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Shao XT, Wang YS, Gong ZF, Li YY, Tan DQ, Lin JG, Pei W, Wang DG. Surveillance of COVID-19 and influenza A(H1N1) prevalence in China via medicine-based wastewater biomarkers. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120783. [PMID: 37924682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous monitoring of individual or multiple diseases can be achieved by selecting therapeutic medicines used to treat the primary symptoms of the condition as biomarkers in wastewater. This study proposes a novel approach to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19 and influenza A (H1N1) by selecting nine medicines to serve as biomarkers, including three antipyretics, three antivirals, and three cough suppressants. To verify our approach, wastewater samples were collected from seventeen urban and five rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a Chinese city over a period of one year. The use of antipyretics increased notably during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the consumption of antivirals for influenza A (H1N1) rose in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, indicating a minor spike in the occurrence of influenza A (H1N1) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Fever is a significant symptom of COVID-19 and can serve as a reliable indicator of disease prevalence. Our research found that the prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas was significantly higher (at 78.5 %, 95 % CI: 73.4 % - 83.9 %) than in rural areas (with a prevalence of 48.1 %, 95 % CI: 42.4 % - 53.8 %). The prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas in this study was consistent with the data reported by the Chinese center for Disease Control and Prevention (82.4 %). Continuous monitoring of WWTPs in urban areas with fluctuating populations and complex demographics can provide early disease warning. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating community disease prevalence by selecting major therapeutic medicines as biomarkers in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Song Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Zhen-Fang Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Ying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Dong-Qin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026.
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High-Throughput Metabolic Soft-Spot Identification in Liver Microsomes by LC/UV/MS: Application of a Single Variable Incubation Time Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228058. [PMID: 36432161 PMCID: PMC9693510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CYP-mediated fast metabolism may lead to poor bioavailability, fast drug clearance and significant drug interaction. Thus, metabolic stability screening in human liver microsomes (HLM) followed by metabolic soft-spot identification (MSSID) is routinely conducted in drug discovery. Liver microsomal incubations of testing compounds with fixed single or multiple incubation time(s) and quantitative and qualitative analysis of metabolites using high-resolution mass spectrometry are routinely employed in MSSID assays. The major objective of this study was to develop and validate a simple, effective, and high-throughput assay for determining metabolic soft-spots of testing compounds in liver microsomes using a single variable incubation time and LC/UV/MS. Model compounds (verapamil, dextromethorphan, buspirone, mirtazapine, saquinavir, midazolam, amodiaquine) were incubated at 3 or 5 µM with HLM for a single variable incubation time between 1 and 60 min based on predetermined metabolic stability data. As a result, disappearances of the parents were around 20-40%, and only one or a few primary metabolites were generated as major metabolite(s) without notable formation of secondary metabolites. The unique metabolite profiles generated from the optimal incubation conditions enabled LC/UV to perform direct quantitative estimation for identifying major metabolites. Consequently, structural characterization by LC/MS focused on one or a few major primary metabolite(s) rather than many metabolites including secondary metabolites. Furthermore, generic data-dependent acquisition methods were utilized to enable Q-TOF and Qtrap to continuously record full MS and MS/MS spectral data of major metabolites for post-acquisition data-mining and interpretation. Results from analyzing metabolic soft-spots of the seven model compounds demonstrated that the novel MSSID assay can substantially simplify metabolic soft-spot identification and is well suited for high-throughput analysis in lead optimization.
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Voltammetric Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using Screen-Printed Electrodes. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive and low-cost voltammetric method using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is presented in this work for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), paracetamol (PA), dextromethorphan (DX) and caffeine (CF) in both pharmaceutical formulations and samples of environmental interest. The oxidative peak current displayed linear dependence on concentration within the range 1.7–60.5, 0.6–40.0, 0.9–8.4 (1st linear part) and 1.8–22.0 mg L−1 for AA, PA, DX and CF, respectively; and detection limits of 0.5, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively. The developed differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method was validated using both a pharmaceutical product and a spiked well water sample. A very good agreement between the determined and the theoretical label drug content and recoveries in the range of 99.5–100.8% were obtained for pharmaceutical product and well water samples, respectively.
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Madikizela LM, Nuapia YB, Chimuka L, Ncube S, Etale A. Target and Suspect Screening of Pharmaceuticals and their Transformation Products in the Klip River, South Africa, using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:437-447. [PMID: 34888926 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent reports about the presence of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies, their prevalence has still not been sufficiently quantified. The few available studies have mostly focused on a limited number of pharmaceuticals. In the present study, a suspect screening of 92 compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and their transformation products) along the Klip River, South Africa was conducted, followed by target monitoring of 21 of the detected pharmaceuticals. The experimental approach was based on solid-phase extraction followed by analysis with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed 47 pharmaceuticals, 31 of which were detected for the first time in South African waters. Seven detected pharmaceuticals (propyphenazole, sulfamerazine, levamisole, tryptophan, dibucaine, albuterol, and fenpropimorph) are not approved medications in South Africa. Six pharmaceutical metabolites were detected for the first time in South Africa. Pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations in river water were flumequine (0.257 µg L-1 ), oxolinic acid (0.355 µg L-1 ), and acetaminophen (0.432 µg L-1 ). Oxolinic acid presented the highest hazard quotient, 48.6, indicating a risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Hazard quotients for other pharmaceuticals were below 1, except that of flumequine, which reached 1.285. These results suggest a need for further research into the fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, and a quantification of the risks associated with the identified drugs because they are likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish/aquatic organisms, thus affecting humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:437-447. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yannick B Nuapia
- School of Animal, Plant, & Environmental Science, Medicinal Plants, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Anita Etale
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Yener B, Erkmen C, Uslu B, Goger NG. Simultaneous determination of paracetamol, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, pseudoephedrine and major impurities of paracetamol and pseudoephedrine by using capillary electrophoresis. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cem Erkmen
- Ankara University, Turkey; Ankara University, Turkey
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Perkons I, Rusko J, Zacs D, Bartkevics V. Rapid determination of pharmaceuticals in wastewater by direct infusion HRMS using target and suspect screening analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142688. [PMID: 33059144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide-scope screening of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their transformation products (TPs) in wastewater can yield valuable insights and pinpoint emerging contaminants that have not been previously reported. Such information is relevant to investigate their occurrence and fate in various environmental compartments. In this study, we explored the applicability of direct infusion high resolution mass spectrometry (DI-HRMS) for comprehensive and rapid detection of APIs and their TPs in wastewater samples. The method was developed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) system and incorporated both wide-scope suspect screening and semi-quantitative determination of selected analytes. The identification strategy was based on the following criteria: narrow accurate mass window (±1.25 ppm) for two most abundant full-MS signals, isotopic pattern fit and additional confirmation on the basis of MS2 spectra at three fragmentation levels. The tentative identification of suspects and target compounds relied on an in-house database containing more than 500 different APIs and TPs. The measured fragment spectra were matched against experimental MS2 patterns obtained from a publicly available spectral library (MassBank of North America) and in-silico generated fragmentation features (from the CFM-ID algorithm). In total, 79 suspects were identified and 24 target compounds were semi-quantified in 72 wastewater samples. The highest detection frequencies in treated wastewater effluents were observed for diclofenac, metoprolol and telmisartan, while hydroxydiclofenac, dextrorphan, and carbamazepine metabolites were the most frequently detected TPs. The obtained API profiles were in accordance with the national consumption statistics and the origin of wastewater samples. The developed method is suitable for rapid screening of APIs in wastewater and can be used as a complementary tool to characterize API emissions from wastewater treatment facilities and to identify problematic compounds that require more rigorous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Janis Rusko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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Campos-Mañas MC, Cuevas SM, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Agüera A. Determination of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan solar photo-transformation products by LC/Q-TOF-MS: Laboratory scale experiments and real water samples analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114722. [PMID: 32454378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work discusses the identification of the transformation products (TPs) generated during the photolytic degradation of dextromethorphan (DXM) and its metabolite dextrorphan (DXO), under simulated solar radiation in aqueous solutions (Milli-Q water and river water) in order to determinate its behavior into the aquatic environment. Tentative identification of the TPs was performed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS), following a suspect screening approach. The use of high resolution-mass spectrometry (HRMS) allowed the tentative identification of DXM and DXO photoproducts based on the structure proposed by an in silico software, the accurate mass measurement, the MS/MS fragmentation pattern and the molecular formula finding. A total of 19 TPs were found to match some of the accurate masses included in a suspect list, and they were all tentatively identified by their characteristic MS-MS fragments. Most of the TPs identified showed a minor modified molecular structure like the introduction of hydroxyl groups, or demethylation. The time-evolution of precursors and TPs were monitored throughout the experiments, and degradation kinetics were presented for each analyte. Finally, the occurrence of DXM, DXO, and their tentatively proposed photodegradation TPs was evaluated in both surface and wastewater. In all real matrices, the results showed that the highest concentration was detected for DXO, followed by TP-244 (N-desmethyldextrorphan) and DXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Sara Miralles Cuevas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Earl Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Spain.
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Pivetta RC, Rodrigues-Silva C, Ribeiro AR, Rath S. Tracking the occurrence of psychotropic pharmaceuticals in Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and surface water, with assessment of environmental risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138661. [PMID: 32334225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, >360 million people worldwide suffer from mental diseases such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder, for which psychotropic drugs are frequently prescribed. Despite being highly metabolized in the human organism, non-metabolized portions of these drugs are excreted, subsequently reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they may be incompletely removed during treatment, leading to the contamination of surface waters. In this work, ten psychotropic drugs widely consumed in Brazil (alprazolam, amitriptyline, bupropion, carbamazepine, clonazepam, escitalopram, fluoxetine, nortriptyline, sertraline, and trazadone) were monitored at five WWTPs located in the metropolitan region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil). The drugs were determined in the influents, at different stages of the treatments, and in the effluents. Surface waters from the Atibaia River and the Anhumas Creek were also monitored. Quantitation of the pharmaceuticals was carried out by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated and presented a limit of quantitation of 50 ng L-1 for all the drugs assessed. Six of the substances monitored were quantified in the samples collected from the different treatment processes employed at the WWTPs. These technologies were unable to act as barriers for these psychotropics drugs. The concentrations ranged from 50 to 3000 ng L-1 in the WWTP effluents, while the main contaminants were found in surface waters at concentrations from 25 to 3530 ng L-1. The levels of the psychotropic detected in this work did not appear to present risks to the aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhannanda Copetti Pivetta
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigues-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alyson Rogério Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Campos-Mañas MC, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Sánchez Pérez JA, Agüera A. Identification of opioids in surface and wastewaters by LC/QTOF-MS using retrospective data analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:874-884. [PMID: 30769311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioids, both as prescription drugs and abuse substances, have been a hot topic and a focus of discussion in the media for the last few years. Although the literature published shows the occurrence of opioids and some of their metabolites in the aquatic environment, there are scarce data in the application of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of these compounds in the environment. The use of HRMS allows increasing the number of opioids that can be studied as well as the detection of unknown opioids, their metabolites and potential transformation products. In this work, a retrospective analysis for the identification of opioids and their metabolites using a curated database was applied to surface water and wastewater samples taken in the state of Minnesota (U.S.) in 2009, which were previously analyzed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for antidepressants. The database comprised >200 opioids including natural opiates (e.g. morphine and codeine), their semi-synthetic derivatives (e.g. heroin, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, meperidine and buprenorphine), fully synthetic opioids (e.g. fentanyl, methadone, tramadol, dextromethorphan and propoxyphene), as well as some of their metabolites (e.g. 6-monoacetylcodeine, dextrorphan, EDDP, normorphine and O-desmethyltramadol). Moreover, additional MS-MS experiments were performed to confirm their identification, as well as to recognize fragmentation patterns and diagnostic ions for several opioids. These data provide a better understanding of the historical occurrence of opioids and their metabolites in surface waters impacted by wastewater sources. The concentrations of individual opioids in surface water and wastewater effluent varied from 8.8 (EDDP) to 1640 (tramadol) ngL-1 and from 12 (dihydrocodeine) to 1288 (tramadol) ngL-1, respectively. The opioids with higher overall frequency detections were tramadol, dextromethorphan and its metabolite, dextrorphan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - E Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - José Antonio Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Hemmler D, Heinzmann SS, Wöhr K, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Witting M. Tandem HILIC-RP liquid chromatography for increased polarity coverage in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1645-1653. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmler
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Silke S. Heinzmann
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Katrin Wöhr
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
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Dagnino S, Strynar MJ, McMahen RL, Lau CS, Ball C, Garantziotis S, Webster TF, McClean MD, Lindstrom AB. Identification of Biomarkers of Exposure to FTOHs and PAPs in Humans Using a Targeted and Nontargeted Analysis Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10216-25. [PMID: 27477586 PMCID: PMC5942555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although historic perfluorinated compounds are currently under scrutiny and growing regulatory control in the world, little is known about human exposure to other polyfluorinated compounds presently in use. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are known to degrade to terminal perfluorinated acids and toxic reactive intermediates through metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is important to characterize their human exposure by the identification of unique biomarkers. With the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-time-of-flight analysis (LC-MS-TOF), we developed a workflow for the identification of metabolites for the 8:2 FTOH and 8:2 diPAP. Analysis of serum and urine of dosed rats indicated the 8:2 FTOH-sulfate and the 8:2 diPAP as potential biomarkers. These compounds, as well as 25 other fluorinated compounds and metabolites, were analyzed in human serum and urine samples from the general population (n = 100) and office workers (n = 30). The 8:2 FTOH-sulfate was measured for the first time in human samples in 5 to 10% of the serum samples, ranging from 50 to 80 pg/mL. The 8:2 diPAP was measured in 58% of the samples, ranging from 100 to 800 pg/mL. This study indicates the FTOH-sulfate conjugate as a biomarker of exposure to FTOHs and PAPs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dagnino
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORISE Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Corresponding Authors: S.G. phone: + 44-7480 127942; ; M.S. phone: 919-541-3706;
| | - Mark J. Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Corresponding Authors: S.G. phone: + 44-7480 127942; ; M.S. phone: 919-541-3706;
| | - Rebecca L. McMahen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORISE Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christopher S. Lau
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Carol Ball
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 13000 Weston Parkway, Cary, North Carolina 27510, United States
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Program and Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Michael D. McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Andrew B. Lindstrom
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Giebułtowicz J, Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Occurrence of immunosuppressive drugs and their metabolites in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata Rivers and in tap water from the Warsaw region (Poland). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:137-147. [PMID: 26803579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppresive therapy following organ transplant frequently includes treatment with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid derivatives. These pharmaceuticals may enter the environment through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and may have a potentially harmful effect on aquatic biota. Tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid and their metabolites were measured at specific points of a large Polish river (Vistula), a smaller river (Utrata) and in tap water samples from the Warsaw region. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, after solid phase extraction for water samples, or QuEChERS extraction for sediments. Residues of tacrolimus were below quantitation limits in both water and sediment samples. However, in water samples mycophenolic acid concentrations were measured at up to 180 ng L(-1) downstream of WWTP outfalls. No immunosuppressive drugs were detected in tap water. Concentrations of mycophenolic acid exceeded the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) value in some Polish surface water, and risk calculations predicted at least twice higher concentrations in some other countries of the European Union. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of these immunosuppressive drug concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland.
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Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Gardinali PR. Identification of phase II pharmaceutical metabolites in reclaimed water using high resolution benchtop Orbitrap mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:65-73. [PMID: 24875872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study described an analytical method for the identification of common phase II pharmaceutical metabolites in reclaimed water using liquid chromatography high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction (SPE). Orbitrap mass spectrometer was operated at resolution of 70000 in MS mode and 35000 in data-dependent MS/MS mode, without using lock mass. Firstly, parent drugs and their metabolites were tentatively identified based on accurate mass using a mass tolerance of 5 ppm. A detailed examination of the extracted ion chromatograms (XICs) for all potential metabolites revealed the presence of two phase II metabolites of sulfamethoxazole, acetylsulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole glucuronide in reclaimed water. Secondly, the high resolution data-dependent MS/MS spectra of each compound were further investigated using metabolic profiling software. After comparing characteristic ions obtained in MS/MS mode with those predicted by the software and reported in previous studies, the two phase II metabolites were positively identified in reclaimed water. Lastly, the two metabolites were detected and quantified in the reclaimed water samples collected during a period of one month. As a result, averaged concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, acetylsulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole glucuronide were calculated at 2848 ± 1367 ng L(-)(1), 1980 ± 1410 ng L(-)(1), and 2859 ± 1526 ng L(-)(1), respectively. The two metabolites represented 54% of the source of sulfamethoxazole in reclaimed water suggesting the importance of measuring pharmaceutical metabolites in the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first known report of sulfamethoxazole glucuronide surviving intact through wastewater treatment plants and occurring in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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15
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Jewell KS, Wick A, Ternes TA. Comparisons between abiotic nitration and biotransformation reactions of phenolic micropollutants in activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:478-489. [PMID: 24238259 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of selected phenolic substances was investigated during biological wastewater treatment. A main emphasis was put on the relevance of abiotic processes leading to toxic nitrophenolic transformation products (TPs). Due to their environmental relevance, the antiseptic ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), the plastics additive bisphenol A (BPA) and the psychoactive drug dextrorphan have been studied. Batch experiments confirmed that nitro- and nitroso-phenolic TPs can be formed under acidic conditions when nitrite is present. HNO2, N2O3 and NO and NO2 radicals are likely involved in the abiotic process. It was found that the process was promoted by the freezing of water samples, since this can lead to an unexpected pH drop. However, under conditions present at wastewater treatment plants (neutral pH, low nitrite concentrations), the formation of appreciable concentrations is rather unlikely through this process, since HNO2 concentrations are extremely low and NO and NO2 radicals will also react with other wastewater constituents. Thus, the transformation of phenolic substances such as OPP and BPA is mainly caused by biotic transformation. In addition to hydroxylation as a common reaction under aerobic conditions, the formation of sulfate conjugates was detected with the original compounds as well as with nitrophenolic TPs. Therefore, even when nitro-phenolic substances are formed it is likely that they are further transformed to sulfate conjugates. In raw wastewater and WWTP effluent nitrated BPA and NO2-dextrorphan were not detected. Only nitro-OPP was found in the influent of a WWTP with 2.3 ng/L, but it was not identified in the WWTP effluents. The concentrations of dextrorphan increased slightly during WWTP passage, possibly due to the cleavage of the glucuronide-conjugate, its human metabolite form, or demethylation of the prodrug dextromethorphan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Zavitsanos P, Zweigenbaum JA. Identification of imidacloprid metabolites in onion (Allium cepa L.) using high-resolution mass spectrometry and accurate mass tools. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1891-903. [PMID: 23939955 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Imidacloprid is a potent and widely used insecticide on vegetable crops, such as onion (Allium cepa L.). Because of possible toxicity to beneficial insects, imidacloprid and several metabolites have raised safety concerns for pollenating insects, such as honey bees. Thus, imidacloprid metabolites continue to be an important subject for new methods that better understand its dissipation and fate in plants, such as onions. METHODS One month after a single addition of imidacloprid to soil containing onion plants, imidacloprid and its metabolites were extracted from pulverized onion with a methanol/water-buffer mixture and analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS) using a labeled imidacloprid internal standard and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Accurate mass tools were developed and applied to detect seven new metabolites of imidacloprid with the goal to better understand its fate in onion. The accurate mass tools include: database searching, diagnostic ions, chlorine mass filters, Mass Profiler software, and manual use of metabolic analogy. The new metabolites discovered included an amine reduction product (m/z 226.0854), and its methylated analogue (m/z 240.1010), and five other metabolites, all of unknown toxicity to insects. CONCLUSIONS The accurate mass tools were combined with LC/QTOF-MS and were able to detect both known and new metabolites of imidacloprid using fragmentation studies of both parent and labeled standards. New metabolites and their structures were inferred from these MS/MS studies with accurate mass, which makes it possible to better understand imidacloprid metabolism in onion as well as new metabolite targets for toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michael Thurman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Greco G, Grosse S, Letzel T. Serial coupling of reversed-phase and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC/MS for the analysis of polar and nonpolar phenols in wine. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1379-88. [PMID: 23505207 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an easy and efficient method based on the serial coupling of analytical reversed-phase and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was developed for the simultaneous separation of polar and nonpolar phenols occurring in wine. The zwitterionic hydrophilic column was connected in series to the reversed-phase one via a T-piece, with which the ACN content in eluent of the second dimension was increased, in order to cope the solvent strength incompatibility between the two columns. The final mobile phase at low-flow rate (≤0.5 mL/min), high-ACN content (90%), and low-salt concentration was directed to an ESI-TOF-MS , for high accurate mass detections. The developed method was applied for the identification of target phenols in several wines. Retention time and peak width intra- and interday repeatability studies proved the reliability of the method for the simultaneous analysis of all the polar and nonpolar analytes in wine. The serial reversed-phase/zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupling offered the possibility to enlarge the number of identified compounds and it represents a valid approach for nontarget analysis of complex samples by a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Greco
- Analytical Research Group, Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, Groundwater, Surface Water, and Wastewater. ANALYSIS, REMOVAL, EFFECTS AND RISK OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE - OCCURRENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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