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Yang X, He L, Xu Z. Pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for the stacking of biogenic amines gives enhancement factor up to 1000 in CE with UV detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1782-1787. [PMID: 35475508 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI) was applied for stacking of positively charged biogenic amines (BAs) to improve the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is well known that the essential step for PAEKI is finding a stationary state of the running buffer such that the movement of the running buffer due to electroosmotic flow (EOF) is counterbalanced by external pressure in the opposite direction of the EOF under a given electric field. In order to find the balance point systematically and integrally, we studied the velocity of the whole BGE in the capillary by the impetus of opposite direction pressure (-0.1 to -0.6 psi), and the velocity of EOF with different voltages. According to the two sets of linear data, the EOF of CE coupled with PAEKI could be counterbalanced at the opposite direction pressure (-0.1 psi) and voltage (7.8 kV). In this study, the injection time was extended up to 0.35 min for all BAs and 0.70 min for the direct ultraviolet (UV) detection of BAs. Compared with hydrodynamic injection (HDI), the enrichment factors for sample injection times of 0.35 min and 0.70 min were 480-fold and 970-fold, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) of indirect and direct UV detection were respectively 8.7-24.3 nmol L-1 and 0.4-4.5 nmol L-1, which reaches the sensitivity of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (HPLC-MS). With appropriate sample dilution, PAEKI can be used in the analysis of BAs in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lili He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Bile Salts in Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography: 2000-2020. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185531. [PMID: 34577002 PMCID: PMC8468585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts are naturally occurring chiral surfactants that are able to solubilize hydrophobic compounds. Because of this ability, bile salts were exploited as chiral selectors added to the background solution (BGS) in the chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) of various small molecules. In this review, we aimed to examine the developments in research on chiral MEKC using bile salts as chiral selectors over the past 20 years. The review begins with a discussion of the aggregation of bile salts in chiral recognition and separation, followed by the use of single bile salts and bile salts with other chiral selectors (i.e., cyclodextrins, proteins and single-stranded DNA aptamers). Advanced techniques such as partial-filling MEKC, stacking and single-drop microextraction were considered. Potential applications to real samples, including enantiomeric impurity analysis, were also discussed.
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Xu Z, Xue T, He T. Investigation on the chiral recognition mechanism between verteporfin and cholate salts by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2905-2913. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Tianfeng Xue
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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4
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Yang S, Ma S, Zhu K, Wang M, Li J, Arabi M, Liu H, Li Y, Chen L. Simultaneous enrichment/determination of six sulfonamides in animal husbandry products and environmental waters by pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gao F, Chen X, Li X, Li J, Liu H, Chen L. Field-amplified sample injection combined with capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous determination of five chlorophenols in water samples. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1771-1778. [PMID: 31090073 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method of CZE-ultraviolet (UV) detection based on the on-line preconcentration strategy of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) was developed for the simultaneous determination of five kinds of chlorophenols (CPs) namely 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in water samples. Several parameters affecting CZE and FASI conditions were systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, sensitivity enhancement factors for 4-CP, 2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, and 2,6-DCP were 9, 27, 35, 43, and 43 folds, respectively, compared with the direct CZE, and the baseline separation was achieved within 5 min. Then, the developed FASI-CZE-UV method was applied to tap and lake water samples for the five CPs determination. The LODs (S/N = 3) were 0.0018-0.019 µg/mL and 0.0089-0.029 µg/mL in tap water and lake water, respectively. The values of LOQs in tap water (0.006-0.0074 µg/mL) were much lower than the maximum permissible concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, and 2-CP in drinking water stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO) namely 0.3, 0.04, and 0.01 µg/mL, respectively, and thereby the method was suitable to detect the CPs according to WHO guidelines. Furthermore, the method attained high recoveries in the range of 83.0-119.0% at three spiking levels of five CPs in the two types of water samples, with relative standard deviations of 0.37-8.58%. The developed method was proved to be a simple, sensitive, highly automated, and efficient alternative to CPs determination in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Hebei Research Centre of Analysis and Testing, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
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He T, Xu Z, Ren J. Pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection stacking for seven typical antibiotics in waters to achieve μg/L level analysis by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Ma S, Gao F, Lu W, Zhou N, You H, Li J, Chen L. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for simultaneous enrichment of seven phenolic compounds in water samples followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2263-2271. [PMID: 30997953 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Offline dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with online pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection was developed to simultaneously enrich seven phenolic compounds in water samples, followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis, namely phenol, 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol. Several parameters affecting separation performance of capillary electrophoresis and the enrichment efficiency of pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction were systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, seven phenolic compounds were completely separated within 14 min and good enrichment factors were obtained of 61, 236, 3705, 3288, 920, 86, and 1807 for phenol, 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol, respectively. Good linearity was attained in the range of 0.1-200 μg/L for 2,4-dichlorophenol, 0.5-200 μg/L for 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol, as well as 1-200 μg/L for phenol, with correlation coefficients (r) over 0.9905. The limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.03-0.28 and 0.07-0.94 μg/L were attained. This two step enrichment method was potentially applicable for the rapid and simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Ma
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan You
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
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8
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Gao F, Lu W, Liu H, Li J, Chen L. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of five chlorophenols in water samples followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2431-2438. [PMID: 30004131 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with CE was developed for simultaneous determination of five types of chlorophenols (CPs), namely 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in water samples. Several parameters affecting DLLME and CE conditions were systematically investigated. Under the optimized DLLME-CE conditions, the five CPs were separated completely within 7.5 min and good enrichment factors were obtained of 40, 193, 102, 15, and 107 for 4-CP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, 2-CP, and 2,6-DCP, respectively. Good linearity was attained in the range of 1-200 μg/L for 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, 2-300 μg/L for 4-CP and 2-CP, and 1-300 μg/L for 2,6-DCP, with correlation coefficients (r) over 0.99. The LOD (S/N = 3) and the LOQ (S/N = 10) were 0.31-0.75 μg/L and 1.01-2.43 μg/L, respectively. Recoveries ranging from 60.85 to 112.36% were obtained with tap, lake, and river water spiked at three concentration levels and the RSDs (for n = 3) were 1.31-11.38%. With the characteristics of simplicity, cost-saving, and environmental friendliness, the developed DLLME-CE method proved to be potentially applicable for the rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous determination of trace CPs in complicated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
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9
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Koenka IJ, Hauser PC. Background conductivity independent counter flow preconcentration method for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2721-2724. [PMID: 28387958 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A preconcentration method for anions is presented, which relies on a trap created by applying an electric field against a hydrodynamic flow of the sample. The trapping zone is created in front of a cation exchange membrane that allows the isolation of the electrode and thus prevents any interference by electrolysis products. Preconcentration factors of up to 20 were demonstrated for nitrate and formate as model analyte ions and were linearly related to the sample volume passed through the trap. A discrimination between the ions was found possible by adjustment of the hydrodynamic flow velocity. The method was also found to be suitable for the preconcentration of an anion (nitrate at 100 μM) in presence of a second anion at a very high concentration (50 mM formate). The detection limits for the four anions chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and formate could be lowered from 4, 4.3, 4.2, and 7.2 μM obtained without trapping respectively to 127, 142, 139, and 451 nM with trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Clement S, Sobhan M, Deng W, Camilleri E, Goldys EM. Nanoparticle-mediated singlet oxygen generation from photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Breadmore MC, Wuethrich A, Li F, Phung SC, Kalsoom U, Cabot JM, Tehranirokh M, Shallan AI, Abdul Keyon AS, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2014–2016). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:33-59. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2014-2016). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:20-32. [PMID: 27456212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The term "sample stacking" comprises a relatively broad spectrum of techniques that already form an almost inherent part of the methodology of CZE. Their principles are different but the effect is the same: concentration of a diluted analyte into a narrow zone and considerable increase of the method sensitivity. This review brings a survey of papers on electrophoretic sample stacking published approximately since the second quarter of 2014 till the first quarter of 2016. It is organized according to the principles of the stacking methods and includes chapters aimed at the concentration adjustment principle (Kohlrausch stacking), techniques based on pH changes, micellar methods, and other stacking techniques. Not reviewed are papers on transient ITP that are covered by another review in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Headspace in-tube microextraction coupled with micellar electrokinetic chromatography of neutral aromatic compounds. Talanta 2016; 148:729-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sánchez-López E, Marina ML, Crego AL. Improving the sensitivity in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:19-34. [PMID: 26434566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CE is known for being one of the most powerful analytical techniques when performing enantioseparations due to its numerous advantages such as excellent separation efficiency and extremely low solvents and reagents consumption, all of them derived from the capillary small dimensions. Moreover, it is worth highlighting that unlike in chromatographic techniques, in CE the chiral selector is generally within the separation medium instead of being attached to the separation column which makes the method optimization a more versatile task. Despite its numerous advantages, when using UV-Vis detection, CE lacks of sensitivity detection due to its short optical path length derived from the narrow separation capillary. This issue can be overcome by means of different approaches, either by sample treatment procedures or by in-capillary preconcentration techniques or even by employing detection systems more sensitive than UV-Vis, such as LIF or MS. The present review assembles the latest contributions regarding improvements of sensitivity in chiral CE published from June 2013 until May 2015, which follows the works included in a previous review reported by Sánchez-Hernández et al. [Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 12-27].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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