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Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Integration of a Micropreconcentrator with Solid-phase Microextraction for Analysis of Trace Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhan C, Akbar M, Hower R, Nuñovero N, Potkay JA, Zellers ET. A micro passive preconcentrator for micro gas chromatography. Analyst 2020; 145:7582-7594. [PMID: 32966357 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfabricated passive preconcentrator (μPP) intended for integration into gas chromatographic microsystems (μGC) for analyzing volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOC). Devices (8 × 8 mm) were made from a silicon-on-insulator top layer and a glass bottom layer. The top layer has 237 apertures (47 × 47 μm) distributed around the periphery of a circular region (5.2 mm o.d.) through which ambient vapors diffuse at predictable rates. Two internal annular cavities offset from the apertures are packed with ∼800 μg each of commercial carbon adsorbents. Thin-film heaters thermally desorb captured vapors, which are drawn by a pump through a central exit port to a micro injector for analysis with a bench scale GC. The 15 test compounds spanned a vapor pressure range of 0.033 to 1.1 kPa. Effective (diffusional) μPP sampling rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.78 mL min-1 for short-duration exposures to ∼mg m-3 vapor concentrations. Observed and modeled sampling rates generally agreed within 15%. Sampling rates for two representative compounds declined by ≤30% between 0.25 and 24 h of continuous exposure. For one of these, the sampling rate declined by only 8% over a ∼2300-fold concentration range (0.25 h samples). Desorption (transfer) efficiencies were >95% for most compounds (250-275 °C, 60 s, 5 mL min-1). Sampling rates for mixtures matched those for the individual compounds. Dissipating no energy while sampling, additional advantages of this novel device include short- or long-term sampling, high capacity and transfer efficiency for a diverse set of S/VOCs, low transfer flow rate, and a robust fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhan
- Department of Environental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Ollé EP, Farré-Lladós J, Casals-Terré J. Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5478. [PMID: 32987904 PMCID: PMC7583964 DOI: 10.3390/s20195478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in micromachining techniques and nanomaterials have enabled the fabrication of highly sensitive devices for the detection of odorous species. Recent efforts done in the miniaturization of gas sensors have contributed to obtain increasingly compact and portable devices. Besides, the implementation of new nanomaterials in the active layer of these devices is helping to optimize their performance and increase their sensitivity close to humans' olfactory system. Nonetheless, a common concern of general-purpose gas sensors is their lack of selectivity towards multiple analytes. In recent years, advancements in microfabrication techniques and microfluidics have contributed to create new microanalytical tools, which represent a very good alternative to conventional analytical devices and sensor-array systems for the selective detection of odors. Hence, this paper presents a general overview of the recent advancements in microfabricated gas sensors and microanalytical devices for the sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The working principle of these devices, design requirements, implementation techniques, and the key parameters to optimize their performance are evaluated in this paper. The authors of this work intend to show the potential of combining both solutions in the creation of highly compact, low-cost, and easy-to-deploy platforms for odor monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Perarnau Ollé
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
- SEAT S.A., R&D Department in Future Urban Mobility Concepts, A-2, Km 585, 08760 Martorell, Spain
| | - Josep Farré-Lladós
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
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Almazán F, Urbiztondo MA, Serra-Crespo P, Seoane B, Gascon J, Santamaría J, Pina MP. Cu-BTC Functional Microdevices as Smart Tools for Capture and Preconcentration of Nerve Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42622-42633. [PMID: 32568508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cu-based metal-organic framework (MOF) microdevices are applied in sampling and preconcentration of nerve agents (NAs) diluted in gaseous streams. An in situ electrochemical-assisted synthesis of a Cu-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC) thick film is carried out to functionalize a Cu-modified glass substrate. This simple, rapid, reproducible, and easy-to-integrate MOF synthesis approach enables the microfabrication of functional micro-preconcentrators with a large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (above 2000 cm2) and an active pore volume (above 90 nL) for the efficient adsorption of nerve agent molecules along the microfluidic channel 2.5 cm in length. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the bulk material has been characterized through thermogravimetric analysis after exposure to controlled atmospheres of a sarin gas surrogate, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), in both dry and humid conditions (30% RH at 293 K). Breakthrough tests at the ppm level (162 mg/m3) reveal equilibrium adsorption capacities up to 691 mg/g. The preconcentration performance of such μ-devices when dealing with highly diluted surrogate atmosphere, i.e., 520 ppbV (2.6 mg/m3) at 298 K, leads to preconcentration coefficients up to 171 for sample volume up to 600 STP cm3. We demonstrate the potentialities of Cu-BTC micro-preconcentrators as smart first responder tools for "on-field" detection of nerve agents in the gas phase at relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Almazán
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Univ. Zaragoza, Campus Rı́o Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - M A Urbiztondo
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Univ. Zaragoza, Campus Rı́o Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Carretera Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Serra-Crespo
- Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Technical University Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, the Netherlands
| | - B Seoane
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J Gascon
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Advanced Catalytic Materials, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Santamaría
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Univ. Zaragoza, Campus Rı́o Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - M P Pina
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Univ. Zaragoza, Campus Rı́o Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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Wang J, Ma J, Zellers ET. Room-temperature-ionic-liquid coated graphitized carbons for selective preconcentration of polar vapors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460486. [PMID: 31506165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most adsorbent materials used for preconcentrating and thermally desorbing volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOCs) in portable or "micro" gas chromatographic (GC/µGC) instruments preferentially capture non-polar or moderately polar compounds relative to more polar compounds. Here, we explore the use of a known trigonal-tripyramidal room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as a surface modifier for the graphitized carbons, Carbopack B (C-B) and Carbopack X (C-X), with the goal of enhancing their capacity and selectivity for polar S/VOCs. Breakthrough tests were performed by challenging tubes packed with ∼2.5 mg of C-B or RTIL-coated C-B (RTIL/C-B) with 13 individual S/VOCs, including several organophosphorus compounds and reference alkyl and aromatic hydrocarbons of comparable vapor pressures, at concentrations ranging from 14 to 130 mg/m3. The 10% breakthrough volume, Vb10, was used as the measure of capacity. For the RTIL/C-B, the Vb10 values of the five organophosphorus vapors tested were consistently ∼2.5 times larger than those for the untreated C-B, and Vb10 values of the four non-polar reference vapors were 11-26 times smaller for the RTIL/C-B than for the untreated C-B. For compounds of similar vapor pressure the capacity ratios for polar vs. non-polar compounds with the RTIL/C-B ranged from 1.8 to 34. Similar results were obtained with C-X and RTIL/C-X on a smaller set of compounds. Tests at 70% relative humidity or with a binary mixture of a polar and non-polar compound had no effect on the capacity of the RTIL/C-B, and there were no changes in Vb10 values after several months of testing that included cycling from 25 to 250 °C. Capacity was strongly correlated with vapor pressure. Attempts to reconcile the selectivity using models based on linear-solvation-energy relationships were only partially successful. Nonetheless, these results indicate that RTIL coating of carbon adsorbents affords a simple, reliable means of rendering them selective for polar S/VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States; Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States
| | - Jialiu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States
| | - Edward T Zellers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States; Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States.
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Wang J, Nuñovero N, Nidetz R, Peterson SJ, Brookover BM, Steinecker WH, Zellers ET. Belt-Mounted Micro-Gas-Chromatograph Prototype for Determining Personal Exposures to Volatile-Organic-Compound Mixture Components. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4747-4754. [PMID: 30836745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a belt-mountable prototype instrument containing a gas chromatographic microsystem (μGC) and demonstrate its capability for near-real-time recognition and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in moderately complex mixtures at concentrations encountered in industrial workplace environments. The μGC comprises three discrete, Si/Pyrex microfabricated chips: a dual-adsorbent micropreconcentrator-focuser for VOC capture and injection; a wall-coated microcolumn with thin-metal heaters and temperature sensors for temperature-programmed separations; and an array of four microchemiresistors with thiolate-monolayer-protected-Au-nanoparticle interface films for detection and recognition-discrimination. The battery-powered μGC prototype (20 × 15 × 9 cm, ∼2.1 kg sans battery) has on-board microcontrollers and can autonomously analyze the components of a given VOC mixture several times per hour. Calibration curves bracketing the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of each VOC yielded detection limits of 16-600 parts-per-billion for air samples of 5-10 mL, well below respective TLVs. A 2:1 injection split improved the resolution of early eluting compounds by up to 63%. Responses and response patterns were stable for 5 days. Use of retention-time windows facilitated the chemometric recognition and discrimination of the components of a 21-VOC mixture sampled and analyzed in 3.5 min. Results from a "mock" field test, in which personal exposures to time-varying concentrations of a mixture of five VOCs were measured autonomously, agreed closely with those from a reference GC. Thus, reliable, near-real-time determinations of worker exposures to multiple VOCs with this wearable μGC prototype appear feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicolas Nuñovero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Seth J Peterson
- Targeted Compound Monitoring, LLC , Beavercreek , Ohio 45440 , United States
| | - Bryan M Brookover
- Targeted Compound Monitoring, LLC , Beavercreek , Ohio 45440 , United States
| | | | - Edward T Zellers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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Skog KM, Xiong F, Kawashima H, Doyle E, Soto R, Gentner DR. Compact, Automated, Inexpensive, and Field-Deployable Vacuum-Outlet Gas Chromatograph for Trace-Concentration Gas-Phase Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1318-1327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Skog
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Fulizi Xiong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Hitoshi Kawashima
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Evan Doyle
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Yoon JW, Lee JH. Toward breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis using semiconductor-based chemiresistors: recent progress and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3537-3557. [PMID: 28971204 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors using metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and metal chalcogenides have been reviewed from the viewpoint of the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of exhaled biomarker gases, and perspectives/strategies to realize breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis are discussed based on the concurrent design of high-performance sensing materials and miniaturized pretreatment components. Carbon-based sensing materials that show relatively high responses to NO and NH3 at low or mildly raised temperatures can be applied to the diagnosis of asthma and renal disease. Halitosis can be diagnosed by employing sensing or additive materials such as CuO and Mo that have high chemical affinities for H2S, while catalyst-loaded metal oxide nanostructure sensors or their arrays have been used to diagnose diabetes via the selective detection of acetone or by pattern recognition of sensor signals. For the ultimate miniaturization of a breath-analysis system into a tiny chip, preconditioning that includes preconcentration, dehumidification, and flow sensing needs to be either improved through the design of gas/moisture adsorbents or removed/simplified through the design of highly sensitive sensing materials that are less impervious to interference from humidity and temperature. Moreover, an abundant sensing library needs to be provided for the diagnosis of diseases (e.g. lung cancer) that are associated with multiple biomarker gases and for finding new methods to diagnose other diseases. For this aim, p-type oxide semiconductors with high catalytic activities, as well as combinatorial approaches, can be considered for the development of sensing materials that detect less-reactive large molecules, and high-throughput screening, respectively. Selectivity for a specific biomarker gas will simplify the system further. Breath analysis on a tiny chip using semiconductor chemiresistors with ultralow power consumption that is connected to the 'Internet of Things' will pave new roads for disease diagnosis and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Spinelle L, Gerboles M, Kok G, Persijn S, Sauerwald T. Review of Portable and Low-Cost Sensors for the Ambient Air Monitoring of Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1520. [PMID: 28657595 PMCID: PMC5539520 DOI: 10.3390/s17071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a literature review of sensors for the monitoring of benzene in ambient air and other volatile organic compounds. Combined with information provided by stakeholders, manufacturers and literature, the review considers commercially available sensors, including PID-based sensors, semiconductor (resistive gas sensors) and portable on-line measuring devices as for example sensor arrays. The bibliographic collection includes the following topics: sensor description, field of application at fixed sites, indoor and ambient air monitoring, range of concentration levels and limit of detection in air, model descriptions of the phenomena involved in the sensor detection process, gaseous interference selectivity of sensors in complex VOC matrix, validation data in lab experiments and under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Gerboles
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Gertjan Kok
- VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Persijn
- VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tilman Sauerwald
- Laboratory for Measurement Technology, Universitaet des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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