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Ratel J, Vigneau E, Mercier F, Lebreton S, Nguyen TLN, Courcoux P, Engel E. Implementation of sample pooling to strengthen the surveillance of food chemical safety: Case study of nDL-PCBs in pork meat. Food Chem 2024; 433:137111. [PMID: 37659292 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Current food chemical safety surveillance relies on highly sensitive but costly analyses, with low throughput. A promising option is a sample pooling-based approach: instead of analyzing samples one-by-one, high-sensitivity methods could be used to evaluate pools of n samples. A proof-of-concept was sought using the surveillance of nDL-PCBs in pork meat. The practical feasibility of producing large pools (up to 200 samples) was studied, and accuracy of results for the nDL-PCBs were validated for pool sizes up to 100. Numerical simulation of pooling strategies yielded optimal numbers of samples to be pooled to obtain best cost-effectiveness. Based on pooling strategy, simulations showed that for a realistic contamination prevalence of 0.1%, analyzing pools of 25 samples would allow the total number of tests to be reduced 19-fold compared with one-by-one analysis, while retaining the sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Ratel
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erwan Engel
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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2
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Rocha SM, Costa CP, Martins C. Aroma Clouds of Foods: A Step Forward to Unveil Food Aroma Complexity Using GC × GC. Front Chem 2022; 10:820749. [PMID: 35300387 PMCID: PMC8921485 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.820749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human senses shape the life in several aspects, namely well-being, socialization, health status, and diet, among others. However, only recently, the understanding of this highly sophisticated sensory neuronal pathway has gained new advances. Also, it is known that each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Odorant substances are typically volatile or semi-volatile in nature, exhibit low relative molecular weight, and represent a wide variety of chemical families. These molecules may be released from foods, constituting clouds surrounding them, and are responsible for their aroma properties. A single natural aroma may contain a huge number of volatile components, and some of them are present in trace amounts, which make their study especially difficult. Understanding the components of food aromas has become more important than ever with the transformation of food systems and the increased innovation in the food industry. Two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToFMS) seems to be a powerful technique for the analytical coverage of the food aromas. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to critically discuss the potential of the GC × GC-based methodologies, combined with a headspace solvent-free microextraction technique, in tandem with data processing and data analysis, as a useful tool to the analysis of the chemical aroma clouds of foods. Due to the broad and complex nature of the aroma chemistry subject, some concepts and challenges related to the characterization of volatile molecules and the perception of aromas will be presented in advance. All topics covered in this review will be elucidated, as much as possible, with examples reported in recent publications, to make the interpretation of the fascinating world of food aroma chemistry more attractive and perceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M. Rocha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Fate of polychlorobiphenyls in the insect Tenebrio molitor: consequences for further use as food and feed. Proc Nutr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Planche C, Ratel J, Mercier F, Zhang C, Angénieux M, Blinet P, Marchand P, Dervilly G, Albert I, Tressou J, Debrauwer L, Engel E. In vitro assessment of polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccessibility in meat: Influence of fat content, cooking level and consumer age on consumer uptake. Food Chem 2021; 374:131623. [PMID: 34872793 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a risk assessment perspective, this work aims to assess the bioaccessibility of PCBs in meat. A standardised in vitro static digestion protocol was set up and coupled with extraction, clean-up and GC × GC-ToF/MS multianalyte method to monitor the fate of PCBs in meat during digestion. Starting with spiked meat, PCB bioaccessibility in 11% fat medium-cooked meat varied in adults from 20.6% to 30.5% according to congeners. PCB bioaccessibility increased to 44.2-50.1% in 5% fat meat and decreased to 6.2-9.1% and to 14.6-19.4% in digestion conditions mimicking infants and elderly, respectively. Intense cooking also decreased PCB bioaccessibility to 18.0-26.7%. Bioaccessibility data obtained with spiked meat were validated with measurements carried out in incurred meat samples. Finally, mean uptake distributions are obtained from a modular Bayesian approach. These distributions feature a lower mode when the fat content is higher, the meat is well-done cooked, and the consumers are older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Planche
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Axiom Platform, UMR Toxalim, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, F-31027, France
| | - Jérémy Ratel
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Frédéric Mercier
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Magaly Angénieux
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Patrick Blinet
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Albert
- UMR MIA, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Paris 518, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Tressou
- UMR MIA, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Paris 518, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Axiom Platform, UMR Toxalim, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, F-31027, France
| | - Erwan Engel
- MASS Group, UR QuaPA, INRAE, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Characterization of fatty acids, amino acids and organic acids in three colored quinoas based on untargeted and targeted metabolomics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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6
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Abushareeda W, Tienstra M, Lommen A, Blokland M, Sterk S, Kraiem S, Horvatovich P, Nielen M, Al-Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Comparison of gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry in anti-doping analysis: I. Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2055-2064. [PMID: 30216576 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug-testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full-scan high-resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti-doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool. METHODS The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid-liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. The extracted urine was analyzed by GC/Q-TOF and GC/Q-Orbitrap to compare the performance of the two instrument types for the detection of 46 AAS in human urine. The quantitation of endogenous anabolic steroids and the ability of the two analytical platforms to comply with the requirements for testing as part of the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were also assessed. RESULTS The data presented show that the analytical performance for both instruments complies with the WADA specifications. The limits of detection (LODs) for both instruments are well below the WADA 50% Minimum Required Performance Levels. The mass errors in the current study for the GC/Q-Orbitrap platform are lower than those obtained for the GC/Q-TOF instrument. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein proved that both molecular profiling platforms can be used for antidoping screening. The mass accuracies are excellent in both instruments; however, the GC/Q-Orbitrap performs better as it provides higher resolution than the GC/Q-TOF platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadha Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marc Tienstra
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suhail Kraiem
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
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Gruber B, Weggler B, Jaramillo R, Murrell K, Piotrowski P, Dorman F. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in forensic science: A critical review of recent trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Abecassis J, Cuq B, Escudier JL, Garric G, Kondjoyan A, Planchot V, Salmon JM, de Vries H. Food chains; the cradle for scientific ideas and the target for technological innovations. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Dymerski T. Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:252-278. [PMID: 29185796 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1411248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of instrumental analytical techniques provided the opportunity for in-depth characterization of many food matrices. In particular, the use of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry gives impressive results in terms of quality and authenticity testing, conducting food freshness evaluations and contamination assessments. A new variant of gas chromatography, namely two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), and various versions of mass spectrometry have been developed since last 15 years, and they still remain at the time of their renaissance. The present critical review is focused on the use of GC × GC coupled with mass spectrometry for qualitative and quantitative reasons in food analysis. It is explained how powerful analytical tool is above-mentioned technical solution. Special attention is devoted to the issues related to the development of this technique during last years in terms of key construction elements, such as modulators and MS detectors. Finally, the critical discussion on many various aspects including advantages and more important disadvantages, caused probable moderate interest of this solution, in food analytics is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dymerski
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gdańsk , Poland
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11
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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12
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Castro-Puyana M, Pérez-Míguez R, Montero L, Herrero M. Reprint of: Application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches for food safety, quality and traceability. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Planche C, Ratel J, Blinet P, Mercier F, Angénieux M, Chafey C, Zinck J, Marchond N, Chevolleau S, Marchand P, Dervilly-Pinel G, Guérin T, Debrauwer L, Engel E. Effects of pan cooking on micropollutants in meat. Food Chem 2017; 232:395-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches for food safety, quality and traceability. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Lin Y, Feng C, Xu Q, Lu D, Qiu X, Jin Y, Wang G, Wang D, She J, Zhou Z. A validated method for rapid determination of dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk: focus on utility of tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4897-906. [PMID: 27178547 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved method based on tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) has been validated for a rapid determination of dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), marker polychlorinated biphenyls (M-PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using a large volume (50 mL) of human milk. This method was well validated for the measurement of these analytes in human milk from the general population with low limits of detection (LODs, 0.004-0.12 ng/g lipid), satisfactory accuracy (75-120 % of recoveries), and precision [less than 10 % of relative standard deviations (RSDs)]. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of this method, a good, presently validated and routinely used method based on an automated sample clean-up system (ASCS, based on the commercial acid multilayer silica, basic alumina, and carbon columns) was used in parallel for comparison. Compared with the ASCS method, this method presented comparable specificity. Additionally, this method, in contrast to ASCS method, highly reduced consumption of solvents (40 mL versus 500 mL), which results in much lower background in the procedural blank, reduced time, and enhanced sample pretreatment throughput. This method was also applied in a pilot study to measure a batch of human milk samples with satisfactory results. Graphical Abstract Characteristics of the application of tandem SPE cleanup for determination of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs,M-PCBs and PBDEs in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xinlei Qiu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yu'e Jin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Dongli Wang
- California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Engel E, Ratel J, Bouhlel J, Planche C, Meurillon M. Novel approaches to improving the chemical safety of the meat chain towards toxicants. Meat Sci 2015; 109:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Mani-Varnosfaderani A, Ghaemmaghami M. Assessment of the orthogonality in two-dimensional separation systems using criteria defined by the maximal information coefficient. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Maimone M, Mondello L. Impact of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on food analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Tranchida
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariarosa Maimone
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Roma Italy
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