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Telgmann L, Horn H. The behavior of pharmaceutically active compounds and contrast agents during wastewater treatment - Combining sampling strategies and analytical techniques: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174344. [PMID: 38964417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals and the respective consequences for the aquatic environment have been the focus of many studies over the last thirty years. Various aspects in this field were investigated, considering diverse pharmaceutical groups and employing a wide range of research methodologies. Various questions from the perspectives of different research areas were devised and answered, resulting in a large mix of individual findings and conclusions. Collectively, the results of the studies offer a comprehensive overview. The large variety of methods and strategies, however, demands close attention when comparing and combining information from heterogeneous projects. This review critically examines the application of diverse sampling techniques as well as analytical methods in investigations concerning the behavior of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and contrast agents (CAs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The combination of sampling and analysis is discussed with regard to its suitability for specific scientific problems. Different research focuses need different methods and answer different questions. An overview of studies dealing with the fate and degradation of PhACs and CAs in WWTPs is presented, discussing their strategic approaches and findings. This review includes surveys of anticancer drugs, antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiabetics, beta blockers, hormonal contraceptives, lipid lowering agents, antidepressants as well as contrast agents for X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Telgmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Department Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Exploring the Efficiency of UHPLC-Orbitrap MS for the Determination of 20 Pharmaceuticals and Acesulfame K in Hospital and Urban Wastewaters with the Aid of FPSE. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from the classical residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment has become a subject of increasing concern due to their harmful impact on the aquatic environment. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are major sources of environmental pollution. Therefore, data concerning their existence is required. In this study, twenty compounds representative of different drug groups considered ECs and belonging to antibiotics, antipsychotics, anti-inflammatory drugs plus acesulfame K were selected to be accurately detected and quantified with UHPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap MS in hospital and urban WWTP effluents. Chromatographic parameters (column efficiency, mobile phase, etc.), as well as mass spectrometry conditions concerning ionization mode and Orbitrap analysis (ESI options, mass resolving power, AGC target, tube lens, injection time), were evaluated. Moreover, a novel fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) method based on fiber glass coated with PEG300 was employed as sample preparation process. Experimental parameters affecting extraction and desorption steps such as sample pH, extraction time, ionic strength, elution time and solvent have been optimized. The optimized methodology was validated providing excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), and low detection and quantification limits up to 3.1 and 9.3 ng/L, for carbamazepine, respectively. Relative recoveries ranged from 81.1% to 114.0%, while a medium matrix effect for most of the target compounds occurred. Applying the above analytical method in effluents of WWTPs from NW Greece, nine compounds were quantified with concentrations that varied from 55.4 to 728.4 ng/L.
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Asghar MA, Zhu Q, Sun S, Peng Y, Shuai Q. Suspect screening and target quantification of human pharmaceutical residues in the surface water of Wuhan, China, using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:828-837. [PMID: 29710606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we developed a systematic method for suspect screening and target quantification of the human pharmaceutical residues in water, via solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). We then proceeded to study the occurrences and distribution of the pharmaceuticals in the surface waters of Wuhan, China, by analyzing water samples from lakes, rivers and municipal sewage. Initially, 33 human pharmaceuticals were identified from East Lake without using purchasing standards. Of these, 29 were later confirmed by using standards, and quantified using the aforementioned SPE pretreatment method and LC-HRMS analysis in full MS scan mode. The 29 compounds included 8 antibiotics, 9 metabolites, and 12 miscellaneous pharmaceuticals. The highest proportions of pharmaceutical residues were detected downstream of the Yangtze River and in the lakes close to the central city. Metformin, cotinine, and trans-3-hydroxy cotinine, were frequently encountered in all the surface water samples. High concentrations (>120 ng/l) of caffeine, metformin, theobromine, and valsartan were detected in the surface water samples; the removal rates of these compounds in the municipal sewage treatment plant were also high. In contrast, although the concentrations of 4-AAA and metoprolol acid in the surface water were high, the removal rates of these residues in the sewage treatment plant were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Asghar
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry,China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qingxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry,China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shutang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry,China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yue'e Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry,China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Qin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry,China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Vergeynst L, K'oreje K, De Wispelaere P, Harinck L, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Statistical procedures for the determination of linearity, detection limits and measurement uncertainty: A deeper look into SPE-LC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:2-10. [PMID: 27339948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research addresses some critical challenges regarding the validation of a quantitative multi-residue method for pharmaceuticals in wastewater making use of modern SPE-LC-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Particular attention is given to study in detail response linearity, to realistically estimate detection limits, and to express the measurement precision of the analyte concentration, obtained by external calibration. First, linearity of the Orbitrap response showed to be matrix dependent in a counter intuitive way: stronger deviations from linearity were observed for pure solvent standards than for complex matrices like wastewater. Second, detection limits risk to be overestimated for ubiquitously present compounds for which true blank matrix samples are hard to find, leading to false negative findings. A novel and easy applicable methodology is presented to allow a better estimation of detection limits using the response of the natural isotopes. Third, a statistical methodology to estimate the measurement precision of the analyte concentration using basic validation parameters is developed specifically for the context of multi-residue quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert Vergeynst
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Wispelaere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lies Harinck
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Pugajeva I, Rusko J, Perkons I, Lundanes E, Bartkevics V. Determination of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 133:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: The Transformation of Modern Environmental Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010104. [PMID: 26784175 PMCID: PMC4730346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unknown compounds in environmental samples are difficult to identify using standard mass spectrometric methods. Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has revolutionized how environmental analyses are performed. With its unsurpassed mass accuracy, high resolution and sensitivity, researchers now have a tool for difficult and complex environmental analyses. Two features of FTMS are responsible for changing the face of how complex analyses are accomplished. First is the ability to quickly and with high mass accuracy determine the presence of unknown chemical residues in samples. For years, the field has been limited by mass spectrometric methods that were based on knowing what compounds of interest were. Secondly, by utilizing the high resolution capabilities coupled with the low detection limits of FTMS, analysts also could dilute the sample sufficiently to minimize the ionization changes from varied matrices.
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Prasse C, Ternes T. Application of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Transformation Products of Trace Organic Contaminants Formed in the Environment. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Advances in liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Leendert V, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Trends in liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of organic micropollutants in aquatic environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lin L, Lin H, Zhang M, Dong X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. Types, principle, and characteristics of tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry and its applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the principle and functional characteristics of different types or models for THRMS and provide a brief description of its applications in medical research, food safety, and environmental protection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Changhai Qu
- Modern Research Center for TCM
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
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Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Bade R, Bijlsma L, Sancho J. Investigation of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in waters by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rajski Ł, Gómez-Ramos MDM, Fernández-Alba AR. Large pesticide multiresidue screening method by liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry in full scan mode applied to fruit and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Application of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography linear ion-trap orbitrap to qualitative and quantitative assessment of pesticide residues. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1328:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fedorova G, Randak T, Lindberg RH, Grabic R. Comparison of the quantitative performance of a Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer with that of a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer for the analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1751-1762. [PMID: 23821568 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analysis of drugs in wastewater is gaining more interest, as new approaches to estimate drug consumption from the amount of drug residues in wastewater have been proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative performance of high-resolution mass spectrometry with that of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. METHODS A Q-Exactive mass spectrometer was operated in full scan (HRFS) (70 000 FWHM) and product scan (HRPS) (17 500 FWHM) modes. The first and third quadrupoles of the QqQ MS/MS instrument were operated at 0.7 FWHM. A mass-extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte was used to construct chromatograms. An HESI-II ion source was used for the ionization of target compounds. In-line-SPE-LC configuration was used for the extraction and separation of target analytes. RESULTS All three methods showed good linearity and repeatability. High-resolution detection of product ions exhibited better sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. For most of the tested compounds, LOQs ranged from 0.46 to 20 ng L(-1) . Good agreement between measured and nominal concentrations was observed for most of the compounds at different levels of fortification. Both MS/MS methods showed good selectivity, while HRFS gave some false positive results. CONCLUSIONS The Q-Exactive mass spectrometer proved to be suitable for trace detection and quantification of most of the tested drugs in wastewater, with performance comparable to that of the commonly used MS/MS triple quadrupole, but with better selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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Agüera A, Martínez Bueno MJ, Fernández-Alba AR. New trends in the analytical determination of emerging contaminants and their transformation products in environmental waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3496-515. [PMID: 23456948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the so-called emerging contaminants were established as a new group of pollutants of environmental concern, a great effort has been devoted to the knowledge of their distribution, fate and effects in the environment. After more than 20 years of work, a significant improvement in knowledge about these contaminants has been achieved, but there is still a large gap of information on the growing number of new potential contaminants that are appearing and especially of their unpredictable transformation products. Although the environmental problem arising from emerging contaminants must be addressed from an interdisciplinary point of view, it is obvious that analytical chemistry plays an important role as the first step of the study, as it allows establishing the presence of chemicals in the environment, estimate their concentration levels, identify sources and determine their degradation pathways. These tasks involve serious difficulties requiring different analytical solutions adjusted to purpose. Thus, the complexity of the matrices requires highly selective analytical methods; the large number and variety of compounds potentially present in the samples demands the application of wide scope methods; the low concentrations at which these contaminants are present in the samples require a high detection sensitivity, and high demands on the confirmation and high structural information are needed for the characterisation of unknowns. New developments on analytical instrumentation have been applied to solve these difficulties. Furthermore and not less important has been the development of new specific software packages intended for data acquisition and, in particular, for post-run analysis. Thus, the use of sophisticated software tools has allowed successful screening analysis, determining several hundreds of analytes, and assisted in the structural elucidation of unknown compounds in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agüera
- Pesticide Residue Research Group, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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