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Pandya PA, Shah PA, Shrivastav PS. Simultaneous enantioseparation and simulation studies of atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol on Chiralpak® IG column using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2022; 11:746-756. [PMID: 35028180 PMCID: PMC8740114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioseparation of three β-blockers, i.e., atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol, was studied on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) immobilized chiral stationary phase using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The effect of organic modifiers (methanol, isopropanol and their mixture), column temperature and back pressure on chiral separation of β-blockers was evaluated. Optimum chromatographic separation with respect to resolution, retention, and analysis time was achieved using a mixture of CO2 and 0.1% isopropyl amine in isopropanol: methanol (50:50, V/V), in 75:25 (V/V) ratio. Under the optimized conditions, the resolution factors (Rs) and separation factors (α) were greater than 3.0 and 1.5, respectively. Further, with increase in temperature (25–45 °C) and pressure (100–150 bars) there was corresponding decrease in retention factors (k), α and Rs. However, a reverse trend (α and Rs) was observed for atenolol with increase in temperature. The thermodynamic data from van't Hoff plots revealed that the enantioseparation was enthalpy driven for metoprolol and propranolol while entropy driven for atenolol. To understand the mechanism of chiral recognition and the elution behavior of the enantiomers, molecular docking studies were performed. The binding energies obtained from simulation studies were in good agreement with the elution order found experimentally and also with the free energy values. The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.5–10 μg/mL for all the enantiomers. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation ranged from 0.126 to 0.137 μg/mL and 0.376–0.414 μg/mL, respectively. The method was used successfully to analyze these drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. Simultaneous enantioseparation of three β-blockers in a single analysis using chiral SFC Separation efficiency was mainly dependent on the nature and composition of mobile phase van't Hoff plots revealed enthalpy driven process for metoprolol and propranolol and entropy driven for atenolol Binding energies from molecular docking study were in good agreement with the elution order The results suggested hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, as the dominant interaction modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav A Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Priyanka A Shah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Pranav S Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
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Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59382-59390. [PMID: 33206294 PMCID: PMC8541974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of four beta-blockers by the model plant Lepidium sativum (garden cress) and their possible metabolization over a time period of 8 days. Therefore, cress was grown hydroponically in tap water for a week until they were matured, following irrigation with drug-containing water over the course of another 8 days. Samples were taken at days 1, 2, 4, and 8 after irrigation started. All four beta-blockers were taken up by the plants and the different octanol-water coefficients (log P) of the drugs have an influence on the uptake speed in the roots of the plants. The log P seems to have no influence on the translocation of the drugs from the root to the shoots. Furthermore, neither phase I nor phase II metabolization occurred inside the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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Chiral separation of beta-blockers by high-performance liquid chromatography and determination of bisoprolol enantiomers in surface waters. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 71:56-62. [PMID: 32597137 PMCID: PMC7837245 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are chiral compounds with enantiomers that have different bioactivity, which means that while one is active, the other can be inactive or even harmful. Due to their high consumption and incomplete degradation in waste water, they may reach surface waters and affect aquatic organisms. To address this issue we developed a chromatographic method suitable for determining beta-blocker enantiomers in surface waters. It was tested on five beta-blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, labetalol and metoprolol) and validated on bisoprolol enantiomers. Good enantioseparation of all analysed beta-blockers was achieved on the Chirobiotic V column with the mobile phase composed of methanol/acetic acid/triethylamine (100/0.20/0.15 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and column temperature of 45 °C. Method proved to be linear in the concentration range from 0.075 µg/mL to 5 µg/mL, and showed good recovery. The limits of bisoprolol enantiomer detection were 0.025 µg/mL and 0.026 µg/mL and of quantification 0.075 µg/mL and 0.075 µg/mL. Despite its limitations, it seems to be a promising method for bisoprolol enantiomer analysis in surface water samples. Further research could focus on waste water analysis, where enantiomer concentrations may be high. Furthermore, transferring the method to a more sensitive one such as liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and using ammonium acetate as the mobile phase additive instead of acetic acid and triethylamine would perhaps yield much lower limits of detection and quantification.
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Gutmann A, Wesenberg LJ, Peez N, Waldvogel SR, Hoffmann T. Charged Tags for the Identification of Oxidative Drug Metabolites Based on Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:568-572. [PMID: 32382470 PMCID: PMC7202420 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients like Metoprolol are oxidatively metabolized by liver enzymes, such as Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases into oxygenates and therefore hydrophilic products. It is of utmost importance to identify the metabolites and to gain knowledge on their toxic impacts. By using electrochemistry, it is possible to mimic enzymatic transformations and to identify metabolic hot spots. By introducing charged-tags into the intermediate, it is possible to detect and isolate metabolic products. The identification and synthesis of initially oxidized metabolites are important to understand possible toxic activities. The gained knowledge about the metabolism will simplify interpretation and predictions of metabolitic pathways. The oxidized products were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For proof-of-principle, we present a synthesis of one pyridinated main oxidation product of Metoprolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gutmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lars Julian Wesenberg
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Nadine Peez
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Institute for Integrated Natural SciencesUniversity of KoblenzUniversitätsstraße 156072KoblenzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Yang Q, Sun J, Li C, Zhang H, Xu W, Liu C, Zheng X. Comparative research on the metabolism of metoprolol by four CYP2D6 allelic variants in vitro with LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:479-485. [PMID: 31228851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific study about the effect of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms on the metabolism of clinic drugs is of great significance for drug safety investigation. Here, the interaction between CYP2D6 variants (*1, *2, *10, *39) and metoprolol (MET) was intensively researched in vitro from the aspect of drug-enzyme kinetic study. To obtain quantitative data, α-hydroxymetoprolol (main metabolite of MET) was selected as an ideal analyte and an LC-MS/MS method was adopted for sample determination. Firstly, by selecting suitable internal standard and optimizing separation condition, the LC-MS/MS method was established and validated. Then, the drug-enzyme incubation system was optimized by two parameters: incubation time and amount of enzyme. Lastly, the interaction between CYP2D6 allelic variants and MET was characterized by Km, Vmax and CLint. As a result, four CYP2D6 enzymes displayed diverse Km or Vmax towards MET and the values of CLint showed a wide range from 8.91 to 100%. Relative to CYP2D6*1 (CLint*1 = 100%), CYP2D6*2 demonstrated the second high catalytic activity (CLint*2/*1 = 74.87%) while CYP2D6*39 (CLint*39/*1 = 29.65%) and CYP2D6*10 (CLint*10/*1 = 8.91%) showed minimal catalytic activity. This comprehensive in vitro data suggested the prominent influence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the metabolism of MET, which could offer valuable information for personalized administration of MET in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Haizhi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Weiren Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Tianjin Center for New Drug Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmaceutics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xuemin Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
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Barclay VKH, Tyrefors NL, Johansson IM, Pettersson CE. Acidic transformation of nordiazepam can affect recovery estimate during trace analysis of diazepam and nordiazepam in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3919-3928. [PMID: 31104085 PMCID: PMC6594989 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a special interest was focused on the stability of diazepam and nordiazepam in aqueous samples at acidic and neutral pH. The aim of the study was to isolate and illustrate one of the many possible sources of error that can be encountered when developing and validating analytical methods. This can be of particular importance when developing multi-analyte methods where there is limited time to scrutinize the behavior of each analyte. A method was developed for the analysis of the benzodiazepines diazepam and nordiazepam in treated wastewater. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction, using SPEC C18AR cartridges, and analyzed by the use of liquid chromatography, with a C18 stationary phase, coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental water samples are often acidified during storage to reduce the microbial degradation of the target compounds and to preserve the sample. In some cases, the samples are acidified before extraction. In this study, it was found that a chemical equilibrium between nordiazepam and a transformation product could cause inaccurately high extraction recovery values when the samples were stored at low sample pH. The stability of nordiazepam was shown to be low at pH 3. Within 12 days, 20% of the initial concentration of nordiazepam was transformed. Interestingly, the transformed nordiazepam was shown to be regenerated and reformed to nordiazepam during sample handling. At a sample pH of 7, diazepam and nordiazepam were stable for 12 days. It was concluded that great care must be taken when acidifying water samples containing nordiazepam during storage or extraction. The storage and the extraction should be conducted at neutral pH if no internal standard is used to compensate for degradation and conversion of nordiazepam. The developed method was validated in treated wastewater and applied for the quantification of diazepam and nordiazepam in treated wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K H Barclay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Niklas L Tyrefors
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Monika Johansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt E Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Periodic mesoporous organosilica materials as sorbents for solid-phase extraction of drugs prior to simultaneous enantiomeric separation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:135-145. [PMID: 29937122 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two novel periodic mesoporous organosilica materials were synthesized with a neutral phenylene-bridged ligand, 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, one of them using tetraethyl orthosilicate as additional silica source (PMO-TMSEB-1 and PMO-TMSEB-2). A third material was also synthesized with 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene ligand (PMO-TESB-1) which use has scarcely been reported. The three materials were evaluated as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents for the off-line extraction of a mixture of seven drugs of different nature (duloxetine, terbutaline, econazole, propranolol, verapamil, metoprolol, and betaxolol) from water samples. Subsequent simultaneous enantiomeric analysis by CE, using sulfated-β-cyclodextrin (2% w/v) dissolved in a 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and a voltage of -20 kV (negative polarity) was carried out. Enantiomeric resolutions ranging from 2.4 to 8.5 were obtained in an analysis time of 16 min. After optimization of SPE parameters, it was shown that using just 100 mg of PMO-TESB-1 as sorbent, a preconcentration factor of 400 with 200 mL solution was achieved, allowing recoveries between 80.5 and 103.1% (except for terbutaline), with good repeatability (% RSD = 2-8 %, n = 5). Analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated in terms of precision, linearity and accuracy with method quantitation limits between 5.6 and 21.9 μg/L. The developed method was applied to the analysis of spiked wastewater samples collected in different treatment plants, with recoveries between 73.9 and 102.9% except for econazole with recovery values ranging between 58.5 and 72.4%.
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Jiang S, Guo X. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of five β-blockers in the environmental samples by chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 180:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ribeiro C, Santos C, Gonçalves V, Ramos A, Afonso C, Tiritan ME. Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:E262. [PMID: 29382109 PMCID: PMC6017579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances of forensic interest are chiral and available either as racemates or pure enantiomers. Application of chiral analysis in biological samples can be useful for the determination of legal or illicit drugs consumption or interpretation of unexpected toxicological effects. Chiral substances can also be found in environmental samples and revealed to be useful for determination of community drug usage (sewage epidemiology), identification of illicit drug manufacturing locations, illegal discharge of sewage and in environmental risk assessment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of chiral analysis in biological and environmental samples and their relevance in the forensic field. Most frequently analytical methods used to quantify the enantiomers are liquid and gas chromatography using both indirect, with enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents, and direct methods recurring to chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Santos
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Valter Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ramos
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J. Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:527-542. [PMID: 28806704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 50% of pharmaceuticals in current use are chiral compounds. Enantiomers of the same pharmaceutical have identical physicochemical properties, but may exhibit differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. The advancement in separation and detection methods has made it possible to analyze trace amounts of chiral compounds in environmental media. As a result, interest on chiral analysis and evaluation of stereoselectivity in environmental occurrence, phase distribution and degradation of chiral pharmaceuticals has grown substantially in recent years. Here we review recent studies on the analysis, occurrence, and fate of chiral pharmaceuticals in engineered and natural environments. Monitoring studies have shown ubiquitous presence of chiral pharmaceuticals in wastewater, surface waters, sediments, and sludge, particularly β-receptor antagonists, analgesics, antifungals, and antidepressants. Selective sorption and microbial degradation have been demonstrated to result in enrichment of one enantiomer over the other. The changes in enantiomer composition may also be caused by biologically catalyzed chiral inversion. However, accurate evaluation of chiral pharmaceuticals as trace environmental pollutants is often hampered by the lack of identification of the stereoconfiguration of enantiomers. Furthermore, a systematic approach including occurrence, fate and transport in various environmental matrices is needed to minimize uncertainties in risk assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals as emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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Occurrence of Chiral Bioactive Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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12
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Chiral Analysis of Pesticides and Drugs of Environmental Concern: Biodegradation and Enantiomeric Fraction. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9090196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Woiwode U, Sievers-Engler A, Zimmermann A, Lindner W, Sánchez-Muñoz OL, Lämmerhofer M. Surface-anchored counterions on weak chiral anion-exchangers accelerate separations and improve their compatibility for mass-spectrometry-hyphenation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1503:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of pharmacologically active compounds in environmental samples by chiral LC-MS/MS with a macrocyclic antibiotic stationary phase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:94-108. [PMID: 28061011 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a multi-residue method for direct enantioselective separation of chiral pharmacologically active compounds in environmental matrices. The method is based on chiral liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Simultaneous chiral discrimination was achieved with a macrocyclic glycopeptide-based column with antibiotic teicoplanin as a chiral selector working under reverse phase mode. For the first time, enantioresolution was reported for metabolites of ibuprofen: carboxyibuprofen and 2-hydroxyibuprofen with this chiral stationary phase. Moreover, enantiomers of chloramphenicol, ibuprofen, ifosfamide, indoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and praziquantel were also resolved. The overall performance of the method was satisfactory in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection. The method was successfully applied for monitoring of pharmacologically active compounds at enantiomeric level in influent and effluent wastewater and in river water. In addition, the chiral recognition and analytical performance of the teicoplanin-based column was critically compared with that of the α1 -acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Sanganyado E, Fu Q, Gan J. Enantiomeric selectivity in adsorption of chiral β-blockers on sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:787-794. [PMID: 27155096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of weakly basic compounds by sludge is poorly understood, although it has important implications on the distribution and fate of such micropollutants in wastewater effluent and sludge. Additionally, many of these compounds are chiral, and it is likely that their interactions with sludge is stereoselective and that the process may be further modified by surfactants that coexist in these systems. Adsorption of (R) and (S)-enantiomers of five commonly used β-blockers, i.e., acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol and propranolol, on sludge was characterized through batch experiments. Stereoselectivity in adsorption increased with decreases in hydrophobicity of the β-blockers. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) of the amount of acebutolol, atenolol and metoprolol sorbed on sludge were 0.27, 0.55 and 0.32, respectively. Thus, Kd values of the (S)-enantiomers of acebutolol and metoprolol were approximately twice that of the (R)-enantiomer, that is, 109 ± 11 and 57 ± 8 L/kg compared to 52 ± 13 and 22 ± 8 L/kg, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in Kd values of the enantiomers of pindolol and propranolol, suggesting stereoselectivity in adsorption was likely driven by specific polar interactions rather than hydrophobic interactions. The EF value of atenolol decreased from 0.55 ± 0.03 to 0.44 ± 0.04 after modifying the sludge with Triton X 100. These results suggested that surfactants altered adsorption of β-blockers to sludge, likely by forming ion pair complexes that promote hydrophobic interactions with the solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Petrie B, Castrignanò E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Enantiomeric Profiling of Chiral Pharmacologically Active Compounds in the Environment with the Usage of Chiral Liquid Chromatography
Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CURR ANAL CHEM 2016; 12:303-314. [PMID: 27713682 PMCID: PMC5024650 DOI: 10.2174/1573411012666151009195039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The issue of drug chirality is attracting increasing attention among the scientific community. The phenomenon of chirality has been overlooked in environmental research (environmental occurrence, fate and toxicity) despite the great impact that chiral pharmacologically active compounds (cPACs) can provoke on ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to introduce the topic of chirality and its implications in environmental contamination. Special attention has been paid to the most recent advances in chiral analysis based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and the most popular protein based chiral stationary phases. Several groups of cPACs of environmental relevance, such as illicit drugs, human and veterinary medicines were discussed. The increase in the number of papers published in the area of chiral environmental analysis indicates that researchers are actively pursuing new opportunities to provide better understanding of environmental impacts resulting from the enantiomerism of cPACs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Nezhadali A, Mojarrab M. Computational design and multivariate optimization of an electrochemical metoprolol sensor based on molecular imprinting in combination with carbon nanotubes. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 924:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Souchier M, Benali-Raclot D, Casellas C, Ingrand V, Chiron S. Enantiomeric fractionation as a tool for quantitative assessment of biodegradation: The case of metoprolol. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:19-26. [PMID: 26978718 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient chiral liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of metoprolol (MTP) and three of its major metabolites, namely O-desmethylmetoprolol (O-DMTP), α-hydroxymetoprolol (α-HMTP) and metoprolol acid (MTPA) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents and effluents. The optimized analytical method has been validated with good quality parameters including resolution >1.3 and method quantification limits down to the ng/L range except for MTPA. On the basis of this newly developed analytical method, the stereochemistry of MTP and its metabolites was studied over time in effluent/sediment biotic and sterile microcosms under dark and light conditions and in influents and effluents of 5 different WWTPs. MTP stereoselective degradation was exclusively observed under biotic conditions, confirming the specificity of enantiomeric fraction variations to biodegradation processes. MTP was always biotransformed into MTPA with a (S)-enantiomer enrichment. The results of enantiomeric enrichment pointed the way for a quantitative assessment of in situ biodegradation processes due to a good fit (R(2) > 0.98) of the aerobic MTP biodegradation to the Rayleigh dependency in all the biotic microcosms and in WWTPs because both MTP enantiomers followed the same biodegradation kinetic profiles. These results demonstrate that enantiomeric fractionation constitutes a very interesting quantitative indicator of MTP biodegradation in WWTPs and probably in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Souchier
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Chemin de la digue, BP 76, 78603 Maisons-Laffitte Cedex, France; UMR HydroSciences 5569, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dalel Benali-Raclot
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claude Casellas
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Chemin de la digue, BP 76, 78603 Maisons-Laffitte Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Ingrand
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Chemin de la digue, BP 76, 78603 Maisons-Laffitte Cedex, France.
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Barron LP, McEneff GL. Gradient liquid chromatographic retention time prediction for suspect screening applications: A critical assessment of a generalised artificial neural network-based approach across 10 multi-residue reversed-phase analytical methods. Talanta 2016; 147:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Baranowska I, Adolf W, Magiera S. Enantioselective determination of metoprolol and its metabolites in human urine high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multi-residue enantiomeric analysis of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in environmental samples by chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:9085-104. [PMID: 26462925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric profiling of chiral pharmacologically active compounds (PACs) in the environment has hardly been investigated. This manuscript describes, for the first time, a multi-residue enantioselective method for the analysis of human and veterinary chiral PACs and their main metabolites from different therapeutic groups in complex environmental samples such as wastewater and river water. Several analytes targeted in this paper have not been analysed in the environment at enantiomeric level before. These are aminorex, carboxyibuprofen, carprofen, cephalexin, 3-N-dechloroethylifosfamide, 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine, dihydroketoprofen, fenoprofen, fexofenadine, flurbiprofen, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, ifosfamide, indoprofen, mandelic acid, 2-phenylpropionic acid, praziquantel and tetramisole. The method is based on chiral liquid chromatography utilising a chiral α1-acid glycoprotein column and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Excellent chromatographic separation of enantiomers (Rs≥1.0) was achieved for chloramphenicol, fexofenadine, ifosfamide, naproxen, tetramisole, ibuprofen and their metabolites: aminorex and dihydroketoprofen (three of four enantiomers), and partial separation (Rs = 0.7-1.0) was achieved for ketoprofen, praziquantel and the following metabolites: 3-N-dechloroethylifosfamide and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine. The overall performance of the method was satisfactory for most of the compounds targeted. Method detection limits were at low nanogram per litre for surface water and effluent wastewater. Method intra-day precision was on average under 20% and sample pre-concentration using solid phase extraction yielded recoveries >70% for most of the analytes. This novel, selective and sensitive method has been applied for the quantification of chiral PACs in surface water and effluent wastewater providing excellent enantioresolution of multicomponent mixtures in complex environmental samples. It will help with better understanding of the role of individual enantiomers in the environment and will enable more accurate environmental risk assessment.
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22
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Rapid chiral separation of atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol and the zwitterionic metoprolol acid using supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry – Application to wetland microcosms. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1409:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Rao Z, Ma YR, Qin HY, Wang YF, Wei YH, Zhou Y, Zhang GQ, Wang XD, Wu XA. Development of a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its metabolites, α-hydroxymetoprolol and O-desmethylmetoprolol, in rat plasma: application to the herb-drug interaction study of metoprolol and breviscapine. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1453-60. [PMID: 25753317 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple, specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol (MET), α-hydroxymetoprolol (HMT) and O-desmethylmetoprolol (DMT) in rat plasma. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, then the separation of the analytes was performed on an Agilent HC-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and post-column splitting (1:4) was used to give optimal interface flow rates (0.2 mL/min) for MS detection; the total run time was 8.5 min. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source interface in positive ionization mode. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, matrix effect and recovery over a concentration range of 3.42-7000 ng/mL for MET, 2.05-4200 ng/mL for HMT and 1.95-4000 ng/mL for DMT. The analytical method was successfully applied to herb-drug interaction study of MET and breviscapine after administration of breviscapine (12.5 mg/kg) and MET (40 mg/kg). The results suggested that breviscapine have negligible effect on pharmacokinetics of MET in rats; the information may be beneficial for the application of breviscapine in combination with MET in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan-rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong-yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ya-feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Qinhai Provincial Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Yu-hui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guo-qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xing-dong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin-an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Caballo C, Sicilia M, Rubio S. Enantioselective determination of representative profens in wastewater by a single-step sample treatment and chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 134:325-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Rubirola A, Llorca M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Casas N, Rodriguez-Roda I, Barceló D, Buttiglieri G. Characterization of metoprolol biodegradation and its transformation products generated in activated sludge batch experiments and in full scale WWTPs. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 63:21-32. [PMID: 24973729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metoprolol (MTP) is a compound of concern, considered as an emerging contaminant due to its high consumption, pseudopersistence and potential ecotoxicity. Activated sludge batch experiments were performed to evaluate the biological transformation of MTP and the formation of transformation products under different treatment conditions. Total MTP removal was obtained in aerobic conditions, and the formation of MTP known metabolites (metoprolol acid (MTPA), α-hydroxymetoprolol (α-HMTP) and O-desmethylmetoprolol (O-DMTP)) and unknown transformation products (TPs) was investigated. The three known metabolites and two new TPs generated along the experiments were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. For the two new TPs plausible structures were proposed based on the tentative identification. MTPA had the major ratio formation for the TPs identified along the experiments (up to 40% of initial MTP concentration after 96 h treatment) and its persistence through biological treatment was proven. Ecotoxicity studies using Vibrio fischeri bioluminescent bacteria in an acute toxicity test showed that MTP and its known TPs are not toxic with the exception of o-DMTP. Finally, MTP and its TPs were monitored in a full scale membrane bioreactor and in a full scale conventional urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the results were compared with those obtained in batch experiments. α-HMTP was detected for the first time in a WWTP influent whereas MTPA was detected in influent and effluent WWTP samples at much higher levels (up to 100 folds higher) than MTP itself remarking its high persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rubirola
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - N Casas
- Desarrollos Ecológicos Industriales S.A. (DEISA), José Agustín Goytisolo 30-32, Hospitalet de Llobregat (08908), Spain
| | - I Rodriguez-Roda
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; LEQUiA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Ribeiro AR, Santos LH, Maia AS, Delerue-Matos C, Castro PM, Tiritan ME. Enantiomeric fraction evaluation of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vazquez-Roig P, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Blasco C, Picó Y. Stereoisomeric profiling of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals in wastewaters of Valencia (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:49-57. [PMID: 25029504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomeric and diastereomeric profiling of chiral pharmaceuticals (ephedrine, norephedrine, atenolol and venlafaxine) and illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA)) was undertaken over a period of fourteen consecutive days in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the city of Valencia, Spain. Degradation efficiency of WWTPs was found to be compound and enantiomer dependent. Selective enantiomer enrichment was observed for several target analytes. Amphetamine and MDMA were enriched with R(-)-enantiomers. 1S,2S(+)-pseudoephedrine was found to be more readily degradable during activated sludge treatment than its diastereomer 1R,2S(-)-ephedrine. Atenolol underwent enrichment with either S(-)- or R(+)-enantiomer in different WWTPs. This unexpected enantiomeric variation in the stereoselective degradation of atenolol could be attributed to different processes utilized during activated sludge treatment. The application of (enantiomeric) profiling of wastewater revealed usage patterns of chiral drugs in the Valencia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vazquez-Roig
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Blasco
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals in biomedical and environmental analyses by liquid chromatography: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Bae SH, Lee JK, Cho DY, Bae SK. Simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its metabolites, α-hydroxymetoprolol and O-desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol associated with CYP2D6 genotypes. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1256-64. [PMID: 24648255 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple LC with MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its two CYP2D6-derived metabolites, α-hydroxy- and O-desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma was established. Metoprolol (MET), its two metabolites, and the internal standard chlorpropamide were extracted from plasma (50 μL) using ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Luna CN column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of distilled water and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total run time was 3.0 min per sample. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted by ESI in positive ion selected-reaction monitoring mode. The linear ranges of concentration for MET, α-hydroxymetoprolol, and O-desmethylmetoprolol were 2-1000, 2-500, and 2-500 ng/mL, respectively, with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL for all analytes. The coefficient of variation for the assay's precision was ≤ 13.2%, and the accuracy was 89.1-110%. All analytes were stable under various storage and handling conditions and no relevant cross-talk and matrix effect were observed. Finally, this method was successfully applied to assess the influence of CYP2D6 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of MET after oral administration of 100 mg to healthy Korean volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Bae
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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31
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Li X, Xiao D, Ou XM, McCullum C, Liu YM. A microchip electrophoresis-mass spectrometric platform for fast separation and identification of enantiomers employing the partial filling technique. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Methods for Elucidation of Transformation Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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