1
|
Zhou Y, Ramirez A, Yuill EM, Wang Q. Mechanistic studies to understand peak tailing due to sulfinic acid- and carboxylic acid-silanophilic interactions in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464819. [PMID: 38537485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Silanophilic interactions are a primary contributor to peak tailing of acidic pharmaceutical compounds, thus a thorough understanding is especially important for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) method development. Herein, a sulfinic acid compound that exhibited severe peak tailing in RPLC with acidic mobile phases was carefully studied. Results indicated that the neutral protonated form of the sulfinic acid is involved in the strong interaction that leads to peak tailing, but that tailing can be mitigated with a blocking effect achieved through use of acetic acid modifier in the mobile phase. Peak tailing was also observed with other structurally-similar sulfinic acids and carboxylic acids but was, in general, less severe with the latter. The Hydrophobic Subtraction Model (HSM) was applied to six commercial C18 columns that exhibited different tailing behaviors for the sulfinic acid compound in attempts to identify key sites of interaction within the stationary phase. A combination of heated acid column wash experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the differential interactions of the acids with vicinal silanol pairs in the stationary phase play a major role in peak tailing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Zhou
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Yuill
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
V G, Basuri PP, Sahini K, C N N. Retention behaviour of analytes in reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography - A review. Biomed Chromatogr 2022:e5482. [PMID: 35962484 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of principles that drive the separation in reversed phase chromatography plays an important role in the prediction of elution of solutes in RP-HPLC. The separation in RP-HPLC is based on the principle of adsorption and partition. In addition, the log P value, pKa value of the drug, chromatographic parameters like mobile phase pH, buffer concentration, organic modifier and mobile phase additives also influence the retention and selectivity of the analyte. It is found that hydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and other specific interactions between the stationary phase and the solutes along with the hydrophobicity of an analyte molecule (log P) modify the retention behaviour of the analytes. This article gives special attention to the influence of ionization and ion interaction on the separation of analytes. The drug molecules with different log P value containing protonated and deprotonated acids, bases and zwitterions are selected as examples and this article addresses various issues related to method development, relationships between analyte retention and mobile phase pH and pKa value of the analyte. The advances in this regard, with highlights on topics such as mechanisms of retention and various factors that influence the retention behaviour of analytes is also updated with suitable examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V
- Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, C. L. Baid Metha College of pharmacy, Chennai, India
| | - P Poorna Basuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, C. L. Baid Metha College of pharmacy, Chennai, India
| | - K Sahini
- Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, C. L. Baid Metha College of pharmacy, Chennai, India
| | - Nalini C N
- Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, C. L. Baid Metha College of pharmacy, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D, Goryński K. Modifying current thin-film microextraction (TFME) solutions for analyzing prohibited substances: Evaluating new coatings using liquid chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:470-480. [PMID: 35811627 PMCID: PMC9257446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
For identifying and quantifying prohibited substances, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) continues to arouse interest as a sample preparation method. However, the practical implementation of this method in routine laboratory testing is currently hindered by the limited number of coatings compatible with the ubiquitous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. Only octadecyl (C18) and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene ligands are currently marketed for this purpose. To address this situation, the present study evaluated 12 HPLC-compatible coatings, including several chemistries not currently used in this application. The stationary phases of SPME devices in the geometry of thin film-coated blades were prepared by applying silica particles bonded with various functional ligands (C18, octyl, phenyl-hexyl, 3-cyanopropyl, benzenesulfonic acid, and selected combinations of these), as well as unbonded silica, to a metal support. Most of these chemistries have not been previously used as microextraction coatings. The 48 most commonly misused substances were selected to assess the extraction efficacy of each coating, and eight desorption solvent compositions were used to optimize the desorption conditions. All samples were analyzed using an HPLC system coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. This evaluation enables selection of the best-performing coatings for quantifying prohibited substances and investigates the relationship between extraction efficacy and the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes. Ultimately, using the most suitable coatings is essential for trace-level analysis of chemically diverse prohibited substances.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lago L, Thomas ORB, Roberts BR. Choice of mobile phase: Implications for size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses of copper, zinc and iron metalloproteins. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460806. [PMID: 31916987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The correct identification of the metalloproteins present in human tissues and fluids is essential to our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underpinning a host of health disorders. Separation and analysis of biological samples are typically done via size exclusion chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Although this technique can be extremely effective in identification of potential metalloproteins, the choice of mobile phase may have a marked effect on results, results by adversely affecting metal-protein bonds of the metalloproteins of interest. To assess the choice of mobile phase on SEC-ICP-MS resolution and the resulting metalloproteome pattern, we analysed several different sample types (brain homogenate; Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1); a molecular weight standard mix containing ferritin (Ft), ceruloplasmin (Cp), cytochrome c (CytC), vitamin B12 (B12) and thyroglobulin (Tg) using six different mobile phase conditions (200 mM, pH 7.5 solutions of ammonium salts nitrate, acetate, and sulfate; HEPES, MOPS and Tris-HCl). Our findings suggest that ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate and Tris-HCl are optimal choices for the mobile phase, with the specific choice being dependent on both the number of samples and method of detection that is hyphenated with separation. Furthermore, we found that MOPS, HEPES and ammonium sulfate mobile phases all caused significant changes to peak resolution, retention time and overall profile shape. MOPS and HEPES, in particular, produced additional Fe peaks that were not detected with any of the other mobile phases that were investigated. As well as this, MOPS and HEPES both caused significant concentration dependent matrix suppression of the internal standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lago
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Oliver R B Thomas
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, BioSciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography system constant database over an extended mobile phase composition range for 25 siloxane-bonded silica-based columns. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:112-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Column selection for comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography using the hydrophobic subtraction model. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Parry E, Willison SA. Direct aqueous injection of the fluoroacetate anion in potable water for analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:5455-5590. [PMID: 30598702 PMCID: PMC6309164 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium fluoroacetate or Compound 1080 is a rodenticide registered in the United States for use in livestock protection collars. The collars are employed to control predation on herd animals (i.e., killing of cattle by wolves or coyotes). Sodium fluoroacetate is acutely toxic to humans and has potential to cause mass casualties if used to intentionally contaminate water systems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for characterization and remediation if such an incident occurs in the civilian sector. In support of that goal, EPA has published the Selected Analytical Methods for Remediation and Recovery (SAM) document that provides sampling and analysis methods for many hazardous chemicals such as sodium fluoroacetate. Ideal SAM methods require limited sample preparation steps and utilize widely available equipment to ensure the ability for maximum laboratory participation in a large-scale response. The present paper describes a direct aqueous injection (DAI) method for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the fluoroacetate anion (FAA) in potable water. Sample preservation and filtration are the only pre-processing steps required. FAA is chromatographically separated on an octylsilane (C8) reversed phase column. Separation is attributed to ion-exchange interactions. Electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode and detection by tandem mass spectrometry follow. FAA presence was confirmed by two fragment ions in the correct ratio, and use of a labeled standard allowed for quantitation by isotope dilution. FAA detection and quantitation limits were 0.4 μg/L and 2 μg/L, respectively. Four different drinking water utilities provided water samples from varying locations across the U.S. All the water samples were fortified with FAA and tested to evaluate analyte stability and the robustness of the method.
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang Y, Xiao H, Liu Y, Gan J, Yan Q. Column selection approach for related substances determination of progesterone by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:29-37. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yaxiong Liu
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jiaming Gan
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Quanhong Yan
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poole CF. Chromatographic test methods for characterizing alkylsiloxane-bonded silica columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:207-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
11
|
Retention prediction in reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography using quantitative structure-retention relationships applied to the Hydrophobic Subtraction Model. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1541:1-11. [PMID: 29454529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships (QSRR) methodology combined with the Hydrophobic Subtraction Model (HSM) have been utilized to accurately predict retention times for a selection of analytes on several different reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) columns. This approach is designed to facilitate early prediction of co-elution of analytes, for example in pharmaceutical drug discovery applications where it is advantageous to predict whether impurities might be co-eluted with the active drug component. The QSRR model utilized VolSurf+ descriptors and a Partial Least Squares regression combined with a Genetic Algorithm (GA-PLS) to predict the solute coefficients in the HSM. It was found that only the hydrophobicity (η'H) term in the HSM was required to give the accuracy necessary to predict potential co-elution of analytes. Global QSRR models derived from all 148 compounds in the dataset were compared to QSRR models derived using a range of local modelling techniques based on clustering of compounds in the dataset by the structural similarity of compounds (as represented by the Tanimoto similarity index), physico-chemical similarity of compounds (represented by log D), the neutral, acidic, or basic nature of the compound, and the second dominant interaction between analyte and stationary phase after hydrophobicity. The global model showed reasonable prediction accuracy for retention time with errors of 30 s and less for up to 50% of modeled compounds. The local models for Tanimoto, nature of the compound and second dominant interaction approaches all exhibited prediction errors less than 30 s in retention time for nearly 70% of compounds for which models could be derived. Predicted retention times of five representative compounds on nine reversed-phase columns were compared with known experimental retention data for these columns and this comparison showed that the accuracy of the proposed modelling approach is sufficient to reliably predict the retention times of analytes based only on their chemical structures.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zouari M, Bois L, Dugas V, Hbaieb S, Chevalier Y, Kalfat R, Demesmay C. Monolith Passive Adsorbers Prepared with Hydrophobic Porous Silica Rods Coated with Hydrogel. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1365368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Zouari
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-chimique, LR15INRAP03 Laboratoire Matériaux, Traitement et Analyse, BiotechPole Sidi-Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laurence Bois
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Souhaira Hbaieb
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-chimique, LR15INRAP03 Laboratoire Matériaux, Traitement et Analyse, BiotechPole Sidi-Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yves Chevalier
- Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rafik Kalfat
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-chimique, LR15INRAP03 Laboratoire Matériaux, Traitement et Analyse, BiotechPole Sidi-Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Claire Demesmay
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bieber S, Greco G, Grosse S, Letzel T. RPLC-HILIC and SFC with Mass Spectrometry: Polarity-Extended Organic Molecule Screening in Environmental (Water) Samples. Anal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieber
- Analytical Research Group,
Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Giorgia Greco
- Analytical Research Group,
Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Analytical Research Group,
Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytical Research Group,
Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Applications of the solvation parameter model in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:2-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Hammer J, Haftka JJH, Scherpenisse P, Hermens JLM, de Voogt PWP. Fragment-based approach to calculate hydrophobicity of anionic and nonionic surfactants derived from chromatographic retention on a C 18 stationary phase. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:329-336. [PMID: 27463891 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To predict the fate and potential effects of organic contaminants, information about their hydrophobicity is required. However, common parameters to describe the hydrophobicity of organic compounds (e.g., octanol-water partition constant [KOW ]) proved to be inadequate for ionic and nonionic surfactants because of their surface-active properties. As an alternative approach to determine their hydrophobicity, the aim of the present study was therefore to measure the retention of a wide range of surfactants on a C18 stationary phase. Capacity factors in pure water (k'0 ) increased linearly with increasing number of carbon atoms in the surfactant structure. Fragment contribution values were determined for each structural unit with multilinear regression, and the results were consistent with the expected influence of these fragments on the hydrophobicity of surfactants. Capacity factors of reference compounds and log KOW values from the literature were used to estimate log KOW values for surfactants (log KOWHPLC). These log KOWHPLC values were also compared to log KOW values calculated with 4 computational programs: KOWWIN, Marvin calculator, SPARC, and COSMOThermX. In conclusion, capacity factors from a C18 stationary phase are found to better reflect hydrophobicity of surfactants than their KOW values. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:329-336. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jort Hammer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J-H Haftka
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim W P de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andrés A, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods for the experimental characterization and analysis of the efficiency and speed of chromatographic columns: A step-by-step tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 894:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|