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Zhang W, Zheng N, Wang S, Sun S, An Q, Li X, Li Z, Ji Y, Li Y, Pan J. Characteristics and health risks of population exposure to phthalates via the use of face towels. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:1-13. [PMID: 37032026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of face towels is growing at an annual rate of about 4% in China, reaching 1.13 million tons by 2021. Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in textiles, and face towels, as an important household textile, may expose people to PAEs via the skin, further leading to health risks. We collected new face towels and analyzed the distribution characterization of PAEs in them. The changes of PAEs were explored in a face towel use experiment and a simulated laundry experiment. Based on the use of face towels by 24 volunteers, we calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) and comprehensively assessed the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and dermal cancer risk (DCR) of PAEs exposure in the population. PAEs were present in new face towels at total concentrations of <MDL-2388 ng/g, with a median of 173.2 ng/g, which was a lower contamination level compared with other textiles. PAE contents in used face towels were significantly higher than in new face towels. The concentrations of PAEs in coral velvet were significantly higher than those in cotton. Water washing removed some PAEs, while detergent washing increased the PAE content on face towels. Gender, weight, use time, and material were the main factors affecting EDI. The HQ and HI were less than 1, which proved PAEs had no significant non-carcinogenic health risks. Among the five target PAEs studied, DEHP was the only carcinogenic PAE and may cause potential health risks after long-term exposure. Therefore, we should pay more attention to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yining Ji
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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2
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Yang TC, Jovanovic N, Chong F, Worcester M, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Garlantézec R, Chevrier C, Jensen G, Cingotti N, Casas M, McEachan RR, Vrijheid M, Philippat C. Interventions to Reduce Exposure to Synthetic Phenols and Phthalates from Dietary Intake and Personal Care Products: a Scoping Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023:10.1007/s40572-023-00394-8. [PMID: 36988899 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A scoping review was conducted to identify interventions that successfully alter biomarker concentrations of phenols, glycol ethers, and phthalates resulting from dietary intake and personal care product (PCPs) use. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty-six interventions in populations ranging from children to older adults were identified; 11 actively removed or replaced products, 9 provided products containing the chemicals being studied, and 6 were education-only based interventions. Twelve interventions manipulated only dietary intake with a focus on bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, 8 studies intervened only on PCPs use and focused on a wider range of chemicals including BPA, phthalates, triclosan, parabens, and ultraviolet absorbers, while 6 studies intervened on both diet and PCPs and focused on phthalates, parabens, and BPA and its alternatives. No studies assessed glycol ethers. All but five studies reported results in the expected direction, with interventions removing potential sources of exposures lowering EDC concentrations and interventions providing exposures increasing EDC concentrations. Short interventions lasting a few days were successful. Barriers to intervention success included participant compliance and unintentional contamination of products. The identified interventions were generally successful but illustrated the influence of participant motivation, compliance, ease of intervention adherence, and the difficulty of fully removing exposures due their ubiquity and the difficulties of identifying "safer" replacement products. Policy which reduces or removes EDC in manufacturing and processing across multiple sectors, rather than individual behavior change, may have the greatest impact on population exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Yang
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.
| | - Nicolas Jovanovic
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Felisha Chong
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Meegan Worcester
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | - Ronan Garlantézec
- CHU de Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- CHU de Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Génon Jensen
- Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosemary Rc McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
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3
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Chen B, Li L, Hu Y, Liu B, Guo M, Zhang Q, Yang Q, Zhang M. Fluorescence turn-on immunoassay of endocrine diethyl phthalate in daily supplies using red fluorescent carbon dots. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Al-Saleh I, Coskun S, Al-Doush I, Al-Rajudi T, Abduljabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Al-Hassan S. The extent and predictors of phthalate exposure among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:316. [PMID: 31041540 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals used as plasticizers and solvents in many consumer products but are suspected of disrupting the endocrine system and are known for their reproductive/developmental health risks. This study examined the extent and predictors of phthalate exposure among 599 couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. A questionnaire was administered to obtain sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle data, and two spot urine samples were collected from the couples to analyze eight phthalate metabolites, cotinine (COT) as a smoking index, and creatinine to adjust for urine dilution. Seven phthalate metabolites were detected in > 94% of the urine samples, and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) was found in 24% of the women and 26% of their male partners. Median phthalate levels were highest for monoethyl phthalate (MEP), at 333.26 μg/l in women and 290 μg/l in male partners, and lowest for MBzP, at 1.17 μg/l in women and 1.14 μg/l in male partners. Correlation coefficients of ≥ 0.4 between the women and their male partners for the eight urinary phthalate metabolites may indicate a shared source of exposure. A multivariate regression model was used to assess the association between predictors and each urinary phthalate metabolite. Several potential predictors for the variations in specific urinary phthalate metabolites were identified, including the body mass index, age, socioeconomic status, and regional distribution for both women and their male partners but with slightly different patterns. Women with a history of breastfeeding, using bottled water for cooking and storing food in plastic bags had lower MEP (8.7%), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) (9.2%), and both mono-iso-butyl phthalate and MECPP (8.2 and 8.1%). A history of contraceptive use was associated with an increase in MECPP (8.7%), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (11.4%), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (7.6%), and the molar sum of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (8.9%). Urinary COT levels were associated with an increase of 10-16% in all urinary metabolites in women but of only 10.5% in mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in male partners. More than 95% of the couples reported the use of cosmetics, perfumes, and personal-care products, but we were not able to find associations with urinary phthalate metabolites, perhaps due to their short half-lives. MEP levels associated with the use of household cleaning products were 11.2% higher in male partners. Our levels were generally higher than those reported elsewhere, perhaps due to different lifestyles, cultural practices, dietary habits, use of personal-care products, and governmental legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Serdar Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inaam Al-Doush
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al-Hassan
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Cacho JI, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of phthalates preconcentrated by microextraction based on an ionic liquid. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1310-1317. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Cacho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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Harley KG, Kogut K, Madrigal DS, Cardenas M, Vera IA, Meza-Alfaro G, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Parra KL. Reducing Phthalate, Paraben, and Phenol Exposure from Personal Care Products in Adolescent Girls: Findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1600-1607. [PMID: 26947464 PMCID: PMC5047791 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care products are a source of exposure to potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) for adolescent girls. METHODS We enrolled 100 Latina girls in a youth-led, community-based participatory research intervention study to determine whether using personal care products whose labels stated they did not contain these chemicals for 3 days could lower urinary concentrations. Pre- and postintervention urine samples were analyzed for phthalate metabolites, parabens, triclosan, and BP-3 using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Urinary concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) decreased by 27.4% (95% CI: -39.3, -13.2) on average over the 3-day intervention; no significant changes were seen in urinary concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP). Methyl and propyl paraben concentrations decreased by 43.9% (95% CI: -61.3, -18.8) and 45.4% (95% CI: -63.7, -17.9), respectively. Unexpectedly, concentrations of ethyl and butyl paraben concentrations increased, although concentrations were low overall and not detected in almost half the samples. Triclosan concentrations decreased by 35.7% (95% CI: -53.3, -11.6), and BP-3 concentrations decreased by 36.0% (95% CI: -51.0, -16.4). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that techniques available to consumers, such as choosing personal care products that are labeled to be free of phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and BP-3, can reduce personal exposure to possible endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Involving youth in the design and implementation of the study was key to recruitment, retention, compliance, and acceptability of the intervention. CITATION Harley KG, Kogut K, Madrigal DS, Cardenas M, Vera IA, Meza-Alfaro G, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Parra KL. 2016. Reducing phthalate, paraben, and phenol exposure from personal care products in adolescent girls: findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1600-1607; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Address correspondence to K.G. Harley, Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Telephone: (510) 643-1310. E-mail:
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel S. Madrigal
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maritza Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Irene A. Vera
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gonzalo Meza-Alfaro
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Qi Gavin
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rana Zahedi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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7
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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of nitrophenols in soils by microvial insert large volume injection-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1456:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Chao HC, Liao HW, Kuo CH. Using water plug-assisted analyte focusing by micelle collapse in combination with microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for analyzing phthalate esters. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Hecht ES, Oberg AL, Muddiman DC. Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:767-85. [PMID: 26951559 PMCID: PMC4841694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Cacho JI, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using microvial insert thermal desorption for the determination of BTEX in edible oils. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid analytical procedure for BTEX determination involving minimum sample handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Cacho
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- E-30100 Murcia
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- E-30100 Murcia
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- E-30100 Murcia
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- E-30100 Murcia
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Cui X, Wu P, Lai D, Zheng S, Chen Y, Eremin SA, Peng W, Zhao S. Development of a Highly Specific Fluorescence Immunoassay for Detection of Diisobutyl Phthalate in Edible Oil Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9372-9378. [PMID: 26449794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) hapten containing an amino group was synthesized successfully, and the polyclonal antibody against 4-amino phthalate-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was developed. On the basis of the polyclonal antibody, a rapid and sensitive indirect competitive fluorescence immunoassay (icFIA) has been established to detect DiBP in edible oil samples for the first time. Under the optimized conditions, the quantitative working range of the icFIA was from 10.47 to 357.06 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.991), exhibiting a detection limit of 5.82 ng/mL. In this assay, the specific results showed that other similar phthalates did not significantly interfere with the analysis, with the cross-reactivity less than 1.5%, except for that of DiBAP. Thereafter, DiBP contamination in edible oil samples was detected by icFIA, with the recovery being from 79 to 103%. Furthermore, the reliability of icFIA was validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Therefore, the developed icFIA is suitable for monitoring DiBP in some edible oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwu Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov State University , Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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