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Santos HI, Pinheiro KMP, Richter EM, Coltro WKT. Determination of scopolamine and butylscopolamine in beverages, urine and Buscopan® tablets samples using electrophoresis microchip with integrated contactless conductivity detection. Talanta 2024; 266:124960. [PMID: 37487267 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of cases in which scopolamine (SCO) was used for both recreational and predatory purposes has increased dramatically in recent decades. Linked to this, there is a concern about obtaining SCO through thermal degradation of butylscopolamine (BSCO) - an active ingredient of Buscopan® - a drug sold without a medical prescription. In this study, mixtures containing SCO and BSCO were separated and detected on a microchip electrophoresis (ME) device with integrated capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) using a running buffer composed of 40 mmol L-1 of butyric acid and 25 mmol L-1 of sodium hydroxide (pH 5.0). The separation was performed within ca. 115 s with a resolution of 1.3 and separation efficiency ranging from 1.4 × 105 to 1.5 × 105 theoretical plates m-1. A detection limit of 1.1 μmol L-1 was achieved for both species and the developed method revealed satisfactory repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) values for forty-eight injections between 4.8 and 9.4% for peak areas and lower than 3.3% for migration times. Furthermore, inter-day precision was evaluated for sixteen injections (a sequence of four injections performed over four days), and RSD values were less than 6.6% for peak areas and 2.2% for migration times. Satisfactory recovery values (95-114%) were obtained for all evaluated beverage samples (cachaça, vodka, whiskey, beer, Coca-Cola, and grape juice) as well as for artificial urine samples (95-107%). Finally, the conversion of BSCO into SCO was observed after simple heating procedure of Buscopan® sample (not subject to medical prescription), which was successfully confirmed through analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to the mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Based on the reported results, the use of ME-C4D devices has demonstrated a huge potential for applications in the forensic chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen I Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kemilly M P Pinheiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shi J, Meng H, Chen X, Lan Q, Zhu B. Application of microfluidic technologies in forensic analysis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1725-1743. [PMID: 37857551 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine has steadily expanded over the last two decades due to the favorable features of low cost, rapidity, high throughput, user-friendliness, contamination-free, and minimum sample and reagent consumption. In this context, bibliometric methods were adopted to visualize the literature information contained in the Science Citation Index Expanded from 1989 to 2022, focusing on the co-occurrence analysis of forensic and microfluidic topics. A deep interpretation of the literature was conducted based on co-occurrence results, in which microfluidic technologies and their applications in forensic medicine, particularly forensic genetics, were elaborated. The purpose of this review is to provide an impartial evaluation of the utilization of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine. Additionally, the challenges and future trends of implementing microfluidic technology in forensic genetics are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaoshun Liu
- Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Chen J, Zhang J, Xie Q, Chu Z, Zhang F, Wang Q. Ultrasensitive detection of exosomes by microchip electrophoresis combining with triple amplification strategies. Talanta 2023; 265:124930. [PMID: 37451122 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of exosomes is significant as they can be used for various pathophysiological processes, especially cancer related intercellular communication. Therefore, a convenient, reliable, and sensitive detection method is urgently needed. Strand displacement amplification (SDA) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) are two kinds of effective isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods. In this article, an efficient quantitative MCE method for detecting human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) exosomes assisted by triple amplification strategies combining cholesterol probe (Chol-probe) with SDA-CHA was first developed. CD63 aptamer was immobilized on the avidin magnetic beads to specifically capture exosomes and then Chol-probe with high affinity was spontaneously inserted into the exosome membrane, which was the first step of amplification strategy to improve detection sensitivity. After magnetic separation, Chol-probe could complement ssDNA and trigger SDA, producing a large number of DNA sequences (Ta) to trigger CHA, achieving SDA-CHA amplification. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit (LOD) for MCF-7 exosomes was as low as 26 particle/μL (S/N = 3). This method provides an effective approach for sensitive and accurate quantification of tumor exosomes, and can be expected to detect exosomes in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qihui Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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5
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Recent capillary electrophoresis applications for upstream and downstream biopharmaceutical process monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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6
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Qian J, Li H, Wang Y, Li Y, Yu J, Zhou L, Pu Q. Zwitterionic surfactant as an additive for efficient electrophoretic separation of easily absorbed rhodamine dyes on plastic microchips. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463716. [PMID: 36565653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastic microchips possess the advantages of easy fabrication and low-cost, but their surface properties are frequently incompatible with electrophoretic separation without proper surface modification. Meanwhile, the separation microchannels on typical microchips are usually only a few centimeters long, the pressurized flow may significantly affect the electrophoretic separation if their inner diameters (id) are relatively larger (approximately > 50 μm), viscous separation medium is therefore required for efficient separation. Herein, a zwitterionic surfactant, N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propane sulfonate (HDAPS), was used as a multifunctional additive to inhibit the analyte adsorption, improve the surface status, control Joule heating and modulate the resolution on cyclic olefin copolymer microchips with 80 μm id, 5 cm long separation microchannels, eliminating the necessity of viscous polymeric additives. The effectiveness of HDAPS was compared with an ionic polymeric additive, poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride). The streaming potential and electroosmotic flow measurements indicated an effective inhibition of the adsorption of rhodamine B and a stable negative surface charge with zwitterionic HDAPS. Using 15 mmol/L HDAPS, 40% (v/v) methanol, and 10 mmol/L boric acid (pH 3.2) as the running buffer, rapid separation of four rhodamines was achieved within 90 s under a separation electric field of 520 V/cm. The theoretical plate numbers were in a range of 5.0×105-6.9×105/m. The relative standard deviations were no more than 0.9% for retention time and 1.5% for peak area. The proposed system was verified by the determination of rhodamines in eyeshadow and wolfberry, with standard recoveries in a range of 98.2%-101.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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7
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Naghdi E, Moran GE, Reinau ME, De Malsche W, Neusüß C. Concepts and recent advances in microchip electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: Technologies and applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:246-267. [PMID: 35977423 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The online coupling of microchip electrophoresis (ME) as a fast, highly efficient, and low-cost miniaturized separation technique to mass spectrometry (MS) as an information-rich and sensitive characterization technique results in ME-MS an attractive tool for various applications. In this paper, we review the basic concepts and latest advances in technology for ME coupled to MS during the period of 2016-2021, covering microchip materials, structures, fabrication techniques, and interfacing to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS. Two critical issues in coupling ME and ESI-MS include the electrical connection used to define the electrophoretic field strength along the separation channel and the generation of the electrospray for MS detection, as well as, a miniaturized ESI-tip. The recent commercialization of ME-MS in zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing modes has led to the widespread application of these techniques in academia and industry. Here we summarize recent applications of ME-MS for the separation and detection of antibodies, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, metabolites, and so on. Throughout the paper these applications are discussed in the context of benefits and limitations of ME-MS in comparison to alternative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naghdi
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Griffin E Moran
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Lucas SB, Duarte LM, Rezende KCA, Coltro WKT. Nitrite Determination in Environmental Water Samples Using Microchip Electrophoresis Coupled with Amperometric Detection. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1736. [PMID: 36296090 PMCID: PMC9610075 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is considered an important target analyte for environmental monitoring. In water resources, nitrite is the result of the nitrogen cycle and the leaching processes of pesticides based on nitrogenous compounds. A high concentration of nitrite can be associated with intoxication processes and metabolic disorders in humans. The present study describes the development of a portable analytical methodology based on microchip electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection for the determination of nitrite in environmental water samples. Electrophoretic and detection conditions were optimized, and the best separations were achieved within 60 s by employing a mixture of 30 mmol L-1 lactic acid and 15 mmol L-1 histidine (pH = 3.8) as a running buffer applying 0.7 V to the working electrode (versus Pt) for amperometric measurements. The developed methodology revealed a satisfactory linear behavior in the concentration range between 20 and 80 μmolL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a limit of detection of 1.3 μmolL-1. The nitrite concentration was determined in five water samples and the achieved values ranged from (28.7 ± 1.6) to (67.1 ± 0.5) µmol L-1. The data showed that using the proposed methodology revealed satisfactory recovery values (83.5-103.8%) and is in good agreement with the reference technique. Due to its low sample consumption, portability potential, high analytical frequency, and instrumental simplicity, the developed methodology may be considered a promising strategy to monitor and quantitatively determine nitrite in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas 13083-861, SP, Brazil
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9
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Sateesh J, Guha K, Dutta A, Sengupta P, Yalamanchili D, Donepudi NS, Surya Manoj M, Sohail SS. A comprehensive review on advancements in tissue engineering and microfluidics toward kidney-on-chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:041501. [PMID: 35992641 PMCID: PMC9385224 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a detailed literature survey on microfluidics and its road map toward kidney-on-chip technology. The whole review has been tailored with a clear description of crucial milestones in regenerative medicine, such as bioengineering, tissue engineering, microfluidics, microfluidic applications in biomedical engineering, capabilities of microfluidics in biomimetics, organ-on-chip, kidney-on-chip for disease modeling, drug toxicity, and implantable devices. This paper also presents future scope for research in the bio-microfluidics domain and biomimetics domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Guha
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National MEMS Design Centre, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam 788010, India
| | - Arindam Dutta
- Urologist, RG Stone Urology and Laparoscopic Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Nanda Sai Donepudi
- Medical Interns, Government Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India
| | - M. Surya Manoj
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National MEMS Design Centre, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam 788010, India
| | - Sk. Shahrukh Sohail
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National MEMS Design Centre, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam 788010, India
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10
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Panneerselvam R, Sadat H, Höhn EM, Das A, Noothalapati H, Belder D. Microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a win-win combination? LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:665-682. [PMID: 35107464 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development in nanoscience and nanotechnology, analytical techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) render structural and chemical information of a variety of analyte molecules in ultra-low concentration. Although this technique is making significant progress in various fields, the reproducibility of SERS measurements and sensitivity towards small molecules are still daunting challenges. In this regard, microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (MF-SERS) is well on its way to join the toolbox of analytical chemists. This review article explains how MF-SERS is becoming a powerful tool in analytical chemistry. We critically present the developments in SERS substrates for microfluidic devices and how these substrates in microfluidic channels can improve the SERS sensitivity, reproducibility, and detection limit. We then introduce the building materials for microfluidic platforms and their types such as droplet, centrifugal, and digital microfluidics. Finally, we enumerate some challenges and future directions in microfluidic SERS. Overall, this article showcases the potential and versatility of microfluidic SERS in overcoming the inherent issues in the SERS technique and also discusses the advantage of adding SERS to the arsenal of microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
| | - Hasan Sadat
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Höhn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anish Das
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hemanth Noothalapati
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Badiye A, Kapoor N, Shukla RK. Detection and separation of proteins using micro/nanofluidics devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:59-84. [PMID: 35033290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is the technology or system wherein the behavior of fluids' is studied onto a miniaturized device composed of chambers and tunnels. In biological and biomedical sciences, microfluidic technology/system or device serves as an ultra-high-output approach capable of detecting and separating the biomolecules present even in trace quantities. Given the essential role of protein, the identification and quantification of proteins help understand the various living systems' biological function regulation. Microfluidics has enormous potential to enable biological investigation at the cellular and molecular level and maybe a fair substitution of the sophisticated instruments/equipment used for proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics analysis. The current advancement in microfluidic systems' development is achieving momentum and opening new avenues in developing innovative and hybrid methodologies/technologies. This chapter attempts to expound the micro/nanofluidic systems/devices for their wide-ranging application to detect and separate protein. It covers microfluidic chip electrophoresis, microchip gel electrophoresis, and nanofluidic systems as protein separation systems, while methods such as spectrophotometric, mass spectrometry, electrochemical detection, magneto-resistive sensors and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are discussed as proteins' detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritesh K Shukla
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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12
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Alatawi H, Hogan A, Alabalawi I, O'Sullivan-Carroll E, Wang Y, Moore E. Fast determination of paracetamol and its hydrolytic degradation product p-aminophenol by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:857-864. [PMID: 34936709 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol (PAC) is one of the most extensively used analgesics and antipyretic drugs to treat mild and moderate pain. P-aminophenol (PAP), the main hydrolytic degradation product of PAC, can be found in environmental water. Recently, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been developed for the detection of a wide variety of chemical substances. The purpose of this study is to develop a simple and fast method for the detection and separation of PAC and its main hydrolysis product PAP, using CE and microchip electrophoresis (ME) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D). The determination of these compounds using ME with C4 D is being reported for the first time. The separation was run for all analytes using a background electrolyte (BGE) (20 Mm β-alanine, pH 11) containing 14% (v/v) methanol. The RSDs obtained for migration time were less than 0.05%, and RSDs obtained for peak area were less than 3%. The detection limits (S/N = 3) that were achieved ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 mg/L without sample preconcentration. The presented method showed rapid analysis time (less than 1 min), high efficiency and precision, low cost, and a significant decrease in the consumption of reagents. The microchip system has proved to be an excellent analytical technique for fast and reliable environmental applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alatawi
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Hogan
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Eric Moore
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Yamamoto S, Yano S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. In Situ Pinpoint Photopolymerization of Phos-Tag Polyacrylamide Gel in Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Glass Microchip for Specific Entrapment, Derivatization, and Separation of Phosphorylated Compounds. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040268. [PMID: 34940328 PMCID: PMC8701177 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved method for the online preconcentration, derivatization, and separation of phosphorylated compounds was developed based on the affinity of a Phos-tag acrylamide gel formed at the intersection of a polydimethylsiloxane/glass multichannel microfluidic chip toward these compounds. The acrylamide solution comprised Phos-tag acrylamide, acrylamide, and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide, while 2,2′-azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide] was used as a photocatalytic initiator. The Phos-tag acrylamide gel was formed around the channel crossing point via irradiation with a 365 nm LED laser. The phosphorylated peptides were specifically concentrated in the Phos-tag acrylamide gel by applying a voltage across the gel plug. After entrapment of the phosphorylated compounds in the Phos-tag acrylamide gel, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (DTAF) was introduced to the gel for online derivatization of the concentrated phosphorylated compounds. The online derivatized DTAF-labeled phosphorylated compounds were eluted by delivering a complex of phosphate ions and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as the separation buffer. This method enabled sensitive analysis of the phosphorylated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shoko Yano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Ha NS, de Raad M, Han LZ, Golini A, Petzold CJ, Northen TR. Faster, better, and cheaper: harnessing microfluidics and mass spectrometry for biotechnology. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1331-1351. [PMID: 34704041 PMCID: PMC8496484 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening technologies are widely used for elucidating biological activities. These typically require trade-offs in assay specificity and sensitivity to achieve higher throughput. Microfluidic approaches enable rapid manipulation of small volumes and have found a wide range of applications in biotechnology providing improved control of reaction conditions, faster assays, and reduced reagent consumption. The integration of mass spectrometry with microfluidics has the potential to create high-throughput, sensitivity, and specificity assays. This review introduces the widely-used mass spectrometry ionization techniques that have been successfully integrated with microfluidics approaches such as continuous-flow system, microchip electrophoresis, droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics, centrifugal microfluidics, and paper microfluidics. In addition, we discuss recent applications of microfluidics integrated with mass spectrometry in single-cell analysis, compound screening, and the study of microorganisms. Lastly, we provide future outlooks towards online coupling, improving the sensitivity and integration of multi-omics into a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
| | - La Zhen Han
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Amber Golini
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
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15
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Chip-based separation of organic and inorganic anions and multivariate analysis of wines according to grape varieties. Talanta 2021; 231:122381. [PMID: 33965044 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the use of electrophoresis microchips integrated with contactless conductivity detection for the determination of organic acids and inorganic anions in wine samples and the subsequent classification based on the grape varieties. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 30 mmol L-1 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 15 mmol L-1l-histidine and 0.05 mmol L-1 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (pH 5.8), allowing the determination of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, tartrate, maleate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, pyroglutamate and phosphate within ca. 100 s. The relative standard deviations obtained for the migration times were lower than 2%, while the obtained values for peak areas ranged from 2.5 to 8.4%. The limits of detection achieved for all compounds ranged between 3.0 and 12.6 μmol L-1. A total of 18 wines from Brazil and Chile were successfully investigated, including red, white and rosé, and the anionic species were quantified with recovery values between 92 and 117%. A statistical difference has not been observed between the data obtained by using electrophoresis microchips integrated with contactless conductivity detection (ME-C4D) and capillary electrophoresis with ultra-violet detection (CE-UV) and thus the results from newly developed method is validated. Finally, similarities among the anionic profile of wines were investigated by using a multivariate approach, and it was possible to discriminate samples mainly by grapes varieties. Furthermore, the proposed methodology has provided instrumental simplicity and good analytical performance, demonstrating to be useful for routine quality control of wines.
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16
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Kochmann S, Ivanov NA, Lucas KS, Krylov SN. Topino: A Graphical Tool for Quantitative Assessment of Molecular Stream Separations. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9980-9985. [PMID: 34255479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In molecular-stream separation (MSS), a stream of a multicomponent mixture is separated into multiple streams of individual components. Quantitative evaluation of MSS data has been a bottleneck in MSS for decades as there was no conventional way to present the data in a reproducible and uniform fashion. The roots of the problem were in the multidimensional nature of MSS data; even in the ideal case of steady-state separation, the data is three-dimensional: intensity and two spatial coordinates. We recently found a way to reduce the dimensionality via presenting the MSS data in a polar coordinate system and convoluting the data via integration of intensity along the radius axis. The result of this convolution is an angulagram, a simple 2D plot presenting integrated intensity vs angle. Not only does an angulagram simplify the visual assessment, but it also allows the determination of three quantitative parameters characterizing the quality of MSS: stream width, stream linearity, and stream deflection. Reliably converting an MSS image into an angulagram and accurately determining the stream parameters requires an advanced and user-friendly software tool. In this technical note, we introduce such a tool: the open-source software Topino available at https://github.com/Schallaven/topino. Topino is a stand-alone program with a modern graphical user interface that allows processing an MSS image in a fast (<2 min) and straightforward way. The robustness and ruggedness of Topino were confirmed by comparing the results obtained by three users. Topino removes the analytical bottleneck in MSS and will be an indispensable tool for MSS users with varying levels of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Kevin S Lucas
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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17
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Non-aqueous electrophoresis integrated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a thiol-ene polymer-based microchip device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4195-4205. [PMID: 33954829 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) on microfluidic chips is still a comparatively little explored area, despite the inherent advantages of this technique and its application potential for, in particular, lipophilic compounds. A main reason is probably the fact that implementation of NACE on microchips largely precluded the use of polymeric substrate materials. Here, we report non-aqueous electrophoresis on a thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip coupled to mass spectrometry via an on-chip ESI interface. Microchips with an integrated ESI emitter were fabricated using a double-molding approach. The durability of thiol-ene, when exposed to different organic solvents, was investigated with respect to swelling and decomposition of the polymer. Thiol-ene exhibited good stability against organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, and formamide, which allows for a wide range of background electrolyte compositions. The integrated ESI emitter provided a stable spray with RSD% of the ESI signal ≤8%. Separation efficiency of the developed microchip electrophoresis system in different non-aqueous buffer solutions was tested with a mixture of several drugs of abuse. Ethanol- and methanol-based buffers provided comparable high theoretical plate numbers (≈ 6.6 × 104-1.6 × 105 m-1) with ethanol exhibiting the best separation efficiency. Direct coupling of non-aqueous electrophoresis to mass spectrometry allowed for fast analysis of hydrophobic compounds in the range of 0.1-5 μg mL-1 and 0.2-10 μg mL-1 and very good sensitivities (LOD ≈ 0.06-0.28 μg mL-1; LOQ ≈ 0.20-0.90 μg mL-1). The novel combination of non-aqueous CE on a microfluidic thiol-ene device and ESI-MS provides a mass-producible and highly versatile system for the analysis of, in particular, lipophilic compounds in a wide range of organic solvents. This offers promising potential for future applications in forensic, clinical, and environmental analysis. Graphical abstract.
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18
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KITAGAWA F, NIIMIYA Y, NUKATSUKA I. LVSEP Analysis of Cationic Analytes in Cationic Polymer-Coating Microchannel Prepared by Vacuum-Drying Method. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuka NIIMIYA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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19
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Li D, Liu L, Huang Q, Tong T, Zhou Y, Li Z, Bai Q, Liang H, Chen L. Recent advances on aptamer-based biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:45. [PMID: 33554321 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a significant constituent in biosphere, bacteria have a great influence on human activity. The detection of pathogen bacteria is closely related to the human health. However, the traditional methods for detection of pathogenic bacteria are time-consuming and difficult for quantification, although they are practical and reliable. Therefore, novel strategies for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection are in great demand. Aptamer is a kind of oligonucleotide that selected by repeated screening in vitro or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. Over the past years, owing to high affinity and specificity of aptamers, a variety of aptamer-based biosensors have been designed and applied for pathogen detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances on the applications of aptamer-based biosensors in detection of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, we also point out some problems in current methods and look forward to the further development of aptamer-based biosensors for pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danliang Li
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Ting Tong
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China. .,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hunan, China.
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20
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Zeid AM, Nasr JJM, Belal F, Walash MI, Baba Y, Kaji N. Determination of three antiepileptic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations using microfluidic chips coupled with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119021. [PMID: 33045480 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a facile, sensitive, and precise lab-on-a-chip electrophoretic method coupled with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LED-IF) detection was developed to assay three antiepileptic drugs, namely, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin, in pharmaceutical formulations. The analytes were derivatised offline for the first time with fluorescine-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) to yield highly fluorescent derivatives with λex/em of 490/520nm. The FITC-labelled analytes were injected, separated, and quantitated by a microfluidic electrophoresis device using fluorescence detection. The labelled analytes were monitored using a blue LED-IF system. The separation conditions were significantly optimised adding specific concentrations of heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HDM-β-CD) and methylcellulose to the buffer solution (40mM borate buffer). HDM-β-CD acted as a selective host for the studied antiepileptic drugs, rendering a high separation efficiency. Methylcellulose was used as an efficient dynamic coating polymer to prevent the labelled drugs from being adsorbed on the inner surfaces of the poly (methylmethacrylate) microchannels. A laboratory-prepared ternary mixture of the three antiepileptic drugs was separated within 100s with acceptable resolution between all the three analytes (Rs>3) and a high number of theoretical plates (N) for each analyte (N≈106 plates/m). The sensitivity of the method was enhanced approximately 80-fold by stacking to yield a detection limit below 0.6ngmL-1 in the concentration range of 2.0-200.0ngmL-1. The method was successfully validated for analysing the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Zeid
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Jenny Jeehan M Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Walash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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21
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Determination of the alcoholic content in whiskeys using micellar electrokinetic chromatography on microchips. Food Chem 2020; 329:127175. [PMID: 32516708 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a methodology based on micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the separation of alcohols on chip-based systems aiming the determination of alcoholic content in whiskey samples. The separation conditions were optimized the best results were achieved using 50 mmolL-1 phosphate buffer containing 30 mmolL-1 sodium dodecyl sulfate. The alcoholic content was determined in 16 seized whiskey samples from 4 different brands as well as in the original samples. The methodology presented herein allowed the correct classification of 75% of the seized samples as adulterated and the data obtained did not statistically differ from those recorded by a reference technique. The proposed analytical approach emerges as a promising tool to provide a rapid screening of the beverages authenticity and it may be useful to be widely explored for the quality control.
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22
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Schilly KM, Gunawardhana SM, Wijesinghe MB, Lunte SM. Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6101-6119. [PMID: 32347360 PMCID: PMC8130646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelci M Schilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Manjula B Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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24
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Lobo‐Júnior EO, Chagas CLS, Duarte LC, Cardoso TMG, Souza FR, Lima RS, Coltro WKT. Inexpensive and nonconventional fabrication of microfluidic devices in PMMA based on a soft‐embossing protocol. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1641-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Lucas C. Duarte
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício R. Souza
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais Campinas SP Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica Campinas SP Brazil
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25
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Moreira NS, Chagas CL, Oliveira KA, Duarte-Junior GF, de Souza FR, Santhiago M, Garcia CD, Kubota LT, Coltro WK. Fabrication of microwell plates and microfluidic devices in polyester films using a cutting printer. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1119:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Ragab MAA, El-Kimary EI. Recent Advances and Applications of Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis: A Comprehensive Review (2017-Mid 2019). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:709-741. [PMID: 32447968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1765729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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Duarte LM, Moreira RC, Coltro WKT. Nonaqueous electrophoresis on microchips: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:434-448. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Duarte
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Roger C. Moreira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica Campinas SP Brazil
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Arvin NE, Dawod M, Lamb DT, Anderson JP, Furtaw MD, Kennedy RT. Fast Immunoassay for Microfluidic Western Blotting by Direct Deposition of Reagents onto Capture Membrane. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:1606-1616. [PMID: 32661464 PMCID: PMC7357712 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Western blotting is a widely used protein assay platform, but the technique requires long analysis times and multiple manual steps. Microfluidic systems are currently being explored for increased automation and reduction of analysis times, sample volumes, and reagent consumption for western blots. Previous work has demonstrated that proteins separated by microchip electrophoresis can be captured on membranes by dragging the microchip outlet across the membrane. This process reduces the separation and transfer time of a western blot to a few minutes. To further improve the speed and miniaturization of a complete western blot, a microscale immunoassay with direct deposition of immunoassay reagents has been developed. Flow deposition of antibodies is used to overcome diffusion limited binding kinetics so that the entire immunoassay can be completed in 1 h with detection sensitivity comparable to incubation steps requiring 20 h. The use of low microliter/min flow rates with antibody reagents applied directly and locally to the membrane where the target proteins have been captured, reduced antibody consumption ~30-fold. The complete western blot was applied to the detection of GAPDH and β-Tubulin from A431 cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Arvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Vaccine Analytical R&D, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Don T. Lamb
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Jon P. Anderson
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Michael D. Furtaw
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Corresponding author: Robert T. Kennedy, , Tel: 734-615-4363, Fax: 745-615-6462
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Luo F, Li Z, Dai G, Lu Y, He P, Wang Q. Simultaneous detection of different bacteria by microchip electrophoresis combined with universal primer-duplex polymerase chain reaction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li H, Li F, Zhao L, Zhao L, Sun P, Wu J, Wang X, Pu Q. Electric Field-Driven On-Request Instant in Situ Formation/Removal of Solid Hydrogel within Microchannels for Efficient Electrophoretic Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8773-8779. [PMID: 31997635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic separation in short microchannels is a promising way for rapid analysis of biomolecules, but the pressurized laminar flow may compromise the separation efficiency. In this work, through an electric field, instant formation and removal of a solid chitosan/β-glycerol phosphate (CS/β-GP) hydrogel within microchannels of microchips were realized. In a typical cross-type microchip, the CS/β-GP hydrogel was precisely formed in the separation microchannel within 15 s of the application of a voltage of 2000 V. Highly efficient separation of peptides and proteins was achieved, and theoretical plate numbers of 0.6 to 1.5 × 106/m were attained for proteins in 120 s. The used hydrogel could be swiftly removed also with an electric field, and the whole procedure was achieved on a standard microchip electrophoresis device with no extra accessory or special operation required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Fengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Lizhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
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Jones J, Ha NS, Barajas AG, Chatziioannou AF, van Dam RM. Integration of High-Resolution Radiation Detector for Hybrid Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3483-3491. [PMID: 31986878 PMCID: PMC7410349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For decades, there has been immense progress in miniaturizing analytical methods based on electrophoresis to improve sensitivity and to reduce sample volumes, separation times, and/or equipment cost and space requirements, in applications ranging from analysis of biological samples to environmental analysis to forensics. In the field of radiochemistry, where radiation-shielded laboratory space is limited, there has been great interest in harnessing the compactness, high efficiency, and speed of microfluidics to synthesize short-lived radiolabeled compounds. We recently proposed that analysis of these compounds could also benefit from miniaturization and have been investigating capillary electrophoresis (CE) and hybrid microchip electrophoresis (hybrid-MCE) as alternatives to the typically used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We previously showed separation of the positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) from its impurities in a hybrid-MCE device with UV detection, with similar separation performance to HPLC, but with improved speed and lower sample volumes. In this paper, we have developed an integrated radiation detector to enable measurement of the emitted radiation from radiolabeled compounds. Though conventional radiation detectors have been incorporated into CE systems in the past, these approaches cannot be readily integrated into a compact hybrid-MCE device. We instead employed a solid-state avalanche photodiode (APD)-based detector for real-time, high-sensitivity β particle detection. The integrated system can reliably separate [18F]FLT from its impurities and perform chemical identification via coinjection with nonradioactive reference standard. This system can quantitate samples with radioactivity concentrations as low as 114 MBq/mL (3.1 mCi/mL), which is sufficient for analysis of radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jones
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Noel S. Ha
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of
Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA 90095, USA
| | - Alec G. Barajas
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of
Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Shlyapnikov YM, Kanev IL, Shlyapnikova EA. Rapid Ultrasensitive Gel-Free Immunoblotting with Magnetic Labels. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4146-4153. [PMID: 32023039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoblotting is widely used for the detection of proteins using specific antibodies. We present here a new immunoblotting method, which is characterized by exceptional sensitivity, rapidness, and low consumption of antibodies. A thin conductive layer between touching hydrophilic cellulose membranes instead of polyacrylamide gel is used for the electrophoretic separation of proteins. Contrary to common Western blotting, the separation occurs in nondenaturing conditions. The membrane surface is smoothed by deposition of the cellulose layer and modified with azidophenyl groups, allowing for the photochemical in situ immobilization of proteins, which are carried out after the electrophoresis. Thus, the additional step of transferring the protein from the gel onto the membrane is eliminated. Specific protein bands are then visualized by decoration with magnetic beads. The limit of detection of interleukin IL-1β reaches 0.3 fg or ∼104 molecules, whereas the total blotting time is about 5 min. The application of the technique is demonstrated by the detection of IL-1β, total IgA, and IgA specific to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen in the exhaled breath samples, obtained from healthy subjects and tuberculosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Shlyapnikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russia
| | - Igor L Kanev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russia
| | - Elena A Shlyapnikova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russia
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Ivanov NA, Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Visualization of Streams of Small Organic Molecules in Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2907-2910. [PMID: 31986876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE) separates a stream of a multicomponent mixture into multiple streams of individual components inside a thin rectangular chamber. CFE will be able to benefit flow chemistry when it is both compatible with nonaqueous solvents utilized in organic synthesis and capable of generically detecting streams of small organic molecules. While stable nonaqueous CFE has been demonstrated, generically detecting molecular streams has not been achieved yet. Here we propose a general approach for molecular stream visualization in CFE via analyte-caused obstruction of excitation of a fluorescent layer underneath the separation chamber-fluorescent sublayer-based visualization (FSV). The concept of FSC-based visualization has been adapted from visualization of small organic molecules on fluorescent plates in thin-layer chromatography. We designed and fabricated a CFE device with one side made of quartz and another side made of UV-absorbing visibly fluorescent, chemically inert, machinable plastic. This device was demonstrated to support nonaqueous CFE of small organic molecules and quantitative detection of their streams in real-time with a limit of detection below 100 μM. Thus, CFE may satisfy conditions required for its seamless integration with continuous flow organic synthesis in flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
| | - Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
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Hill N, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Continuous flow separation of particles with insulator-based dielectrophoresis chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3891-3902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Ou X, Chen P, Huang X, Li S, Liu B. Microfluidic chip electrophoresis for biochemical analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:258-270. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti‐Cancer Active IngredientsCollege of Chemistry and Life ScienceHubei University of Education Wuhan P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Shunji Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
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36
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2017–mid 2019). Electrophoresis 2019; 41:10-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
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37
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Abdollahi Aghdam A, Majidi MR, Veladi H, Omidi Y. Microfluidic-based separation and detection of synthetic antioxidants by integrated gold electrodes followed by HPLC-DAD. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Ivanov NA, Liu Y, Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Non-aqueous continuous-flow electrophoresis (NACFE): potential separation complement for continuous-flow organic synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2156-2160. [PMID: 31161184 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce non-aqueous continuous-flow electrophoresis (NACFE) in which the electrolyte is a solution of an organic salt in an aprotic organic solvent. NACFE can maintain steady-state separation of multiple hydrophobic organic species into individual molecular streams. It is a potential separation complement for continuous-flow organic synthesis. This proof-of-concept work will serve as a justification for efforts towards making NACFE a practical tool in flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Ivanov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions and Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Rapid analysis of intraperitoneally administered morphine in mouse plasma and brain by microchip electrophoresis-electrochemical detection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3311. [PMID: 30824794 PMCID: PMC6397260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies remain an essential part of drug discovery since in vitro models are not capable of describing the complete living organism. We developed and qualified a microchip electrophoresis-electrochemical detection (MCE-EC) method for rapid analysis of morphine in mouse plasma using a commercial MCE-EC device. Following liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), we achieved within-run precision of 3.7 and 4.5% (coefficient of variation, CV, n = 6) and accuracy of 106.9% and 100.7% at biologically relevant morphine concentrations of 5 and 20 µM in plasma, respectively. The same method was further challenged by morphine detection in mouse brain homogenates with equally good within-run precision (7.8% CV, n = 5) at 1 µM concentration. The qualified method was applied to analyze a set of plasma and brain homogenate samples derived from a behavioral animal study. After intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg morphine hydrochloride, the detected morphine concentrations in plasma were between 6.7 and 17 µM. As expected, the morphine concentrations in the brain were significantly lower, ca. 80–125 nM (280–410 pg morphine/mg dissected brain), and could only be detected after preconcentration achieved during LLE. In all, the microchip-based separation system is proven feasible for rapid analysis of morphine to provide supplementary chemical information to behavioral animal studies.
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da Silva ENT, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Rapid and inexpensive method for the simple fabrication of PDMS‐based electrochemical sensors for detection in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1322-1330. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
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41
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Troška P, Poboży E, Némethová Z, Masár M. Determination of Commonly Used Excipients in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Microchip Electrophoresis with Conductivity Detection. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Karlinsey JM. Sample Injection Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1906:55-64. [PMID: 30488384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8964-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sample introduction is an important consideration in any microchip electrophoresis (ME) separation. The number of applications and level of complexity of ME devices continue to increase, but the introduction of sample into the separation channel has remained relatively constant. This work describes the most common electrophoretic methods of performing sample injection for ME applications using electroosmotic flow (EOF), providing both a transition from capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations and a straightforward entry point into ME.
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de Araujo WR, Cardoso TM, da Rocha RG, Santana MH, Muñoz RA, Richter EM, Paixão TR, Coltro WK. Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wei K, Zhao J, Qin Y, Li S, Huang Y, Zhao S. A novel multiplex signal amplification strategy based on microchip electrophoresis platform for the improved separation and detection of microRNAs. Talanta 2018; 189:437-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Khoshbin Z, Verdian A, Housaindokht MR, Izadyar M, Rouhbakhsh Z. Aptasensors as the future of antibiotics test kits-a case study of the aptamer application in the chloramphenicol detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:263-283. [PMID: 30268964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial drug with the ubiquitous presence in foodstuff that effectively applied to treat the diseases and promote the animal growth worldwide. Chloramphenicol as one of the antibiotics with the broad action spectrum against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is widely applied for the effective treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Unfortunately, the serious side effects of chloramphenicol, such as aplastic anemia, kidney damage, nausea, and diarrhea restrict its application in foodstuff and biomedical fields. Development of the sufficiently sensitive methods to detect chloramphenicol residues in food and clinical diagnosis seems to be an essential demand. Biosensors have been introduced as the promising tools to overcome the requirement. As one of the newest types of the biosensors, aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) are the efficient sensing platforms for the chloramphenicol monitoring. In the present review, we summarize the recent achievements of the accessible aptasensors for qualitative detection and quantitative determination of chloramphenicol as a candidate of the antibiotics. The present chloramphenicol aptasensors can be classified in two main optical and electrochemical categories. Also, the other formats of the aptasensing assays like the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microchip electrophoresis (MCE) have been reviewed. The enormous interest in utilizing the diverse nanomaterials is also highlighted in the fabrication of the chloramphenicol aptasensors. Finally, some results are presented based on the advantages and disadvantages of the studied aptasensors to achieve a promising perspective for designing the novel antibiotics test kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khoshbin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Verdian
- Department of food safety and quality control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rouhbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Gunawardhana SM, Lunte SM. Continuous monitoring of adenosine and its metabolites using microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:3737-3744. [PMID: 31579297 PMCID: PMC6774626 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay01041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid monitoring of concentration changes of neurotransmitters and energy metabolites is important for understanding the biochemistry of neurological disease as well as for developing therapeutic options. This paper describes the development of a separation-based sensor using microchip electrophoresis (ME) with electrochemical (EC) detection coupled to microdialysis (MD) sampling for continuous on-line monitoring of adenosine and its downstream metabolites. The device was fabricated completely in PDMS. End-channel electrochemical detection was accomplished using a carbon fiber working electrode embedded in the PDMS. The separation conditions for adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine were investigated using a ME-EC chip with a 5-cm long separation channel. The best resolution was achieved using a background electrolyte consisting of 35 mM sodium borate at pH 10, 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 2 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and a field strength of 222 V/cm. Under these conditions, all four purines were separated in less than 85 s. Using a working electrode detection potential of 1.4 vs Ag/AgCl, the limits of detection were 25, 33, 10, and 25 μM for adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, respectively. The ME-EC chip was then coupled to microdialysis sampling using a novel all-PDMS microdialysis-microchip interface that was reversibly sealed. This made alignment of the working electrode with the end of the separation channel much easier and more reproducible than could be obtained with previous MD-ME-EC systems. The integrated device was then used to monitor the enzymatic conversion of adenosine to inosine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Lobo-Júnior EO, L S Chagas C, Coltro WKT. Determination of inorganic cations in biological fluids using a hybrid capillary electrophoresis device coupled with contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3310-3317. [PMID: 29956462 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the assembly of a hybrid electrophoresis device that contains fused silica capillaries interconnected to a microfabricated interface in a cross format for the determination of inorganic cations in biological samples. The sample transport in the proposed hybrid device was performed under gated injection mode and the separations were monitored with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector. The capillary extremities were inserted into polypropylene tubes to create solution reservoirs. Sensing electrodes were produced using stainless-steel hypodermic needles previously cut with 2.0 mm length. The running composition and injection time were optimized and the best results were found using 50 mmol/L lactic acid, 20 mmol/L histidine and 3 mmol/L 18-crown-6 ether, and an electrokinetic injection time of 15 s. The separation of six inorganic cations was achieved with baseline resolution, and efficiencies were between 9.1 × 103 and 5.4 × 104 plates/m. The proposed hybrid device was explored for determining the concentration levels of inorganic cations in urine, saliva, and tear samples, employing Li+ as an internal standard. The achieved results were in good agreement with the data reported in the literature. The reliability of the proposed method ranged from 93 to 98%, thus suggesting satisfactory accuracy for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Sheathless coupling of microchip electrophoresis to ESI-MS utilising an integrated photo polymerised membrane for electric contacting. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5741-5750. [PMID: 29974150 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a novel approach for the sheathless coupling of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The key element is an ion-conductive hydrogel membrane, placed between the separation channel and an adjacent microfluidic supporting channel, contacted via platinum electrodes. This solves the persistent challenge in hyphenation of mass spectrometry to chip electrophoresis, to ensure a reliable electrical connection at the end of the electrophoresis channel without sacrificing separation performance and sensitivity. Stable electric contacting is achieved via a Y-shaped supporting channel structure, separated from the main channel by a photo polymerised, ion permeable hydrogel membrane. Thus, the potential gradient required for performing electrophoretic separations can be generated while simultaneously preventing gas formation due to electrolysis. In contrast to conventional make-up or sheathflow approaches, sample dilution is also avoided. Rapid prototyping allowed the study of different chip-based approaches, i.e. sheathless, open sheathflow and electrode support channel designs, for coupling MCE to ESI-MS. The performance was evaluated with fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometric detection. The obtained results revealed that the detection sensitivity obtained in such Y-channel chips with integrated hydrogel membranes was superior because sample dilution or loss was prevented. Furthermore, band broadening is reduced compared to similar open structures without a membrane.
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Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Quantitative Characterization of Molecular-Stream Separation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9504-9509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Hantschke M, Sideris D, Panayiotis Kyriacou A, Triantis AIF. Optimization of Tetrapolar Impedance Electrodes in Microfluidic Devices for Point of Care Diagnostics using Finite Element Modeling. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5321-5324. [PMID: 30441538 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is widely applied in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Tetrapolar electrical impedance sensing (TEIS) has been shown capable of replacing the conventional detection technology in order to develop a point of care electrophoretic analyzer. Besides the advantages of reduced influence of electrode polarization, TEIS is affected by sensitivity distribution depending on the electrode design. A well reported practice outside of electrophoresis, systematic investigation of the effects of sensitivity distribution on the TEIS in microfluidic devices has not been conducted. Here we utilize finite element modeling, backed by experimental results, to optimize the sensor design within an electrophoretic separation device. Numerous sensor designs were validated regarding detectability, sensitivity and spatial resolution. The results show, that minimizing the distance between the central/pick-up electrodes increases sensitivity and spatial resolution whereas the distance between the central electrodes and the outer electrode do not influence sensitivity and spatial resolution.
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