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El-Bahar AAA, Shendy AH, Aboalhassen AEDFA, Gomaa AM, Ismail EH. Coupling of a streamlined solid-liquid extraction protocol with LC-ESI-MS/MS for the regular oversight of illegal bromate additive use: An accurate and sensitive determination method in preliminary and bakery products. Food Chem 2024; 451:139416. [PMID: 38663249 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A reliable solid-liquid extraction protocol coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in the negative-ion mode was developed and validated for illegal bromate determination in preliminary and bakery products. Crude and dried-treated samples were directly extracted with acetonitrile-water (4:1, v/v). Bromate was determined using a Phenomenex Synergi™ Polar reversed-phase column and MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring. The chosen solvent efficiently extracted bromate with all applied extraction-assisting techniques (p > 0.05). Although this assay avoids cleanup procedures, matrix effect of <-11% was achieved. Rapid bromate separation in only 8 min was attained by a reversed-phase column. In both commodities, linearity range, R2, recovery%, repeatability, intermediate precision, LOD and LOQ results were 0.05-100 ng mL-1, >0.9999, 88.6-103%, 2.93-9.80% and 9.64-10.10%, 0.015 μg kg-1 and 0.05 μg kg-1, respectively. Out of 288 tested real samples, 13.9% of violations were observed. This high-sensitivity protocol offers effective oversight and consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Abdulrahman El-Bahar
- Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Amr H Shendy
- Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Sheikh Zayed, Ismailia 41516, Egypt.
| | - Alaa El-Dean Fathy Ahmed Aboalhassen
- Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Gomaa
- Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Eman H Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Tsiasioti A, Tzanavaras PD. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with post - Column derivatization methods in food analysis: Chemistries and applications in the last two decades. Food Chem 2024; 443:138577. [PMID: 38309023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography coupled with post-column derivatization is used for increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of the desirable analytes after the chromatographic separation. The transformation of the analytes can be conducted through the addition of a suitable reagent in the eluted stream or the ultraviolet irradiation of the eluted analytes, forming detectable derivatives for ultraviolet or fluorescence detectors. This review focuses on the developed methods using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with post-column derivatization for the determination of substances in food samples during the last two decades. The significance of the determination of each analyte in foods and the existing guidelines in each case are discussed. Preparation of the samples and the analytical methods are commented. For each analyte, official methods and commercially available systems and reagents are mentioned, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia Tsiasioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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Draz ME, Saad AS, El Sherbiny D, Wahba MEK. Experimentally designed potentiometric sensor for green real-time and direct assay of hazardous bromate in bakery products. Food Chem 2023; 406:135042. [PMID: 36463604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bakeries add extra potassium bromate to the dough to make homogeneous, elastic, fluffy bread. Bromate causes renal damage and cancer. FAO/WHO stated that bromate residues shouldn't be in baked products. A potentiometric sensor's membrane recipe was optimized for sensitive and selective bromate assay. We planned a custom experimental design of 21 sensors that included numerical and categorical factors (NPPE: PVC, matrix%, membrane thickness, and ionophore type). We defined sensor performance outcomes (Nernstian slope, quantification limit, correlation coefficient, response time and selectivity), and each sensor's outcome was determined. The computer software developed a predictive model for each outcome and the desirability function suggested the optimum sensor recipe. The sensor achieved a slope of -63.54 mV/decade and detection limit of 2 × 10-6 mol/L. The greenness profile was evaluated by the National Environmental Approach Index protocol. The developed sensor represents a reliable, fast, in-site tool for the assay of bromate in bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Dina El Sherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mary E K Wahba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Li L, Lai X, Xu X, Li J, Yuan P, Feng J, Wei L, Cheng X. Determination of bromate via the chemiluminescence generated in the sulfite and carbon quantum dot system. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:136. [PMID: 29594442 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a chemiluminescence (CL)-based assay for the determination of bromate. The method is based on the use of a solution of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and sulfite. Strong CL (peak at 490 nm) is observed when bromate is injected into the solution. The CL increases linearly in the 0.3 to 10 μmol L-1 bromate concentration range, giving a 0.1 μmol L-1 limit of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3). A possible CL mechanism is suggested that involves a redox reaction between the CQDs, bromate and sulfite in the acidic medium. This leads to the formation of hole-injected and electron-injected CQDs. Radiative recombination of oxidant-injected holes and electrons in the CQDs accounts for the occurrence of CL. This mechanism contradicts the previous assumption that the transfer of energy occurs from SO2* to the CQDs. Although nitrite may interfere in the determination of bromate, its effect can be eliminated by adding sulfamic acid. The assay is sensitive and represents a new tool for the determination of bromate, which is a carcinogen. Graphical abstract Under acidic condition, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) can react with sulfite and bromate transforming to hole-injected CQDs (CQDs•-) and electron-injected CQDs (CQDs•+), respectively. Thereafter, strong chemiluminescence (490 nm) aroused from the radiative electron-hole annihilation between CQDs•- and CQDs•+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangao Feng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianglei Cheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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