-60% of the intracellular protein was characterized by Man8 and Man9 glycans on day 10, when the cell density peaks, indicative of a significant bottleneck between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the cis-Golgi. At longer culture duration, the accumulation of intracellular protein with bi-antennary-fucosylated GlcNAc-terminated residues identified the formation of another bottleneck in the medial and trans-Golgi compartments, which subsequently led to a decrease in sialylated species in the secreted protein. Glucose deprivation caused a reduction in the Man8 and Man9 glycans in favor of Man5 glycans and bi-antennary-fucosylated GlcNAc-terminated residues in the organellar pool of the Fc-fusion protein. However, transient deprivation of glucose did not lead to major differences in the glycan profile of proteins secreted into the CM. The approach developed here allows us to probe the secretory pathway and sheds light on the site-specific intracellular processing of glycans during fed-batch cell culture, thus serving as an initial step towards their rational control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1550-1560. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Spencer
- MedImmune LLC., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Nitin Agarwal
- MedImmune LLC., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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26
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Furuki K, Toyo’oka T, Ban K. Highly sensitive glycosylamine labelling of O-glycans using non-reductive β-elimination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2269-2283. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Liu T, Guo H, Zhu L, Zheng Y, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang D, Qian W, Dai J, Guo Y, Hou S, Wang H. Fast Characterization of Fc-Containing Proteins by Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Following IdeS Digestion. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Villiger TK, Scibona E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Controlling the time evolution of mAb N-linked glycosylation - Part II: Model-based predictions. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1135-1148. [PMID: 27273889 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is known to be a crucial factor for the therapeutic efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and many other glycoproteins. The nontemplate process of glycosylation is influenced by external factors which have to be tightly controlled during the manufacturing process. In order to describe and predict mAb N-linked glycosylation patterns in a CHO-S cell fed-batch process, an existing dynamic mathematical model has been refined and coupled to an unstructured metabolic model. High-throughput cell culture experiments carried out in miniaturized bioreactors in combination with intracellular measurements of nucleotide sugars were used to tune the parameter configuration of the coupled models as a function of extracellular pH, manganese and galactose addition. The proposed modeling framework is able to predict the time evolution of N-linked glycosylation patterns during a fed-batch process as a function of time as well as the manipulated variables. A constant and varying mAb N-linked glycosylation pattern throughout the culture were chosen to demonstrate the predictive capability of the modeling framework, which is able to quantify the interconnected influence of media components and cell culture conditions. Such a model-based evaluation of feeding regimes using high-throughput tools and mathematical models gives rise to a more rational way to control and design cell culture processes with defined glycosylation patterns. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1135-1148, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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29
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N-glycosylation heterogeneity and the influence on structure, function and pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and Fc fusion proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Zhang L, Luo S, Zhang B. Glycan analysis of therapeutic glycoproteins. MAbs 2015; 8:205-15. [PMID: 26599345 PMCID: PMC4966609 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1117719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are glycoproteins produced by living cell systems. The glycan moieties attached to the proteins can directly affect protein stability, bioactivity, and immunogenicity. Therefore, glycan variants of a glycoprotein product must be adequately analyzed and controlled to ensure product quality. However, the inherent complexity of protein glycosylation poses a daunting analytical challenge. This review provides an update of recent advances in glycan analysis, including the potential utility of lectin-based microarray for high throughput glycan profiling. Emphasis is placed on comparison of the major types of analytics for use in determining unique glycan features such as glycosylation site, glycan structure, and content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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31
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Dotz V, Haselberg R, Shubhakar A, Kozak RP, Falck D, Rombouts Y, Reusch D, Somsen GW, Fernandes DL, Wuhrer M. Mass spectrometry for glycosylation analysis of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Zhu L, Guo Q, Guo H, Liu T, Zheng Y, Gu P, Chen X, Wang H, Hou S, Guo Y. Versatile characterization of glycosylation modification in CTLA4-Ig fusion proteins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2015; 6:1474-85. [PMID: 25484062 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA4-Ig is a highly glycosylated therapeutic fusion protein that contains multiple N- and O-glycosylation sites. Glycosylation plays a vital role in protein solubility, stability, serum half-life, activity, and immunogenicity. For a CTLA4-Ig biosimilar development program, comparative analytical data, especially the glycosylation data, can influence decisions about the type and amount of animal and clinical data needed to establish biosimilarity. Because of the limited clinical experience with biosimilars before approval, a comprehensive level of knowledge about the biosimilar candidates is needed to achieve subsequent development. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a versatile technique for characterizing N- and O-glycosylation modification of recombinant therapeutic proteins, including 3 levels: intact protein analysis, peptide mapping analysis, and released glycans analysis. In this report, an in-depth characterization of glycosylation of a candidate biosimilar was carried out using a systematic approach: N- and O-linked glycans were identified and electron-transfer dissociation was then used to pinpoint the 4 occupied O-glycosylation sites for the first time. As the results show, the approach provides a set of routine tools that combine accurate intact mass measurement, peptide mapping, and released glycan profiling. This approach can be used to comprehensively research a candidate biosimilar Fc-fusion protein and provides a basis for future studies addressing the similarity of CTLA4-Ig biosimilars.
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Key Words
- 2-AB, 2-aminobenzamide
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- CTLA4-Ig fusion protein
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FA, formic acid
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFP, [Giu1]-Fibrinopeptide B
- IAM, Iodoacetamide
- LC, Liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry
- PNGase F, peptide N-glycosidase
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Q-Tof quadrupole-time of flight
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- TIC, Total Ion Chromatography
- Tof, Time of flight
- UPLC, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- characterization
- glycan
- glycosylation modification
- intact protein
- mass spectrometry
- peptide mapping
- similarity
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- a International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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33
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Song T, Ozcan S, Becker A, Lebrilla CB. In-depth method for the characterization of glycosylation in manufactured recombinant monoclonal antibody drugs. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5661-6. [PMID: 24828102 PMCID: PMC4066919 DOI: 10.1021/ac501102t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation in recombinant monoclonal antibody (rMab) drugs is a major concern in the biopharmaceutical industry as it impacts the drugs' many attributes. Characterization is important but complicated by the intricate structures, microheterogeneity, and the limitations of current tools for structural analysis. In this study, we developed a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) N-glycan library based on eight commercial rMab drugs. A library of over 70 structures was developed for the rapid characterization of rMab. N-Glycans were separated on a porous graphitized carbon (PGC) column incorporated on a chip and then analyzed by an electrospray ionization hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) MS. The retention time and accurate mass for each N-glycan were recorded in the library. The complete structures were obtained through exoglycosidase sequencing. The results showed that most of the N-glycans between different antibodies are nearly the same with different abundances. The utility of this library enables one to identify structures in a rapid manner by matching LC retention times and accurate masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sureyya Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alicia Becker
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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34
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Houel S, Hilliard M, Yu YQ, McLoughlin N, Martin SM, Rudd PM, Williams JP, Chen W. N- and O-Glycosylation Analysis of Etanercept Using Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Electron-Transfer Dissociation Functionality. Anal Chem 2013; 86:576-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Houel
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Mark Hilliard
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ying Qing Yu
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Niaobh McLoughlin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millan Martin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Weibin Chen
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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35
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Lynaugh H, Li H, Gong B. Rapid Fc glycosylation analysis of Fc fusions with IdeS and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. MAbs 2013; 5:641-5. [PMID: 23839239 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a rapid method to analyze Fc glycosylation of Fc fusion proteins, especially those with mutated Fc hinge regions. Fc fusion proteins were digested with IdeS, an IgG specific protease with exosites for substrate recognition and cleavage. The resultant fragments were directly analyzed through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The structures and relative quantities of Fc glycans were deduced from their masses and intensities. The separated substrate recognition and cleavage property of IdeS makes this method applicable to a broad range of Fc fusion proteins having either standard or non-canonical hinge regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Lynaugh
- GlycoFi; Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co. Inc.; Lebanon, NH USA
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36
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Jones LM, Zhang H, Cui W, Kumar S, Sperry JB, Carroll JA, Gross ML. Complementary MS methods assist conformational characterization of antibodies with altered S-S bonding networks. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:835-45. [PMID: 23483515 PMCID: PMC3651811 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) become a major focus in biotechnology and a source of the next-generation drugs, new analytical methods or combination methods are needed for monitoring changes in higher order structure and effects of post-translational modifications. The complexity of these molecules and their vulnerability to structural change provide a serious challenge. We describe here the use of complementary mass spectrometry methods that not only characterize mutant mAbs but also may provide a general framework for characterizing higher order structure of other protein therapeutics and biosimilars. To frame the challenge, we selected members of the IgG2 subclass that have distinct disulfide isomeric structures as a model to evaluate an overall approach that uses ion mobility, top-down MS sequencing, and protein footprinting in the form of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP). These three methods are rapid, sensitive, respond to subtle changes in conformation of Cys → Ser mutants of an IgG2, each representing a single disulfide isoform, and may be used in series to probe higher order structure. The outcome suggests that this approach of using various methods in combination can assist the development and quality control of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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37
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Mellors JS, Black WA, Chambers AG, Starkey JA, Lacher NA, Ramsey JM. Hybrid Capillary/Microfluidic System for Comprehensive Online Liquid Chromatography-Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4100-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason A. Starkey
- Pfizer Biotherapuetics R&D, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Nathan A. Lacher
- Pfizer Biotherapuetics R&D, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
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38
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Li H, Bendiak B, Siems WF, Gang DR, Hill HH. Ion Mobility-Mass Correlation Trend Line Separation of Glycoprotein Digests without Deglycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 16:105-115. [PMID: 23914139 DOI: 10.1007/s12127-013-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput ion mobility mass spectrometer (IMMS) was used to rapidly separate and analyze peptides and glycopeptides derived from glycoproteins. Two glycoproteins, human α-1-acid glycoprotein and antithrombin III were digested with trypsin and subjected to electrospray traveling wave IMMS analysis. No deglycosylation steps were performed; samples were complex mixtures of peptides and glycopeptides. Peptides and glycosylated peptides with different charge states (up to 4 charges) were observed and fell on distinguishable trend lines in 2-D IMMS spectra in both positive and negative modes. The trend line separation patterns matched between both modes. Peptide sequence was identified based on the corresponding extracted mass spectra and collision induced dissociated (CID) experiments were performed for selected compounds to prove class identification. The signal-to-noise ratio of the glycopeptides was increased dramatically with ion mobility trend line separation compared to non-trend line separation, primarily due to selection of precursor ion subsets within specific mobility windows. In addition, isomeric mobility peaks were detected for specific glycopeptides. IMMS demonstrated unique capabilities and advantages for investigating and separating glycoprotein digests in this study and suggests a novel strategy for rapid glycoproteomics studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, US
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39
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Wu Z, Zhou P, Li X, Wang H, Luo D, Qiao H, Ke X, Huang J. Structural characterization of a recombinant fusion protein by instrumental analysis and molecular modeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57642. [PMID: 23469213 PMCID: PMC3587646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conbercept is a genetically engineered homodimeric protein for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) that functions by blocking VEGF-family proteins. Its huge, highly variable architecture makes characterization and development of a functional assay difficult. In this study, the primary structure, number of disulfide linkages and glycosylation state of conbercept were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis. Molecular modeling was then applied to obtain the spatial structural model of the conbercept–VEGF-A complex, and to study its inter-atomic interactions and dynamic behavior. This work was incorporated into a platform useful for studying the structure of conbercept and its ligand binding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wu
- Chengdu Kanghong Biotechnology Inc., Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (JH)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Center of Bioinformatics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Delun Luo
- Chengdu Kanghong Biotechnology Inc., Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyao Qiao
- Chengdu Kanghong Biotechnology Inc., Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Chengdu Kanghong Biotechnology Inc., Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center of Bioinformatics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (JH)
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40
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Beck A, Wagner-Rousset E, Ayoub D, Van Dorsselaer A, Sanglier-Cianférani S. Characterization of Therapeutic Antibodies and Related Products. Anal Chem 2012; 85:715-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3032355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087, Strasbourg, France and CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Sanglier-Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087, Strasbourg, France and CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
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41
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Comparison of the quantification of a therapeutic protein using nominal and accurate mass MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:605-15. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The quantification of proteins and peptides in in vivo samples is a critical part of supporting the drug development process for biotherapeutics. LC–MS/MS using tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers is well established as the technology of choice for the quantification of small-molecule drugs and their metabolites in biological fluid. The application of accurate mass MS for quantification in a DMPK environment has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Materials & Methods: In this article we describe and compare the application of LC–high-resolution MS and LC–selected reaction monitoring (SRM) for the quantification of a therapeutics proteins. Results: The accurate mass instrumentation showed acceptable linearity and sensitivity to quantify the protein therapeutic to the level of 10 ng/ml. The accurate mass instrument was operated in accurate mass SRM using high resolution (SRM-HR), the assay was demonstrated to be linear over three orders of magnitude. By narrowing the mass window from 100 mDa to 40 mDa and then to 20 mDa the assay specificity was significantly improved, hence increasing the S/N and improving the assay sensitivity. Conclusion: The high-resolution instrument was demonstrated to be reproducible over the course of the assay. The accurate mass method sensitivity was determined to be within one order of magnitude of that obtained with a tandem quadrupole MS/MS assay.
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