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Desai V, Modi K, Panjwani F, Seth BK, Vora M, Parikh J, Jain VK. Design and Synthesis of an Efficient Fluorescent Probe Based on Oxacalix[4]arene for the Selective Detection of Trinitrophenol (TNP) Explosives in Aqueous System. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1219-1228. [PMID: 37515663 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new oxacalix[4]arene system, DMANSOC, wherein two 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalene sulfonamide subunits are attached to the lower rims of the basic oxacalix[4]arene platform. Extensive spectrophotometric studies were conducted to investigate the selectivity and sensitivity of DMANSOC towards nitroaromatic explosives. Detailed analysis of spectrophotometric data, utilizing techniques such as Stern-Volmer, Benesi-Hildebrand, Job's plot, and interference study, unequivocally demonstrated the effectiveness of DMANSOC as a highly efficient fluorescent sensor for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol explosive (TNP) detection in an aqueous medium. The sensor exhibited a linear concentration range of 7.5 μM to 50 μM, with a low detection limit of 4.64 μM and a high binding affinity of 2.45 × 104 M towards TNP. Furthermore, the efficiency of the sensor in environmental samples contaminated with TNP was evaluated, yielding excellent recovery rates. Complementary DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate the mechanism behind the selective fluorescence quenching of DMANSOC in the presence of TNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishv Desai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Krunal Modi
- Department of Humanities and Science, School of Engineering, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
| | - Falak Panjwani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Banabithi Koley Seth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Manoj Vora
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Jaymin Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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Jagerdeo E, Auger S. Rapid screening procedures for a variety of complex forensic samples using laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) coupled to different mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9244. [PMID: 34984743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The applications shared in this paper demonstrate the wide variety of samples that can be analyzed when Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) is interfaced with a high-resolution mass spectrometer and show the speed at which high quality data can be generated from complex matrices. METHODS Samples are solvent extracted and spotted in a 96-well plate. In the case of biological fluids, hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction is required. The solvent in the 96-well plate is evaporated followed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Where applicable, the instrument is operated in data-dependent mode, with a full-scan mass spectrum followed by MS/MS spectra of the top 10 ions with a total runtime of 0.4 min. RESULTS Four applications (MAAQ and Tear Gas, twelve rodenticides, seven explosives, and 40 drugs of abuse) are reported in this paper. MAAQ, tear gas, and rodenticides were identified by full-scan, followed by MS/MS experiments at levels of 125 μg/L, 125 μg/L, and 500 μg/L, respectively. Explosives were all identified at 102 μg/L by full-scan experiments. The drugs of abuse were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments at defined cutoff levels from 2 to 1000 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing LDTD with a mass spectrometer allows for rapid screening of a wide range of samples, with either minimal or complex sample preparation. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometer with the combination to perform full-scan and MS/MS experiments adds a high level of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
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Zhang H, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhao S, Nie Y, Liao X, Cao H, Yin H, Liu X. Determination of Energetic Compounds in Ammunition Contaminated Soil by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Gas Chromatography – Microelectron Capture Detection (GC-µECD). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2059495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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The Impacts of Different Biological Treatments on the Transformation of Explosives Waste Contaminated Sludge. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164814. [PMID: 34443401 PMCID: PMC8398102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinitrotoluene isomers 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) represent highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds used in explosive manufacturing and in commercial production of polyurethane foam. Bioremediation, the use of microbes to degrade residual DNT in industry wastewaters, represents a promising, low cost and environmentally friendly alternative technology to landfilling. In the present study, the effect of different bioremediation strategies on the degradation of DNT in a microcosm-based study was evaluated. Biostimulation of the indigenous microbial community with sulphur phosphate (2.3 g/kg sludge) enhanced DNT transformation (82% transformation, from 300 g/L at Day 0 to 55 g/L in week 6) compared to natural attenuation over the same period at 25 °C. The indigenous microbial activity was found to be capable of transforming the contaminant, with around 70% transformation of DNT occurring over the microcosm study. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that while the original bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (30%), the addition of sulphur phosphate significantly increased the abundance of Betaproteobacteria by the end of the biostimulation treatment, with the bacterial community dominated by Burkholderia (46%) followed by Rhodanobacter, Acidovorax and Pseudomonas. In summary, the results suggest biostimulation as a treatment choice for the remediation of dinitrotoluenes and explosives waste.
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Şener H, Anilanmert B, Mavis ME, Gursu GG, Cengiz S. LC-MS/MS monitoring for explosives residues and OGSR with diverse ionization temperatures in soil & hands: 30 minutes for extraction + elution. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA fast LC-APCI-MS/MS screening/confirmation method was developed and validated for trace analyses of 18 analytes which are explosives and organic gun shot residues including the challenging ones with diverse ionization conditions, in soil and on hands. (+) and (−) ionization modes were used after a single-step, low-volume solvent extraction procedure developed using methanol. Tape-lifting, stub, alcohol wipes, cotton bud were compared for collecting the residues from hands of a shooter. Tape-lifting and stub gave the highest recoveries and tape-lifting was chosen. Gradient elution system using ammonium chloride:methanol was developed. Whole procedure lasted approximately 30 min, was validated in both matrices, applied to real samples as post-blast residues, smokeless powder and the hands of a shooter, after shooting. Most of the recoveries were >80% and since all the precisions were <15%, quantitation was possible for all. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) values were: 0.2–54.1 and 0.3–190.0 ngg−1 in soil, and 0.2–132.3 and 1.1–355.0 ngg−1 in tape-lift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Şener
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences & Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emrah Mavis
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Goksu Gursu
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salih Cengiz
- Rumeli University, Vocational School of Health Services, Mehmet Balci Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
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Irlam RC, Hughes C, Parkin MC, Beardah MS, O'Donnell M, Brabazon D, Barron LP. Trace multi-class organic explosives analysis in complex matrices enabled using LEGO®-inspired clickable 3D-printed solid phase extraction block arrays. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461506. [PMID: 32866822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new, lower cost method for trace explosives recovery from complex samples is presented using miniaturised, click-together and leak-free 3D-printed solid phase extraction (SPE) blocks. For the first time, a large selection of ten commercially available 3D printing materials were comprehensively evaluated for practical, flexible and multiplexed SPE using stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet and fused deposition modelling (FDM) technologies. Miniaturised single-piece, connectable and leak-free block housings inspired by Lego® were 3D-printed in a methacrylate-based resin, which was found to be most stable under different aqueous/organic solvent and pH conditions, using a cost-effective benchtop SLA printer. Using a tapered SPE bed format, frit-free packing of multiple different commercially available sorbent particles was also possible. Coupled SPE blocks were then shown to offer efficient analyte enrichment and a potentially new approach to improve the stability of recovered analytes in the field when stored on the sorbent, rather than in wet swabs. Performance was measured using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and was better, or similar, to commercially available coupled SPE cartridges, with respect to recovery, precision, matrix effects, linearity and range, for a selection of 13 peroxides, nitramines, nitrate esters and nitroaromatics. Mean % recoveries from dried blood, oil residue and soil matrices were 79 ± 24%, 71 ± 16% and 76 ± 24%, respectively. Excellent detection limits between 60 fg for 3,5-dinitroaniline to 154 pg for nitroglycerin were also achieved across all matrices. To our knowledge, this represents the first application of 3D printing to SPE of so many organic compounds in complex samples. Its introduction into this forensic method offered a low-cost, 'on-demand' solution for selective extraction of explosives, enhanced flexibility for multiplexing/design alteration and potential application at-scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Irlam
- Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Cian Hughes
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin9, Ireland
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Eurofins Forensic Services, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Beardah
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin9, Ireland
| | - Leon P Barron
- Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom.
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7
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Identification and differentiation of commercial and military explosives via high performance liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF): Towards a forensic substance database on explosives. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion based on deep eutectic solvent and carbon nitride associated with high-performance liquid chromatography: A new feasibility for extraction and determination of trace nitrotoluene pollutants in soil samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Temple T, Cipullo S, Galante E, Ladyman M, Mai N, Parry T, Coulon F. The effect of soil type on the extraction of insensitive high explosive constituents using four conventional methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:184-192. [PMID: 30852196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Explosive contamination is commonly found at military and manufacturing sites (Hewitt et al., 2005; Clausen et al., 2004; Walsh et al., 2013). Under current environmental legislation the extent of the contamination must be characterized by soil sampling and subsequent separation of the explosive contaminants from the soil matrix by extraction to enable chemical analysis and quantification (Dean, 2009). It is essential that the extraction method can consistently recover explosive residue from a variety of soil types i.e. all materials that have not degraded or irreversibly bound to the matrix, so that any resultant risk is not underestimated. In this study, five different soil types with a range of organic content, particle size and pH, were spiked with a mixture of RDX, DNAN, NQ and NTO at 50 mg/kg and were extracted using one of four one-step extraction methods: stirring, shaking, sonication, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Analysis of the extraction efficiencies of the four methods found that they were broadly successful for the extraction of all IHE constituents from all five soils (an average of 84% ± 14% recovery across 80 extractions). However, soils with high organic content (Total Organic Content (TOC) ≥ 2%) were found to significantly affect extraction efficiency and reproducibility. NTO and DNAN were the least consistent in extraction efficiency with poorest recovery of NTO as low as 37% ± 2%. Of the four tested methods shaking was found to be the most reproducible, though less efficient than stirring (64%-91%). ASE was found to have the most variable results for extraction of IHE constituents suggesting that ASE was the most affected by the different soil types. Therefore, it is recommended that the efficiency and reproducibility of the selected extraction method should be validated by extracting known concentrations of the IHE from the soil of interest and that any required correction factors are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Temple
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK.
| | - S Cipullo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E Galante
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - M Ladyman
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - N Mai
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - T Parry
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - F Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Erçağ E, Apak R. Electrochemical Determination of TNT, DNT, RDX, and HMX with Gold Nanoparticles/Poly(Carbazole-Aniline) Film–Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor Electrodes Imprinted for Molecular Recognition of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7364-7370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Şener Sağlam
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Aytar Cad., Fecri Ebcioglu Sok., No. 6/8, Levent, 34340 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
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Dhingra G, Bansal P, Dhingra N, Rani S, Malik AK. Development of a microextraction by packed sorbent with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of nitroexplosives in aqueous and fluidic biological samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:639-647. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Nidhi Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Atma Ram Sanatan Dharam College; New Delhi India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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Click-modified hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arenes as fluorometric and colorimetric dual-modal chemosensors for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schramm S, Vailhen D, Bridoux MC. Use of experimental design in the investigation of stir bar sorptive extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of explosives in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1433:24-33. [PMID: 26777783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for the sensitive quantification of trace amounts of organic explosives in water samples was developed by using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by liquid desorption and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The proposed method was developed and optimized using a statistical design of experiment approach. Use of experimental designs allowed a complete study of 10 factors and 8 analytes including nitro-aromatics, amino-nitro-aromatics and nitric esters. The liquid desorption study was performed using a full factorial experimental design followed by a kinetic study. Four different variables were tested here: the liquid desorption mode (stirring or sonication), the chemical nature of the stir bar (PDMS or PDMS-PEG), the composition of the liquid desorption phase and finally, the volume of solvent used for the liquid desorption. On the other hand, the SBSE extraction study was performed using a Doehlert design. SBSE extraction conditions such as extraction time profiles, sample volume, modifier addition, and acetic acid addition were examined. After optimization of the experimental parameters, sensitivity was improved by a factor 5-30, depending on the compound studied, due to the enrichment factors reached using the SBSE method. Limits of detection were in the ng/L level for all analytes studied. Reproducibility of the extraction with different stir bars was close to the reproducibility of the analytical method (RSD between 4 and 16%). Extractions in various water sample matrices (spring, mineral and underground water) have shown similar enrichment compared to ultrapure water, revealing very low matrix effects.
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Bianchi F, Bedini A, Riboni N, Pinalli R, Gregori A, Sidisky L, Dalcanale E, Careri M. Cavitand-based solid-phase microextraction coating for the selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives in air and soil. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10646-52. [PMID: 25303228 DOI: 10.1021/ac5025045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A selective cavitand-based solid-phase microextraction coating was synthesized for the determination of nitroaromatic explosives and explosive taggants at trace levels in air and soil. A quinoxaline cavitand functionalized with a carboxylic group at the upper rim was used to enhance selectivity toward analytes containing nitro groups. The fibers were characterized in terms of film thickness, morphology, thermal stability, and pH resistance. An average coating thickness of 50 (±4) μm, a thermal stability until 400 °C, and an excellent fiber-to-fiber and batch to batch repeatability with RSD lower than 4% were obtained. The capabilities of the developed coating for the selective sampling of nitroaromatic explosives were proved achieving LOD values in the low ppbv and ng kg(-1) range, respectively, for air and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and INSTM, UdR Parma, Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Bianchi F, Gregori A, Braun G, Crescenzi C, Careri M. Micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to desorption electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of explosives in soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lindahl S, Gundersen CB, Lundanes E. A review of available analytical technologies for qualitative and quantitative determination of nitramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1825-1840. [PMID: 24898740 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the available analytical methods in the open literature for the determination of some aliphatic and cyclic nitramines. Nitramines covered in this review are the ones that can be formed from the use of amines in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) plants and end up in the environment. Since the literature is quite scarce regarding the determination of nitramines in aqueous and soil samples, methods for determination of nitramines in other matrices have also been included. Since the nitramines are found in complex matrices and/or in very low concentration, an extraction step is often necessary before their determination. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE) with an activated carbon based material have been the two most common extraction methods. Gas chromatography (GC) or reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been used often combined with mass spectrometry (MS) in the final determination step. Presently there is no comprehensive method available that can be used for determination of all nitramines included in this review. The lowest concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) is in the ng L(-1) range, however, most methods appear to have a cLOQ in the μg L(-1) range, if the cLOQ has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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Gumuscu B, Erdogan Z, Guler MO, Tekinay T. Highly sensitive determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and related byproducts using a diol functionalized column for high performance liquid chromatography. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99230. [PMID: 24905826 PMCID: PMC4048276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new detection method for complete separation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT); 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT); 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) molecules in high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) with UV sensor has been developed using diol column. This approach improves on cost, time, and sensitivity over the existing methods, providing a simple and effective alternative. Total analysis time was less than 13 minutes including column re-equilibration between runs, in which water and acetonitrile were used as gradient elution solvents. Under optimized conditions, the minimum resolution between 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT peaks was 2.06. The recovery rates for spiked environmental samples were between 95-98%. The detection limits for diol column ranged from 0.78 to 1.17 µg/L for TNT and its byproducts. While the solvent consumption was 26.4 mL/min for two-phase EPA and 30 mL/min for EPA 8330 methods, it was only 8.8 mL/min for diol column. The resolution was improved up to 49% respect to two-phase EPA and EPA 8330 methods. When compared to C-18 and phenyl-3 columns, solvent usage was reduced up to 64% using diol column and resolution was enhanced approximately two-fold. The sensitivity of diol column was afforded by the hydroxyl groups on polyol layer, joining the formation of charge-transfer complexes with nitroaromatic compounds according to acceptor-donor interactions. Having compliance with current requirements, the proposed method demonstrates sensitive and robust separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gumuscu
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Zeynep Erdogan
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O. Guler
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Tekinay
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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18
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Farhadi K, Bochani S, Hatami M, Molaei R, Pirkharrati H. Gas chromatographic detection of some nitro explosive compounds in soil samples after solid-phase microextraction with carbon ceramic copper nanoparticle fibers. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1578-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Shayesteh Bochani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Mehdi Hatami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Rahim Molaei
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Hossein Pirkharrati
- Department of Environmental Geology; Faculty of Science; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
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19
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López-López M, Ferrando JL, García-Ruiz C. Dynamite Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy As a Unique Analytical Tool. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2595-600. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302774w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Luis Ferrando
- Criminalistic Service of Guardia Civil, C/Guzmán el Bueno 110, 28003
Madrid, Spain
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