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Klein MDO, Francisco LFV, Gomes INF, Serrano SV, Reis RM, Silveira HCS. Hazard assessment of antineoplastic drugs and metabolites using cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 892:503704. [PMID: 37973299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic drugs are among the most toxic pharmaceuticals. Their release into the aquatic ecosystems has been reported, giving rise to concerns about the adverse effects, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, that they may have on exposed organisms. In this study, we analyzed the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its metabolite alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (3-NH2-F); gemcitabine (GEM) and its metabolite 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorouridine (2-DOH-DiF); as well as cyclophosphamide (CP) on the HepG2 cell line. Drug concentrations were based on those previously observed in the effluent of a major cancer hospital in Brazil. The study found that GEM, 2-DOH-DiF and 5-FU resulted in reduced cell viability. No reduction in cell viability was observed for CP and 3-NH2-F. Genotoxic assessment revealed damage in the form of nucleoplasmic bridges for CP and 3-NH2-F. The tested concentrations of all compounds resulted in significantly increased MNi and NBUDs. The results showed that these compounds induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells at concentrations found in the environment. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on the cytogenotoxic impacts of the metabolites 3-NH2-F and 2-DOH-DiF in HepG2 cells. These findings may help in the development of public policies that could minimize potential environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergio V Serrano
- Barretos School of Health Sciences-FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Henrique C S Silveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil; University of Anhaguera, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Insight into the Sorption of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate onto Soil-pH, Ionic Strength, and Co-Contaminant Influence. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061674. [PMID: 33802784 PMCID: PMC8002423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays anticancer drugs (ADs), like other pharmaceuticals, are recognized as new emerging pollutants, meaning that they are not commonly monitored in the environment; however, they have great potential to enter the environment and cause adverse effects there. The current scientific literature highlights the problem of their presence in the aquatic environment by publishing more and more results on their analytics and ecotoxicological evaluation. In order to properly assess the risk associated with the presence of ADs in the environment, it is also necessary to investigate the processes that are important in understanding the environmental fate of these compounds. However, the state of knowledge on mobility of ADs in the environment is still very limited. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to investigate the sorption potential of two anticancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and methotrexate (MTX), onto different soils. Special attention was paid to the determination of the influence of pH and ionic strength as well as presence of co-contaminants (cadmium (Cd2+) and another pharmaceutical-metoprolol (MET)) on the sorption of 5-FU and MTX onto soil. The obtained distribution coefficient values (Kd) ranged from 2.52 to 6.36 L·kg-1 and from 6.79 to 12.94 L·kg-1 for 5-FU and MTX, respectively. Investigated compounds may be classified as slightly or low mobile in the soil matrix (depending on soil). 5-FU may be recognized as more mobile in comparison to MET. It was proved that presence of other soil contaminants may strongly influence their mobility in soil structures. The investigated co-contaminant (MET) caused around 25-fold increased sorption of 5-FU, whereas diminished sorption of MTX. Moreover, the influence of environmental conditions such as pH and ionic strength on their sorption has been clearly demonstrated.
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Santana-Viera S, Tuček J, Torres-Padrón ME, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Halko R. Cytostatic compounds in sludge and sediment: extraction and determination by a combination of microwave-assisted extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3639-3651. [PMID: 32291518 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytostatic compounds are an important group of micro-pollutants since they are used to kill cells or stop cell division. For this reason, they are also considered mutagenic. Several cytostatic compounds have been detected in hospital effluents, in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants and even in river water. However, their detection in solid matrices is very scarce. In this work, we have developed a new procedure based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of cytostatic compounds from sludge and sediment before determination by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). To develop this procedure, we have chosen a group of eight widely used cytostatic compounds and carried out a systematic experimental design to optimize the extraction conditions. Under these optimal conditions, the studied cytostatic compounds are extracted with good sensitivity, with recoveries ranging from 65 to 122% in sludge and recoveries varying between 49 and 109% in sediment, with the exception of etoposide, which has a lower recovery from these types of samples. The limits of detection were from 0.42 to 79.8 ng g-1 in sludge and from 0.10 to 87.5 ng g-1 in sediment. Intraday and interday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 15% and 18%, respectively, in both matrices at the tested concentrations. The total procedure was applied to samples of sludge taken from the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the island of Gran Canaria (Spain) and for sediment samples obtained close to the marine outfalls of different wastewater treatment plants for the same island. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santana-Viera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jozef Tuček
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - María Esther Torres-Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Radoslav Halko
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Mixed-mode ion-exchange polymeric sorbents in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Santana-Viera S, Marzullo L, Torres Padrón ME, Del Bubba M, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Microwave assisted extraction for the determination of antineoplastic compounds in marine fish. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Martín-Pozo L, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Rodríguez-Gómez R, García-Córcoles MT, Çipa M, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge samples. A review. Talanta 2019; 192:508-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Overview of experimental and computational methods for the determination of the pKa values of 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, imatinib and methotrexate. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Gevrenova R, Zaharieva MM, Najdenski H, Ruseva S, Lozanov V, Balabanova V, Yagi S, Momekov G, Mitev V. HPLC-UV and LC-MS Analyses of Acylquinic Acids in Geigeria alata (DC) Oliv. & Hiern. and their Contribution to Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capacity. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:176-184. [PMID: 27910164 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Geigeria alata is a traditional plant used in Sudanese folk medicine for treatment of diabetes, cough, epilepsy and intestinal complaints. OBJECTIVE To analyze phenolic acids in Geigeria alata roots and leaves and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. METHODOLOGY Phenolic acids in the aqueous-methanol extracts were identified by LC-MS. Major compounds were isolated using low-pressure liquid chromatography. The quantitative analysis of phenolic acids was performed by a validated HPLC-UV method with limits of detection ranging from 0.04 to 0.57 μg/mL. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazine-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used for antioxidant activity evaluation. In addition, the minimal inhibitory concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi were determined by the broth microdilution test. RESULTS For the first time protocatechuic, caffeic, p-coumaroylquinic, caffeoylsinapoylquinic, caffeoylferuloylquinic, three feruloylquinic, six caffeoylquinic acids, and a caffeic acid hexoside were detected in Geigeria alata roots by LC-MS. HPLC-UV analyses showed that 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (25.96 ± 2.08 mg/g dry weight (DW)) was the most abundant phenolic acid in roots, while 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (8.99 ± 0.56 mg/g DW) was the main compound present in leaves. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid demonstrated stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power compared with the crude extracts and the positive control 5-caffeoylquinic acid. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid revealed the highest antibacterial potential against the penicillin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. CONCLUSION The caffeoylquinic acids content of up to 6.22% in Geigeria alata roots establishes this species as a new source rich in these bioactive molecules. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Reneta Gevrenova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya M Zaharieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silviya Ruseva
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave str., Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Valentin Lozanov
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave str., Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Vessela Balabanova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Dunav str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sakina Yagi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Georgi Momekov
- Department of Pharmacology, pharmacotherapy and toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave str., Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
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Seira J, Sablayrolles C, Montréjaud-Vignoles M, Albasi C, Joannis-Cassan C. Elimination of an anticancer drug (cyclophosphamide) by a membrane bioreactor: Comprehensive study of mechanisms. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Dimpe KM, Nomngongo PN. Current sample preparation methodologies for analysis of emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kümmerer K, Haiß A, Schuster A, Hein A, Ebert I. Antineoplastic compounds in the environment-substances of special concern. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14791-14804. [PMID: 25475615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic drugs are important in the treatment of cancer. Some interact directly with the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are of utmost importance in terms of risk. As highly active compounds, antineoplastics and their metabolites are largely excreted into wastewater and are found in the aquatic environment up to the lower μg/L range. Their predicted environmental concentrations are often below the action limit set in the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. An in-depth risk assessment regarding their presence and effects in the aquatic environment is often not performed, and there is a lack of knowledge. This study considered whether there is an underestimation of possible risks associated with the presence of antineoplastic drugs with regard to trigger value stated in the EMA and FDA guidelines. In a balance, we identified a total of 102 active pharmaceutical ingredients of the ATC-group L01 (antineoplastic agents), which are environmentally relevant. In Germany, 20.7 t of antineoplastic agents was consumed in 2012. The share of drugs with DNA-damaging properties increased within the last 6 years from 24 up to 67 %. Solely, capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil amount together 8 t-which corresponds to 39 % of the total antineoplastic consumption. Around 80 % of the total mass consumed could be attributed to prescriptions issued by office-based practitioners and is mostly excreted at home. Based on the different mode of actions, a case-by-case evaluation of the risk connected to their presence in the environment is recommended. DNA-damaging drugs should be assessed independently as no action limit can be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Haiß
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Armin Schuster
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hein
- Federal Environment Agency, Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleansing Agents, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau, Germany
| | - Ina Ebert
- Federal Environment Agency, Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleansing Agents, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau, Germany
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Cytostatic drugs in environmental samples: An update on the extraction and determination procedures. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Lazarova I, Zengin G, Bender O, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Uysal S, Ceylan R, Gevrenova R, Aktumsek A, Acar M, Gunduz M. A comparative study of Bulgarian and Turkish Asphodeline lutea root extracts: HPLC–UV profiles, enzyme inhibitory potentials and anti-proliferative activities against MCF-7 and MCF-10A cell lines. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Negreira N, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Degradation of the cytostatic etoposide in chlorinated water by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry: identification and quantification of by-products in real water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:36-45. [PMID: 25460937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Once discharged into the sewage system, many pharmaceuticals may undergo degradation reactions in the presence of chemical disinfectants, generating by-products that may possess enhanced toxicity relative to the parent compounds. For this reason, the stability of the widely used cytostatic etoposide in chlorinated water has been investigated for the first time in the present work. Taking advantage of the high-resolution/accurate-mass capabilities of the hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer Q Exactive, two new oxidation by-products of etoposide were reliably identified. The time course of etoposide and its by-products was followed at different pH values, free chlorine concentrations and water matrices. Finally, the occurrence of etoposide and its major identified by-product (3'-O-desmethyl etoposide) was investigated in real water samples by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a 4000QTRAP hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The etoposide by-product was found in various river and wastewater samples at levels between 14 and 33 ng L(-1), whereas etoposide was not detected in any sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Zhao X, Jiang C. Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented liquids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Food Chem 2015; 177:66-71. [PMID: 25660859 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in fermented liquids (red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines) was carried by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The parameters usually examined in the method validation were firstly evaluated. Good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of EC in sample were 1.8 and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 107.19% and 110.98%. The precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of the method was <5%. Furthermore, red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines for sale were detected using this method. The results showed that the red wines and Chinese liquors had the normal EC level that was within the limits of the Canadian legislation. The proposed method was simple in sample preparation without using organic solvents in pre-treatment and could be used for the determination of the content of EC in fermented liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Zhao
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Changxing Jiang
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Cytostatic drugs and metabolites in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Spain: filtration, occurrence, and environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:68-77. [PMID: 25124055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about cytostatic anticancer drugs in the environment are increasing, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the fate and impact of these cytotoxic compounds in the water cycle. In this context, the present work investigated the occurrence of 13 cytostatics and 4 metabolites in wastewater samples from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from a large hospital from Spain. The target compounds belong to five different classes according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC), namely, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids and other natural products, cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances, and other antineoplastic agents. Some of them have been classified as carcinogens in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). These compounds were determined by an automated on line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Results showed the presence of methotrexate (MET), ifosfamide (IF), cyclophosphamide (CP), irinotecan (IRI), doxorubicin (DOX), capecitabine (CAP), tamoxifen (TAM) and the metabolites endoxifen (OH-D-TAM), hydroxytamoxifen (OH-TAM) and hydroxypaclitaxel (OH-PAC) at levels ranging from 2 ng L(-1) (for MET) to 180 ng L(-1) (for TAM). Some of these compounds were found to be efficiently removed after wastewater treatment, e.g. MET, DOX and IRI, whereas other compounds, such as TAM, CP and IF remained largely unaltered. The behaviour of the target compounds during the common filtration step of the water samples was also investigated with the finding that some compounds are strongly adsorbed to nylon filters, while cellulose acetate appears as the best choice for the filter material. The aquatic environmental risk associated to the detected compounds was also assessed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the metabolites OH-D-TAM and OH-TAM in the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Determination of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and biochar from hydrothermal carbonization using different quantification approaches and matrix effect studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:821-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2813-48. [PMID: 24502364 DOI: 10.1021/ac500508t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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