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Serafimov K, Knappe C, Li F, Sievers-Engler A, Lämmerhofer M. Solving the retention time repeatability problem of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465060. [PMID: 38861823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction (liquid) chromatography (HILIC) has become the first choice LC mode for the separation of hydrophilic analytes. Numerous studies reported the poor retention time repeatability of HILIC. The problem was often ascribed to slow equilibration and insufficient re-equilibration time to establish the sensitive semi-immobilized water layer at the interface of the polar stationary phase and the bulk mobile phase. In this study, we compare retention time repeatability in HILIC for borosilicate glass and PFA (co-polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkoxyethylene) solvent bottles. During this study, we observed peak patterns shifting towards higher retention times (for metabolites and peptides) and lower retention times (oligonucleotide sample) with ongoing analysis time when standard borosilicate glass bottles were used as solvent reservoirs. It was hypothesized that release of ions (sodium, potassium, borate, etc.) from the borosilicate glass bottles leads to alterations (thickness and electrostatic screening effects) in the semi-immobilized water layer which is adsorbed to the polar stationary phase surface under acetonitrile-rich eluents in HILIC with concomitant shifts in retention. When PFA solvent bottles were employed instead of borosilicate glass, retention time repeatability was greatly improved and changed from average 8.4 % RSD for the tested metabolites with borosilicate glass bottles to 0.14 % RSD for the PFA solvent bottles (30 injections over 12 h). Similar improvements were observed for peptides and oligonucleotides. This simple solution to the retention time repeatability problem in HILIC might contribute to a better acceptance of HILIC, especially in fields like targeted and untargeted metabolomics, peptide and oligonucleotide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Serafimov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knappe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Mallik AK, Montero L, Rösler J, Meckelmann SW, Schmitz OJ. Surface Modification of Silica with β-Alanine Derivatives for Unique Applications in Liquid Chromatography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54176-54184. [PMID: 37949437 PMCID: PMC10685355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Column purchasing cost is an important issue for an analyst to analyze complex sample matrices. Here, we report the development of an amino acid (β-alanine)-derived stationary phase (Sil-Ala-C12) with strategic and effective interaction sites (amide and urea as embedded polar groups with C12 alkyl chain) able to separate various kinds of analytes. Owing to the balanced hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the phase, it showed exceptional separation abilities in both reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) as a hydrophobic phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) as a hydrophilic phase. Remarkably, the baseline separation was achieved for the challenging β- and γ-isomers of tocopherol. Usually, three columns such as pentafluorophenyl or C30, C18, and sulfobetaine HILIC are required for the analysis of vitamin E, capsaicinoids, and vitamin C in chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), respectively. However, only Sil-Ala-C12 was able to separate these analytes. A single column can serve 3-4 purposes, which suggests that Sil-Ala-C12 had the potential to reduce column purchasing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul K. Mallik
- Applied
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Lidia Montero
- Applied
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Institute
of Food Science Research - CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Calle Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas Rösler
- Applied
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven W. Meckelmann
- Applied
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Schmitz
- Applied
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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3
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Ribar D, Lukšič M, Kralj Cigić I. Towards an accurate method for column void volume determination using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464245. [PMID: 37527569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of analyte retention times requires prior knowledge of the column void volume, the measurement of which is still highly contested within the literature and therefore experimental based prediction is often used. In this study, we investigated deuterated acetonitrile as an isotopically labelled mobile phase component to observe its elution behaviour in a binary mixture with water at 25 different mobile phase compositions (from 5 to 95 vol.% of acetonitrile), on two stationary phases (C8 and C18), and at two temperatures (30 and 40 °C) using LC-MS. The same experimental design was additionally used for three commonly used neutral void volume markers: uracil, phloroglucinol and N,N-dimethylformamide. Temperature was observed to influence the elution of acetonitrile in an inversely proportional manner with higher temperatures coinciding with lower elution times. By utilizing a three-way ANOVA, the composition of the mobile phase has been shown to have a significant effect on deuterated acetonitrile and other investigated void volume markers, demonstrating the fact that both void volume markers and acetonitrile itself exhibit retention-like behaviour. Excess adsorption isotherms for acetonitrile were calculated using deuterated acetonitrile elution data. The comparison of void volumes, obtained with conventional neutral void volume markers, revealed the former to be 24-36% lower than the void volume obtained using deuterated acetonitrile, as an isotopically labelled mobile phase component. For a water:acetonitrile mobile phase, the minor disturbance method using deuterated acetonitrile to obtain an integral average void volume (2.08 and 2.05 mL for C18 at 30 and 40 °C, respectively and 2.16 and 2.13 mL for C8 at 30 and 40 °C, respectively) was found to be the most appropriate method for determining the elusive column void volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Irena Kralj Cigić
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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4
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Dembek M, Bocian S. Phosphodiester Stationary Phases as Universal Chromatographic Materials for Separation in RP LC, HILIC, and Pure Aqueous Mobile Phase. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093539. [PMID: 37176421 PMCID: PMC10180384 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical chemistry techniques meet the need for greater attention to ecological and economic aspects. It is becoming necessary to seek solutions to reduce harmful waste production, especially in large quantities. High-performance liquid chromatography is a technique widely used in many industries, including mainly pharmaceuticals, and requires an approach to reduce the significant amount of organic solvent waste. One of the green chemistry solutions is using environmentally benign substitutes, such as pure water, supercritical dioxide, and ethanol. Our work focuses on the preparation and application of new stationary phases with embedded hydrophilic groups for separations using pure water in liquid chromatography. Polar-embedded stationary phases are obtained by attaching a phosphodiester group and 4 different hydrophobic molecules. The studies consisted of hydrophobicity measurements, concentration dependence of retention of the organic additive to the mobile phase, and chromatographic separations of polar and non-polar substance mixtures in RP-LC and HILIC systems. Three mixtures were studied: purine alkaloids, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nucleosides. The stationary phases interact differently with the analytes depending on the attached hydrophobic group. It is possible to use pure water to separate each mixture under study. It is also significant that it has been possible to separate a mixture of completely non-polar compounds using pure water for the first time. The research being carried out is crucial in synthesizing new polar-embedded stationary phases, providing work versatility and high environmental performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Factors affecting mixed-mode retention properties of cation-exchange stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463934. [PMID: 36972662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Cation-exchange stationary phases were characterized in different chromatographic modes (HILIC, RPLC, IC) and applied to the separation of non-charged hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes. The set of columns under investigation included both commercially available cation-exchangers and self-prepared PS/DVB-based columns, the latter consisting of adjustable amounts of carboxylic and sulfonic acid functional groups. The influence of cation-exchange site and polymer substrate on the multimodal properties of cation-exchangers was identified using selectivity parameters, polymer imaging and excess adsorption isotherms. Introducing weakly acidic cation-exchange functional groups to the unmodified PS/DVB-substrate effectively reduced hydrophobic interactions, whilst a low degree of sulfonation (0.09 to 0.27% w/w sulphur) mainly influenced electrostatic interactions. Silica substrate was found to be another important factor for inducing hydrophilic interactions. The presented results demonstrate that cation-exchange resins are suitable for mixed-mode applications and offer versatile selectivity.
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6
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Diamantidou D, Sampsonidis I, Liapikos T, Gika H, Theodoridis G. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite library for metabolomics: Evaluating column suitability using a scoring approach. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463779. [PMID: 36681007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomic studies require an extensive set of analyte (metabolic) information to be obtained from each analyzed sample. Thus, highly selective, and efficient analytical methodologies together with reversed-phase (RP) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) are usually applied in these approaches. Here, we present a performance comparison of five different chromatographic columns (C18, C8, RP Amide, zicHILIC, OH5 HILIC phases) to evaluate their sufficiency of analysis for a large analyte library, consisting of 817 authentic standards. By taking into account experimental chromatographic parameters (i.e. retention time, peak tailing and asymmetry, FWHM, signal-to-noise ratio and peak area and intensity), the proposed column scoring approach provides a simple criterion that may assist analysis in the select of a stationary phase for those metabolites of interest. RPLC methods offered better results regarding metabolic library coverage, while the zicHILIC stationary phase delivered a bigger number of properly eluted compounds. This study demonstrates the importance of choosing the most suitable configuration for the analysis of different metabolic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Diamantidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001
| | - Ioannis Sampsonidis
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, GR, 574 00, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Liapikos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001
| | - Helen Gika
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001; School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001
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7
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Obradović D, Komsta Ł, Stavrianidi AN, Shpigun OA, Pokrovskiy OI, Vujić Z. Retention mechanisms of imidazoline and piperazine-related compounds in non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction and supercritical fluid chromatography based on chemometric design and analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463340. [PMID: 35905682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The experimental design methodology based on central composite design of experiments was applied to compare the retention mechanisms in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (NA-HILIC). The selected set consists of 26 compounds that belong to imidazoline and serotonin receptor ligands. The different chemometric tools (multiple linear regression, principal component analysis, parallel factor analysis) were used to examine the retention, as well as to identify the most significant retention mechanisms. The retention mechanism was investigated on two different stationary phases (diol, and mixed-mode diol). In NA-HILIC, the mobile phase contains acetonitrile as a main component, and methanolic solution of ammonium formate (+ 0.1% of formic acid) as a modifier. The same mobile phase modifier was used in SFC, with a difference in the main component of the mobile phase which was CO2. The retention behaviour differs significantly between HILIC and SFC conditions. The retention pattern in HILIC mode was more partition-like, while in SFC the solute-sorbent interactions allowed retention. The retention mechanism between mixed-mode diol and the diol phases varies depending on the applied chromatographic mode, e.g., in HILIC the type of stationary phase significantly affects the elution order, while in SFC this was not the case. The HILIC retention behaviour was influenced by the number of tertiary amines-aliphatic, and N atom-centred fragments in tested compounds. On the other hand, the number of pyrrole and pyridine rings in the structure of the compound showed correlation with their SFC retention, simultaneously increasing the molecular weight and rapid elution of larger compounds. It was found that temperature surprisingly plays a major role in SFC mode. The increase in temperature reduces the relative contribution of enthalpy factors to total retention, so the separation in SFC was more entropy-controlled. For further pharmaceutical research and optimization, the SFC would be considered more beneficial compared to HILIC since it gives good selectivity in separation of chosen impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Obradović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ł Komsta
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczwsjiego 4, Lublin 20-090, Poland
| | - A N Stavrianidi
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia; A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, GSP-1, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - O A Shpigun
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - O I Pokrovskiy
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, GSP-1, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Z Vujić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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8
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Kilanowska A, Studzińska S. In vivo and in vitro studies of antisense oligonucleotides - a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34501-34516. [PMID: 35514414 PMCID: PMC9056844 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of antisense oligonucleotides in gene silencing was discovered over 40 years ago, which resulted in the growing interest in their chemistry, mechanism of action, and metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the selected mechanisms of antisense drug action, as well as therapeutics which are to date approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Moreover, bioanalytical methods used for ASO pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies are briefly summarized. Special attention is paid to the primary pharmacokinetic properties of the different chemistry classes of antisense oligonucleotides. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro metabolic pathways of these compounds are widely described with the emphasis on the different animal models as well as in vitro models, including tissues homogenates, enzyme solutions, and human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 7 Gagarin Str. PL-87-100 Toruń Poland +48 56 6114837 +48 56 6114308
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 7 Gagarin Str. PL-87-100 Toruń Poland +48 56 6114837 +48 56 6114308
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9
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Gao W, Liu XL, Wang Y, Liang C, Lian HZ, Qiao JQ. Insight into the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic retention behaviors of hydrophilic compounds on different stationary phases. Talanta 2020; 219:121363. [PMID: 32887085 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the correlations between retention behavior and lipophilicity of a large set of hydrophilic neutral and ionic analytes were studied based on three hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases, including zwitterionic, crosslinked diol and triazole stationary phases. It was found that HILIC, due to the diversity of retention mechanism, is a more complex chromatography separation mode than reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) which has been widely accepted for lipophilicity assessment. Because electrostatic interactions contributed to the overall retention of the charged solutes on all three stationary phases, ion-strength of the mobile phase kept the same during the whole experiment. After the correlations between retention factor log k and water volume fraction Φ were investigated, the mixed retention model was revealed to be more suitable for HILIC retention behavior than other single models including partitioning and adsorption model. Moreover, in order to bridge the relationship between HILIC log k and lipophilicity parameter log D, net charge ne and Abraham solvation parameter were introduced in the quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model. Although the correlation coefficients between log D and log k were still moderate, the significant improvement in correlation has made HILIC a potential choice as the complement of RPLC for log D measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Baota Bay, West Daqing Road, Taixing, 225441, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jun-Qin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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10
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Shamshir A, Dinh NP, Jonsson T, Sparrman T, Irgum K. Probing the retention mechanism of small hydrophilic molecules in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the retention and sensitivity studies of antisense oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461100. [PMID: 32359780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as an alternative chromatographic approach for the study of antisense oligonucleotides. The influence of several mobile phases, differing with the salt type, their concentration and pH value on the retention and the separation of antisense oligonucleotides has been examined for this purpose. Four different stationary phases were also applied including unmodified silica, silica modified with the use of sulfobetaine groups, polyhydroxy and aminopropyl groups. Such wide range of tested conditions has been useful in better understanding of the retention mechanism of tested compounds. The results obtained during this investigation indicated that greater retention, greater peaks symmetry, as well as more effective separation of oligonucleotides, were obtained for the zwitterionic stationary phase. Moreover, the optimization of tandem mass spectrometry parameters with the use of Central Composite Design was performed and different mobile phases were tested to choose that one, which provided the greatest antisense oligonucleotides peak areas in Multiple Reaction Monitoring mode and consequently, the greatest possible sensitivity. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was compared with the ion pair chromatography, commonly used in the analysis of oligonucleotides. Both techniques were compared in terms of selectivity of separation as well as the sensitivity of their determination. Obtained results proved that ion pair chromatography provided better results in terms of separation efficiency and peak areas in Multiple Reaction Monitoring for tested conditions. However, these results do not preclude application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as an alternative chromatographic approach for the oligonucleotides analysis especially when a mobile phase without ion pair reagents is required.
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12
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Vallaro M, Ermondi G, Caron G. Chromatographic HILIC indexes to characterize the lipophilicity of zwitterions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 145:105232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Boysen RI, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Marriott PJ, Hearn MTW. Studies on the Extraction of Several Polyphenols with Different Silica Hydride Stationary Phases. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sadowski R, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. Recent Developments in the Separation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Anticoagulants. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:166-176. [PMID: 28982317 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171005114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The general function of anticoagulants is to prevent blood clotting and growing of the existing clots in blood vessels. In recent years, there has been a significant improvement in developing methods of prevention as well as pharmacologic and surgical treatment of thrombosis. For over the last two decades, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have found their application in the antithrombotic diseases treatment. These types of drugs are widely used in clinical therapy. Despite the biological and medical importance of LMWHs, they have not been completely characterized in terms of their chemical structure. Due to both, the structural complexity of these anticoagulants and the presence of impurities, their structural characterization requires the employment of advanced analytical techniques. Since separation techniques play the key role in these endeavors, this review will focus on the presentation of recent developments in the separation of LMWH anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Sadowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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15
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Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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16
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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17
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Krzemińska K, Dembek M, Bocian S. The competitiveness of solvent adsorption on polar‐embedded stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4296-4303. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krzemińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and BioanalyticsFaculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and BioanalyticsFaculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and BioanalyticsFaculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland
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18
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Ermondi G, Vallaro M, Camacho-Leal M, Potter T, Visentin S, Caron G. Charged cyclic hexapeptides: Updating molecular descriptors for permeability purposes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Jandera P, Hájek T, Šromová Z. Mobile phase effects in reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography revisited. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:48-57. [PMID: 29486886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Correct adjustment of the mobile phase is equally important as the selection of the appropriate column for the separation of polar compounds in LC. Both solvophobic and selective polar interactions control the retention in the Reversed Phase and Hydrophilic Interaction modes. The retention models describing the effects of the volume fraction of the strong eluent component in binary mobile phases on the sample retention factors apply in a limited mobile phase composition range. We introduced a three-parameter retention model, which provides improved prediction of retention over a broad mobile phase range, under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. The model does not imply any assumptions concerning either adsorption or partition distribution mechanism, but allows estimating retention in pure strong and in pure weak mobile phase components. The experimental retention data for phenolic acids and flavones on several core-shell columns with different types of stationary phases agree with the theory. Many polar columns with important structural hydrophobic moieties show dual retention mechanism, (Reversed Phase in water rich mobile phases and Hydrophilic Interaction at high acetonitrile concentrations). It is possible to select the mobile phase compositions in each of the two modes for separations of samples containing compounds largely differing in polarity. The three-parameter model describes the retention in each mode, with separately determined best-fit parameters. We applied the two-mode model to the retention data of sulfonamides and benzoic acid related compounds on a new polymethacrylate zwitterionic monolithic micro-column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- University of Pardubice, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- University of Pardubice, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šromová
- University of Pardubice, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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20
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Giannakou M, Varvaresou A, Kiriazopoulos E, Papageorgiou S, Kavvalou E, Tsirivas E, Panderi I. Quantification of oligopeptide-20 and oligopeptide-24 in cosmetic creams using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giannakou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Zografou Greece
| | - Athanasia Varvaresou
- Technological Education Institution of Athens, School of Health and Caring Professions, Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology; Laboratory of Cosmetic Science; Greece
| | - Evaggelos Kiriazopoulos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Zografou Greece
| | - Spiridon Papageorgiou
- Technological Education Institution of Athens, School of Health and Caring Professions, Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology; Laboratory of Cosmetic Science; Greece
| | - Eirini Kavvalou
- University of Crete, School of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Heraklion Greece
| | - Efstathios Tsirivas
- Technological Education Institution of Athens, School of Health and Caring Professions, Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology; Laboratory of Cosmetic Science; Greece
| | - Irene Panderi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Zografou Greece
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21
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Alpert AJ. Effect of salts on retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Krzemińska K, Bocian S. The versatility of N,O-dialkylphosphoramidate stationary phase-separations in HILIC, highly aqueous RP LC conditions and purely aqueous mobile phase. Analyst 2018; 143:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01634d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic properties of N,O-dialkylphosphoramidate stationary phase with an octadecyl chain (Amino-P-C18) were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krzemińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
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23
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Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of hydroxy aromatic carboxylic acid positional isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 996:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Jandera P, Hájek T. Mobile phase effects on the retention on polar columns with special attention to the dual hydrophilic interaction-reversed-phase liquid chromatography mechanism, a review. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:145-162. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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25
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Quantitative Explanation of Retention Mechanisms of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic-Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Inductive Effect of Alkyl Chain. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Taraji M, Haddad PR, Amos RIJ, Talebi M, Szucs R, Dolan JW, Pohl CA. Chemometric-assisted method development in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:20-40. [PMID: 29289311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
With an enormous growth in the application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), there has also been significant progress in HILIC method development. HILIC is a chromatographic method that utilises hydro-organic mobile phases with a high organic content, and a hydrophilic stationary phase. It has been applied predominantly in the determination of small polar compounds. Theoretical studies in computer-aided modelling tools, most importantly the predictive, quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) modelling methods, have attracted the attention of researchers and these approaches greatly assist the method development process. This review focuses on the application of computer-aided modelling tools in understanding the retention mechanism, the classification of HILIC stationary phases, prediction of retention times in HILIC systems, optimisation of chromatographic conditions, and description of the interaction effects of the chromatographic factors in HILIC separations. Additionally, what has been achieved in the potential application of QSRR methodology in combination with experimental design philosophy in the optimisation of chromatographic separation conditions in the HILIC method development process is communicated. Developing robust predictive QSRR models will undoubtedly facilitate more application of this chromatographic mode in a broader variety of research areas, significantly minimising cost and time of the experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taraji
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia.
| | - Ruth I J Amos
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Mohammad Talebi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, UK
| | - John W Dolan
- LC Resources, 1795 NW Wallace Rd., McMinnville, OR 97128, USA
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27
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Clean-up and matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis of food of plant origin for high polar herbicides. Food Chem 2017; 230:524-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Jandera P, Janás P. Recent advances in stationary phases and understanding of retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 967:12-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Wang X, Bo C, Wang C, Wei Y. Controllable preparation of a hydrophilic/ion-exchange mixed-mode stationary phase by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using a mixture of two functional monomers. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1861-1868. [PMID: 28247469 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phases require functionalization with at least two functional groups to yield multiple interactions with analytes. Departing from reported methods, a mixture of two different monomers, glycidyl methacrylate and 2-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, was grafted onto the surface of silica by a one-step surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to prepare a novel hydrophilic interaction/anion-exchange mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase. The grafted amounts of functional groups were controlled via varying the ratio of monomers in the polymerization system. The influences of water content, salt concentration and pH in the mobile phase were investigated to illustrate the mixed interaction between the stationary phase and analytes. The retention of various solutes on three columns, especially acidic and basic solutes, showed an obvious dependence on the ratio of the two monomers in the polymerization system. The results indicated that the strategy proposed in this work was beneficial to develop various types of mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phases with adjustable selectivity to meet the needs of complex samples. Finally, the column was successfully employed in the isolation of melamine in liquid milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chunmiao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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30
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Bocian S, Skoczylas M, Goryńska I, Matyska M, Pesek J, Buszewski B. Solvation processes on phenyl-bonded stationary phases-The influence of polar functional groups. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4369-4376. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Izabela Goryńska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Maria Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Joseph Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
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31
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Bocian S. Solvation processes in liquid chromatography: The importance and measurements. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1242494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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32
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Qiao L, Shi X, Xu G. Recent advances in development and characterization of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Sentkowska A, Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K. Retention Study of Flavonoids Under Different Chromatographic Modes. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:516-22. [PMID: 26668302 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the chromatographic behavior of selected flavonoids from their different subgroups (flavonols, flavanones, flavones and isoflavones) in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). Chromatographic measurements were made on two different HILIC columns: cross-linked DIOL (Luna HILIC) and zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine (SeQuant ZIC-HILIC). Separation parameters such as the content of acetonitrile and pH of an eluent were studied. On the ZIC column, the retention factors of flavonoids increased with decreasing water content in the mobile phase. The increase in pH of the aqueous component mainly affects the polarity of the analytes. DIOL stationary phase shows more or less apparent dual retention mechanism, HILIC at the acetonitrile (ACN) content ≥75% and reversed phase (RP) with lower content of organic modifier. In the presence of ammonium acetate in the mobile phase, the retention of flavonoids onto the DIOL column increases without change in the selectivity of the separations. The similar effect, but considerably smaller was observed for aglycones on the ZIC column. The retention of studied glycosides (hesperidin, rutin) decreases in the presence of salt in the mobile phase. The significantly higher mass spectrometry sensitivity was observed under HILIC conditions in comparison with the most often used RP LC due to much higher content of ACN in the mobile phase. Finally, under optimal chromatographic conditions, the method was validated and applied for the determination of flavonoids in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Biesaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzynska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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34
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Sykora D, Vozka J, Tesarova E. Chromatographic methods enabling the characterization of stationary phases and retention prediction in high-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:115-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sykora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vozka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tesarova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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35
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Computational analysis and ratiometric comparison approaches aimed to assist column selection in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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36
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Jia W, Chu X, Chang J, Zhang F. High-throughput screening of vitamins and natural antioxidants in nutraceuticals from green tea extracts by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:337-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Zimmermann A, Horak J, Sánchez-Muñoz OL, Lämmerhofer M. Surface charge fine tuning of reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type mixed-mode stationary phases for milder elution conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Daghir-Wojtkowiak E, Wiczling P, Bocian S, Kubik Ł, Kośliński P, Buszewski B, Kaliszan R, Markuszewski MJ. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and dimensionality reduction techniques in quantitative structure retention relationship modeling of retention in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1403:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Dang A. Analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate using aqueous normal-phase chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Andy Dang
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
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40
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Fasoula S, Zisi C, Sampsonidis I, Virgiliou C, Theodoridis G, Gika H, Nikitas P, Pappa-Louisi A. Multivariate analysis of chromatographic retention data as a supplementary means for grouping structurally related compounds. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Shu Y, Lang JC, Breitbach ZS, Qiu H, Smuts JP, Kiyono-Shimobe M, Yasuda M, Armstrong DW. Separation of therapeutic peptides with cyclofructan and glycopeptide based columns in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1390:50-61. [PMID: 25773727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three cyclofructan-based, two glycopeptide-based, and one zwitterionic column used in the HILIC mode were assessed within a graphical framework based on different functional characteristics contributing to selectivity. The characteristics of these six HILIC columns are put in the perspective of 33 columns evaluated previously. The isopropyl carbamate modified cyclofructan 6 (CF6) stationary phase, Larihc P, showed reduced component contributions for hydrophilicity and hydrogen bonding relative to the native cyclofructan 6 column (Frulic N). Both Frulic N and Larihc P exhibited cation exchange attributed primarily to deprotonation of residual unsubstituted silica with the greater exchange ascribed to the reduced loading of CF6 observed for Larihc P. The cyclofructan 6 column with a polymeric styrene divinylbenzene support (MCI GEL™ CRS100) showed distinct selectivities consistent with its decreased cation exchange attributable to its nonionic core. The Chirobiotic T, Chirobiotic V, and ZI-DPPS columns displayed hydrophilicity and ion exchange selectivities similar to other zwitterionic stationary phases. All of the more hydrophilic columns showed excellent separation for the four classes of therapeutic peptides investigated: microbial secondary metabolites used as immune suppressants, synthetic gonadotropin hormones, synthetic cyclic disulfide-linked hormone-regulating hormones, and non-ribosomally derived polycyclic antibiotics. Resolution provided by these columns and ZIC-HILIC is compared for each class of peptide. Frulic N is primarily suitable for use in the HILIC mode whereas Chirobiotic T, because of its increased efficiency and selectivity, can be useful in both HILIC and reverse phase modes. In some Chirobiotic T applications, addition of low levels of a strong additive (trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid, etc.) to the mobile phase can be beneficial. In these peptide analyses, a relative weakening of the often-dominant ionic interaction between analyte and residual charge on the stationary phase improved resolution and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
| | - John C Lang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Haixiao Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jonathan P Smuts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mayumi Kiyono-Shimobe
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8251, Japan
| | - Mari Yasuda
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8251, Japan
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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42
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Guo Y. Recent progress in the fundamental understanding of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the exponential growth in the application of the HILIC technique, there has been a significant progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy
- Fairleigh Dickinson University
- Florham Park
- USA
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43
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Iverson CD, Lucy CA. Aniline-modified porous graphitic carbon for hydrophilic interaction and attenuated reverse phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:17-24. [PMID: 25464992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) are based on silica. Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) is an attractive alternative to silica-based phases due to its chemical and thermal stability, and unique selectivity. However, native PGC is strongly hydrophobic and in some instances excessively retentive. PGC particles with covalently attached aniline groups (Dimethylaniline-PGC and Aniline-PGC) were synthesized to alter the surface polarity of PGC. First, the diazonium salt of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or 4-nitroaniline was adsorbed onto the PGC surface. The adsorbed salt was reduced with sodium borohydride and (Aniline-PGC only) the nitro group was further reduced with iron powder to the aniline. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the surface functionalities and that these moieties were introduced to the surface at concentrations of 0.9 and 2.1molecules/nm(2), respectively. These modified PGC phases (especially Aniline-PGC) were evaluated as HILIC and reversed phases. The Dimethylaniline-PGC phase displayed only weak HILIC retention of phenolic solutes. In contrast, the Aniline-PGC phase displayed up to nearly a 7-fold increase in HILIC retention vs. an aniline-silica phase and selectivity that differed from 10 other HILIC phases. Introduction of aniline groups to the PGC surface reduced the RPLC retentivity of PGC up to more than 5-fold and improved the separation efficiency up to 6-fold. The chromatographic performance of Aniline-PGC is demonstrated by separations of nucleotides, nucleosides, carboxylic acids, basic pharmaceuticals, and other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Charles A Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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44
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Hanot V, Joly L, Bonnechère A, Van Loco J. Rapid Determination of Ethephon in Grapes by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Huang BY, Yang CK, Liu CP, Liu CY. Stationary phases for the enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2091-107. [PMID: 24729282 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of protein glycosylation is important for biomedical and biopharmaceutical research. Recent advances in LC-MS analysis have enabled the identification of glycosylation sites, the characterisation of glycan structures and the identification and quantification of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. However, this type of analysis remains challenging due to the low abundance of glycopeptides in complex protein digests, the microheterogeneity at glycosylation sites, ion suppression effects and the competition for ionisation by co-eluting peptides. Specific sample preparation is necessary for comprehensive and site-specific glycosylation analyses using MS. Therefore, researchers continue to pursue new columns to broaden their applications. The current manuscript covers recent literature published from 2008 to 2013. The stationary phases containing various chemical bonding methods or ligands immobilisation strategies on solid supports that selectively enrich N-linked or sialylated N-glycopeptides are categorised with either physical or chemical modes of binding. These categories include lectin affinity, hydrophilic interactions, boronate affinity, titanium dioxide affinity, hydrazide chemistry and other separation techniques. This review should aid in better understanding the syntheses and physicochemical properties of each type of stationary phases for enriching glycoproteins and glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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46
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Study of hydration process on silica hydride surfaces by microcalorimetry and water adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 416:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Kotoni D, Ciogli A, Villani C, Bell DS, Gasparrini F. Separation of complex sugar mixtures on a hydrolytically stable bidentate urea-type stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction near ultra high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:527-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Kotoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma Italy
| | | | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma Italy
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48
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Dinh NP, Jonsson T, Irgum K. Water uptake on polar stationary phases under conditions for hydrophilic interaction chromatography and its relation to solute retention. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1320:33-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Kalogria E, Pistos C, Panderi I. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the quantification of alprazolam and α-hydroxy-alprazolam in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Melnikov SM, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. How Ternary Mobile Phases Allow Tuning of Analyte Retention in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8850-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Melnikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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