Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction of fatty acids from quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) seed using response surface methodology and central composite design

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants from Melastoma malabathricum Linn.: Modeling and Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design

This study presents modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Melastoma malabathricum with the objective of evaluating its phytochemical properties. This one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) procedure was conducted to screen for optimization variables whose domains included extraction temperature (X_ET), ultrasonic time (X_UT), solvent concentration (X_SC), and sample-to-liquid ratio (X_SLR). Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to establish optimum conditions for maximum antioxidant extraction. Modeling and optimization conditions of UAE at 37 kHz, X_ET 32 °C for X_UT 16 min and dissolved in an X_SC 70% ethanol concentration at a X_SLR 1:10 ratio yielded scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) at 96% ± 1.48 and recorded values of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 803.456 ± 32.48 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g, and 102.972 ± 2.51 mg QE (quercetin equivalents)/g, respectively. The presence of high flavonoid compounds was verified using TWIMS-QTOFMS. Chromatic evaluation of phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of 14 phytocompounds widely documented to play significant roles in human health. This study provides a comparative evaluation with other studies and may be used for validation of the species' potential for its much-acclaimed medicinal and cosmeceutical uses.

Production Ganoderma lucidum extract nanoparticles by expansion of supercritical fluid solution and evaluation of the antioxidant ability

Due to the growing human tendency to treat with natural substances, fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum can be a good source to meet this need. Effectiveness, ease of use and a rich source of active ingredients such as ganoderic acids have caused G. lucidum to be considered in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this project, G. lucidum was applied to extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide. Then expansion of supercritical fluid solution (ESS) was used as, novel, repeatable and green method to yield nanoparticles from G.lucidum extract. The response surface method was used to improve the Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and improving the nanoparticles production status. Optimal conditions were observed at the extraction step by setting pressure at 27.5 MPa, dynamic time of 46 min, and modifier volume of 162 μL. The optimum point for the production of nanoparticles was obtained as follows: pressure drop at 25 MPa, 20 min for collection time, and 40° C for temperature. Under these conditions, the size and count were 86.13 nm, and 98, respectively. Nanoparticles were analyzed by FESM and, the DPPH was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The LC-MS identified various ganoderic acids from G.lucidum that are famous to be highly oxygenated triterpenoids.

EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND AND ACID PRETREATMENTS DURING DEHYDRATION ON QUALITY PROPERTIES OF QUINCE

Several methods are employed to remove the moisture from organic or non-organic materials, in a variety of industrial applications. Among all, dehydration of fruits is an alternative to decline post-harvest loss of fruits and also a process to produce dried fruits, which can be directly consumed or become part of foodstuffs like cakes, and many others. In particular, drying provokes a series of changes in materials, such as oxidation, browning, or loss of nutritional-functional properties. Ultrasound is famous to have a significant effect on the rate of various processes. Quince is a fruit which is rich in polyphenols, organic acids, and amino acids with important health benefits. The present study examined the effect of ultrasound and blanching pre- treatments prior to convective drying on quality  properties  of dehydrated quince slices. A completely randomized design was used to address the effect of time of sonication (10−30 min), temperature (40−60°C), and anti-browning agents including acetic, citric, and ascorbic acids as well as distilled water on quality properties of dehydrated quince slices. The obtained results revealed that the shortest drying time (270.33±35.59 min) and the highest total phenolic content (57.29±12.72 mg GAE/ml) were recorded for samples exposed to the ascorbic acid solution. Comparison of the pre-treated and control samples indicated that the highest rehydration ratio (2.75±0.29 %) was achieved by blanched samples in acetic acid solution. The use of citric acid solution led to the highest score in the taste (3.45±1.1), color (3.84±0.9), and texture (3.47±1.02) of quince slices on the basis of a 5- point hedonic scale. The obtained results depended on both ultrasound and the type of blanching solution. Citric and acetic acid samples indicated the highest values of the sensory evaluation and water loss, respectively.

Selective extraction of polar lipids of mango kernel using Supercritical Carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction: Process optimization of extract yield/phosphorous content and economic evaluation

Lipids are biomolecules extracted from plant sources and plant residues and have a beneficial role in various food, nutrition and medical applications. Supercritical carbon-dioxide as an advanced high-pressure technology which increases the productivity and has negligible environmental impact is employed for the selective extraction of polar lipids from the lipid matrix in mango kernel for the first time. The process parameters affecting the extraction such as pressure, temperature and the flow rate of CO₂ are ranged in the intervals of 30-50 MPa, 40-60 °C and 10-30 g min^-1, respectively. Optimization using Box Behnken design obtained the highest yield of 3.38% at 40 °C, 50 MPa and 30 g min^-1. The phosphorous content was evaluated to understand the behaviour of polar lipids extraction at higher pressures. The study showed the effect of process parameters having significant influence on polarity and solvating capacity of CO₂ which enabled for the extraction of polar lipids adding value to the mango kernel converting waste into valuable industrial products. The economic evaluation estimates the return on investment of a plant processing 3000 tons of mango kernel per year to account net present value (NPV) almost five times higher than the investment expenses and the payback period is under 4 years.

Bioengineered three-dimensional physical constructs from quince seed mucilage for human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

In this study, we aimed at fabricating a novel porous physical construct from quince seed mucilage for translational medicine applications. To achieve this goal, quince seed mucilage was extracted, molded, and freeze-dried. After being freeze-dried, the molded constructs were chemically crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide to maintain the mechanical integrity of the structure. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized in-depth by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis in addition to the swelling, liquid uptake, and porosity tests. The extraction yield of mucilage was calculated to be 6.28% ± 0.40% (n = 3). The swelling ratio of crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds was found to be 12,677.50% ± 388.82% (n = 3), whereas the porosity of crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds was 83.43% ± 2.84% (n = 3). The analyses confirmed the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds to be possessed interconnected, highly porous structure. Afterward, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds, and the cell viability on the scaffolds was assessed with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The MTT results revealed the scaffolds not to be possessed any cytotoxic effect on seeded cells. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells adhesion and migration on the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds were also evaluated histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining in addition to scanning electron microscopy analysis. In conclusion, we believe that crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds have the potential to be an alternative to routinely used polysaccharides in regenerative medicine applications.

Optimization of process parameters for hydrothermal conversion of castor residue

Castor plant (Ricinus communis) is a fast-growing shrub from Euphorbiaceae family. India ranks first in the world for the production of castor seeds. The generation of residue from its leaves and stems is more than 50% of the whole plant. This research work involves the estimation of the optimum condition for the production/value addition by hydrothermal liquefaction of castor residue using factorial design. Temperature (T) and residence time (RT) are the key parameters that affect the bio-oil yield. A 3² full factorial design was employed to understand the affects the bio-oil yield and conversion with key parameters. The key parameter and its interaction effects were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA); F-test and p-values were used to rank the process variable affecting the total bio-oil yield. It was observed that the temperature imparts significant effect on total bio-oil yield. The optimum conditions to obtain maximum total bio-oil yield are T = 300 °C and RT = 60 min. The statistical model was best fitted with high coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9994 and 0.9473 for total bio-oil yield and conversion respectively.

Hempseed Oil Quality Parameters: Optimization of Sustainable Methods by Miniaturization

Industrial Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is characterized by low content of THC (<0.2%). An edible oil with excellent nutritional proprieties is obtained from cold pressing of hempseed. Since Hempseed oil is not reported in a Regulation yet, in order to ensure quality parameters, it is necessary to optimize standard methods (taken from the Regulation for EVOO). In this work, the standard method of quality parameters (free fatty acidity, peroxide number, and anisidine number) were miniaturized and optimized for Hempseed oil matrix. The miniaturized methods result in being sustainable, in environmental and economical perspectives, by using a smaller amount of chemicals (e.g., reagents, solvents), also reducing waste production and the sample needed in relation to the high cost of the Hempseed oil (60–70 €/L). The standard methods of miniaturization, carried out by using the Central Composite Design, allow for great saving of sample (5.35 g vs. 29 g) and reagents (up to 50%).

Process optimization for the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of wheat germ oil with respect to yield, and phosphorous and tocol contents using a Box Behnken design

The supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction technique has emerged as one of the best possible alternatives to organic solvent (hexane) extraction. However, very limited information is available on process optimization for this extraction technique and the lack of available engineering data is causing the slow growth of this technique. In the present investigation, SC-CO2 extraction was carried out to extract the oil from wheat germ under various operating conditions and the oil samples were characterized for properties such as phosphorous and tocol contents (vitamin E). A three-level Box Behnken design from response surface methodology was applied to optimize the SC-CO2 extraction parameters such as pressure, temperature and CO2 flow rate with an objective to obtain high oil yield, rich tocol contents and low phosphorous content. The process parameters were maintained between 30 to 50 MPa, 40 to 60 °C and a flow rate of 10 to 30 g·min-1 in a Box Behnken design matrix. Three different second order polynomial models were obtained for oil yield, phosphorous content and tocol contents with high R2 values. The optimum conditions were found to be 50 M Pa, 60 °C and 30 g·min-1 where the predicted oil yield, phosphorous content and tocol contents were found to be 8.87%, 31.86 mg·Kg-1 and 2059.92 mg·Kg-1 respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the experimental oil yield, phosphorous content and tocol contents obtained were found to be very close to the values predicted by the model.

Ultrasound-induced changes in structural and physicochemical properties of β-lactoglobulin

Effect of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties and structure of β-lactoglobulin were investigated. β-Lactoglobulin was treated with ultrasound at different amplitudes, temperatures, and durations. The surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group of β-lactoglobulin were significantly increased after ultrasound treatment (p < .05). The maximal surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group were 5,812.08 and 5.97 μmol/g, respectively. Ultrasound treatment changed the physicochemical properties of β-lactoglobulin including particle size (from 1.21 ± 0.05 nm to 1.66 ± 0.03 nm), absolute zeta potential (from 15.47 ± 1.60 mV to 27.63 ± 3.30 mV), and solubility (from 84.66% to 95.17%). Ultrasound treatment increased α-helix and β-sheet structures of β-lactoglobulin. Intrinsic fluorescence intensity of ultrasound-treated β-lactoglobulin was increased with shift of λ_max from 334 to 329 nm. UV absorption of β-lactoglobulin was decreased with shift of λ_max from 288 to 285 nm after ultrasound treatment. There were no significant changes in high-performance liquid chromatography and protein electrophoretic patterns. These findings indicated that ultrasound treatment had high potential in modifying the physiochemical and structural properties of β-lactoglobulin for industrial applications.

Ultrasound-induced changes in structural and physicochemical properties of β-lactoglobulin

Effect of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties and structure of β-lactoglobulin were investigated. β-Lactoglobulin was treated with ultrasound at different amplitudes, temperatures, and durations. The surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group of β-lactoglobulin were significantly increased after ultrasound treatment (p < .05). The maximal surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group were 5,812.08 and 5.97 μmol/g, respectively. Ultrasound treatment changed the physicochemical properties of β-lactoglobulin including particle size (from 1.21 ± 0.05 nm to 1.66 ± 0.03 nm), absolute zeta potential (from 15.47 ± 1.60 mV to 27.63 ± 3.30 mV), and solubility (from 84.66% to 95.17%). Ultrasound treatment increased α-helix and β-sheet structures of β-lactoglobulin. Intrinsic fluorescence intensity of ultrasound-treated β-lactoglobulin was increased with shift of λmax from 334 to 329 nm. UV absorption of β-lactoglobulin was decreased with shift of λmax from 288 to 285 nm after ultrasound treatment. There were no significant changes in high-performance liquid chromatography and protein electrophoretic patterns. These findings indicated that ultrasound treatment had high potential in modifying the physiochemical and structural properties of β-lactoglobulin for industrial applications.

Ethnopharmacological and toxicological review of Cydonia oblonga M

Abstract Cydonia oblonga M. is a medicinal plant of family Rosaceae which is used to prevent or treat several ailments such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, ulcer, respiratory, and urinary infections, etc. Cydonia oblonga commonly known as quince is rich in useful secondary metabolites such as phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, organic acids, and glycosides. It shows a wide range of pharmacological effects like antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, hypolipidemic, diuretic, etc. The polysaccharide mucus, glucuronoxylane located in the seeds of the quince, is used in the dermatology, for the production of wound patches. The aim of this paper focuses on detailed research on the value of phytochemicals, as pharmacological and attributes of phytomedicine herbs. Keywords: Cydonia oblonga, phytomedicine, pharmacological attributes, folk medicinal uses, quince

Isolation of Dihydroartemisinic Acid from Artemisia annua L. By-Product by Combining Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with Response Surface Methodology

Malaria is the most devastating parasitic disease worldwide. Artemisinin is the only drug that can cure malaria that is resistant to quinine-derived drugs. After the commercial extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua, the recovery of dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) from artemisinin extraction by-product has the potential to increase artemisinin commercial yield. Here we describe the development and optimization of an ultrasound-assisted alkaline procedure for the extraction of DHAA from artemisinin production waste using response surface methodology. Our results using this methodology established that NaOH at 0.36%, extraction time of 67.96 min, liquid-solid ratio of 5.89, and ultrasonic power of 83.9 W were the optimal conditions to extract DHAA from artemisinin production waste. Under these optimal conditions, we achieved a DHAA yield of 2.7%. Finally, we conducted a validation experiment, and the results confirmed the prediction generated by the regression model developed in this study. This work provides a novel way to increase the production of artemisinin per cultivated area and to reduce artemisinin production costs by recycling its commercial waste to obtain DHAA, an immediate precursor of artemisinin. The use of this technology may reduce the costs of artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines.

THE STUDY OF FATTY AND ORGANIC ACIDS COMPOSITION IN QUINCE LEAVES AND FRUITS (CYDONIA OBLONGA MILL)

The composition of fatty and organic acids in quince leaves and fruits (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) of selection of M.M. Grishko National Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine sorts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Six sorts of quince were examined: ‘Academichna’, ‘Kashchenka N18’, ‘Studenrka’, ‘Oranzheva’, ‘Maria’, ‘Darunok onuku’. The presence of 36 fatty acids and 32 organic acids in leaves and fruits of the quince were identified and determined their content. Therefore, main acids are oxalic, citric, palmitic and linolenic acids in quince leaves and malic, palmitic and linoleic acids in quince fruits. The highest content of all acids were identified in the quince leaves of sort ‘Maria’. Moreover, a quite high content of succinic acid in the quince leaves was detected.

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel

Essential oils and volatile components of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel of the Malas variety from Meybod, Iran, were extracted using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and hydro-distillation methods. The experimental parameters of SFE that is pressure, temperature, extraction time, and modifier (methanol) volume were optimized using a central composite design after a (2^4-1) fractional factorial design. Detailed chemical composition of the essential oils and volatile components obtained by hydro-distillation and optimum condition of the supercritical CO₂ extraction were analyzed by GC-MS, and seventy-three and forty-six compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra, respectively. The optimum SFE conditions were 350 atm pressure, 55 °C temperature, 30 min extraction time, and 150 µL methanol. Results showed that oleic acid, palmitic acid and (-)-Borneol were major compounds in both extracts. The optimum extraction yield was 1.18 % (w/w) for SFE and 0.21 % (v/w) for hydro-distillation.

Cydonia oblonga M., A Medicinal Plant Rich in Phytonutrients for Pharmaceuticals

Cydonia oblonga M. is a medicinal plant of family Rosaceae which is used to prevent or treat several ailments such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, ulcer, respiratory, and urinary infections, etc. Cydonia oblonga commonly known as Quince is rich in useful secondary metabolites such as phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, sugars, organic acids, and glycosides. A wide range of pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, antidiarrheal, hypolipidemic, diuretic, and hypoglycemic have been ascribed to various parts of C. oblonga. The polysaccharide mucilage, glucuronoxylan extruded from seeds of C. oblonga is used in dermal patches to heal wounds. This review focuses on detailed investigations of high-valued phytochemicals as well as pharmacological and phytomedicinal attributes of the plant.

Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments

Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.

Simultaneous determination of isoflavones and resveratrols for adulteration detection of soybean and peanut oils by mixed-mode SPE LC-MS/MS

To ensure authenticity of vegetable oils, isoflavones (genistein, genistin, daidzein and daidzin) and resveratrols (cis-resveratrol and trans-resveratrol) were selected as the putative markers for adulteration of soybean and peanut oils. Firstly, mixed mode solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (mixed-mode SPE LC-MS/MS) method was developed to analyze isoflavones and resveratrols in vegetable oils. The concentration of marker compounds in vegetable oils were 0.08-1.47mgkg(-1) for daidzein, ND-78.9μgkg(-1) for daidzin, 0.40-5.89mgkg(-1) for genistein, 1.2-114.9μgkg(-1) for genistin, 3.1-85.0μgkg(-1) for trans-resveratrol and 1.9-51.0μgkg(-1) for cis-resveratrol, which are compatible with the raw materials for oil press. Additionally, the applicability of this method has been successfully tested in thirteen vegetable oils from the market. Mixed-mode SPE LC-MS/MS method can simultaneously detect isoflavones and resveratrols in vegetable oils and assess adulteration and quality of soybean and peanut oils.

Ultrasound-Enhanced Subcritical CO2 Extraction of Lutein from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Lutein is an important pigment of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with many beneficial functions in human health. The main purpose of this study was to extract lutein from C. pyrenoidosa using ultrasound-enhanced subcritical CO2 extraction (USCCE). Effects of operating conditions on the extraction, including extraction pretreatment, temperature, pressure, time, CO2 flow rate, and ultrasonic power, were investigated, and an orthogonal experiment was designed to study the effects of extraction pressure, temperature, cosolvent amount, and time on the extraction yields. The USCCE method was compared with other extraction methods in terms of the yields of lutein and the microstructure of C. pyrenoidosa powder by scanning electron microscopy. A maximal extraction yield of 124.01 mg lutein/100 g crude material was achieved under optimal conditions of extraction temperature at 27 °C, extraction pressure at 21 MPa, cosolvent amount at 1.5 mL/g ethanol, and ultrasound power at 1000 W. Compared to other methods, USCCE could significantly increase the lutein extraction yield at lower extraction temperature and pressure. Furthermore, the kinetic models of USCCE and subcritical CO2 extraction (SCCE) of lutein from C. pyrenoidosa were set as E = 130.64 × (1 - e(-0.6599t)) and E = 101.82 × (1 - e(-0.5683t)), respectively. The differences of parameters in the kinetic models indicate that ultrasound was able to enhance the extraction process of SCCE.

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils and fatty acids from flixweed (Descurainia Sophia L.) seed using response surface methodology and central composite design

Essential oils and fatty acids of Descurainia sophia L. seed were obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction and steam distillation methods. The effect of different parameters such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume, dynamic and static extraction timeon the extraction yield were optimized using a central composite design after a 2 (n-1) fractional factorial design. The results showed that under the pressure of 355 bar, temperature of 65 °C, methanol volume of 150 μL, dynamic and static extraction times of 35 and 10 min, respectively, the major components were methyl linoleate (18.2 %), camphor (12.32 %), cis-thujone (11.3 %) and trans-caryophyllene (9.17 %). The results indicated that by using the proper conditions, the supercritical fluid extraction is more selective than the steam distillation method. Extraction yields based on supercritical fluid extraction varied in the range of 0.68 to 17.1 % (w/w), and the extraction yield based on the steam distillation was 0.25 % (v/w).