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Yang F, Dong H, Zhang F, Shao J, Wang Y, Deng H, Tang G, Zhang X, Li B, Liu S. A rapid and environmentally friendly method for determination of parabens preservatives in flavors by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3043-3053. [PMID: 35621260 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for determination of parabens preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, propyl paraben, isobutyl paraben, and butyl paraben) in flavors was established by using supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid phase extraction. After adding methanol and primary secondary amine to the sample simultaneously, high extraction efficiency and good sample cleanup could be obtained by simple shaking. Parabens were well separated on a Chiralpak IG-3 column in 6 min by gradient elution. Recoveries from spiked blank samples at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg were determined to be 88.3-106.6%with relative standard deviations less than 8.0%. All analytes achieved good linear relation (r≥0.999 2). The limits of detection for all analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/kg and the limits of quantification from 0.11 to 0.31 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 20 actual samples were successfully analyzed by taking the proposed method. Being simple, rapid, green and reliable, this method can be taken for the determination of parabens preservatives in flavors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hao Dong
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- China tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- China tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co. Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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New method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xiao S, Lv S, Cheng Z, Hu C, Li P, Nan F, Liu X, Liu D, Zhou Z, Wang P. A Simple Method for the Determination of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Fish Tissue Based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15738-15745. [PMID: 34930006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective pretreatment method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and their metabolites in fish by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The type and amount of dispersant, adsorbent, and eluting solvent were optimized by a single-factor experiment and Box-Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions with 2.5 g of Florisil as a dispersant, 500 mg of C18 as an adsorbent, and 5 mL of acetonitrile as an eluting solvent, the recoveries ranged from 70.4 to 99.9% with relative standard deviations less than 10.5%, and the limits of quantitation ranged from 0.13 to 1.01 μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied to detect PPCPs in marketed fish, and five PPCPs, including triclocarban, sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine, were detected at trace levels. The proposed method, which has the advantages of short analysis time, less solvent consumption, and high sensitivity, can be used for the determination of trace PPCPs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchun Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shengchen Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Caiwei Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Pengxi Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fang Nan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Soysal M. An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Methyl Paraben Recognition and Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Moscoso-Ruiz I, Rodrigo L, Aguilera M, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. Presence of Parabens and Bisphenols in Food Commonly Consumed in Spain. Foods 2021; 10:E92. [PMID: 33466450 PMCID: PMC7824906 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread use of bisphenols and parabens in consumer products, the assessment of their intake is crucial and represents the first step towards the assessment of the potential risks that these compounds may pose to human health. In the present study, a total of 98 samples of food items commonly consumed by the Spanish population were collected from different national supermarkets and grocery stores for the determination of parabens and bisphenols. Our analysis demonstrated that 56 of the 98 food samples contained detectable levels of parabens with limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.4 and 0.9 ng g-1. The total concentration of parabens (sum of four parabens: ∑parabens) ranged from below the LOQ to 281.7 ng g-1, with a mean value of 73.86 ng g-1. A total of 52% of the samples showed detectable concentrations of bisphenols. Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most frequently detected bisphenol in the food samples analysed, followed by bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol E (BPE). Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB) and bisphenol P (BPP) were not found in any of the analysed samples. LOQ for these bisphenols were between 0.4 and 4.0 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.M.-R.); (A.Z.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.M.-R.); (A.Z.-G.)
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Combination of matrix solid phase dispersion and response surface evaluation for simultaneous detections of multiple bioactive constituents of traditional Chinese medicine formula: Using Baoyuan Capsule as an example. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Özcan S, Levent S, Can NÖ, Kozanli M. A Novel HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Methyl, Ethyl, n-propyl, Isopropyl, n-butyl, Isobutyl and Benzyl Paraben in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:352-365. [PMID: 32723231 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200728121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid at the C-4 position, "the parabens," including methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Official regulations on the use of these compounds make their analysis essential for the estimation of their exposure. METHODS On this basis, the presented study was realized to develop a simple, selective and cheap high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of methylparaben, ethylparaben (EP), n-propyl paraben (NPP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), n-butyl paraben (NBP), isobutyl paraben (IBP) and benzyl paraben (BP) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. RESULTS The chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved under flow rate gradient elution conditions using a C18-bonded core-shell silica particle column (2.6 μm particle size, 150 × 3.0 mm from Phenomenex Co.). The samples were injected into the system as aliquots of 1.0 μL, and the compounds were detected by using a photodiode array detector set at 254 nm wavelength. With this technique, seven paraben derivatives can be determined in the concentration range of 250-2000 ng/mL. The recovery of the method is in the range of 99.95-13.84%, and the RSD is at a maximum value of 3.95%. CONCLUSION The proposed method was fully validated and successfully applied to different pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples (n=16), including syrups, suspensions, oral sprays, gels, etc. At least one paraben derivative was detected in six samples and was determined quantitatively. The maximum amount of a paraben derivative found in the analyzed samples was 321.7 ng/mL, which was MP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first LC method, which is applicable both on pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Özcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nafiz Öncü Can
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Murat Kozanli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Fedotov PS, Malofeeva GI, Savonina EY, Spivakov BY. Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Substances: Unconventional Methods and Approaches. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lu S, Wang N, Ma S, Hu X, Kang L, Yu Y. Parabens and triclosan in shellfish from Shenzhen coastal waters: Bioindication of pollution and human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:257-263. [PMID: 30557799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to determine the concentrations of parabens and triclosan (TCS) in shellfish from coastal waters of Shenzhen, South China. A method of isotope dilution with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine TCS and five paraben analogues, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), and benzyl paraben (BeP), in 186 shellfish samples covering eight species. Concentrations of parabens and TCS were 0.13-25.5 ng/g wet weight (ww) and <LOQ-6.51 ng/g ww, respectively, indicating their ubiquitous contamination in Shenzhen coastal waters. MeP was the most predominant paraben, followed by EtP and PrP. These three analogues accounted for more than 95% of the total concentrations of parabens. The "high" estimated daily intakes of parabens and TCS with the 95th percentage concentrations were estimated to be 2.15-26.1 and 0.41-10.3 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, much lower than the acceptable dietary intakes of parabens (1 × 107 ng/kg bw/day) and TCS (200 ng/kg bw/day), indicating no significant human health risks from shellfish consumption in the studied region. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrences of parabens and TCS in shellfish products from Shenzhen coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xing Hu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Li Kang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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Wianowska D, Gil M. New insights into the application of MSPD in various fields of analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chen J, Deng W, Li X, Wang X, Xiao Y. Hexafluoroisopropanol/Brij-35 based supramolecular solvent for liquid-phase microextraction of parabens in different matrix samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:33-43. [PMID: 30660441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) based on hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)/Brij-35 was proposed for liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) of parabens in water samples, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Brij-35 is a cost-effective and non-toxic non-ionic surfactant, but it has a high cloud point (>100 °C). HFIP, with the features of strong hydrogen-bond donor, high density and powerful hydrophobicity, was used as the cloud point-reducing agent and self-assembling and density-regulating solvent of Brij-35. Upon adding HFIP into the Brij-35 aqueous solution, the cloud point of Brij-35 was decreased to below room temperature, and the SUPRAS was formed in the bottom over a wide range of HFIP and Brij-35 concentrations at room temperature. The SUPRAS was composed of Brij-35, HFIP and water, having a density larger than water, and it showed a large spherical structure of positive micellar aggregates (2-8 μm). The HFIP/ Brij-35 SUPRAS-based LPME procedure was non-thermodependent and could be performed at room temperature with centrifugation using normal centrifuge tubes, being very simple. In the extraction of six parabens, the HFIP/ Brij-35 SUPRAS-based LPME method showed short extraction time (3.3 min), low solvent consumption (0.3 mL), and large enrichment factor (26-193). The method of HFIP/ Brij-35 SUPRAS-based LPME with HPLC-DAD gave good linearity for the quantification of parabens with correlation coefficients larger than 0.9990. The limits of detection based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were from 0.042 to 0.167 μg L-1. The recoveries for the spiked real samples were in the range of 90.2-112.4% with relative standard deviation less than 8.9%. Except for tap water, one or several paraben (s) were detected in all the other real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuanxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuxiu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wang C, Zhou W, Liao X, Wang X, Chen Z. Covalent immobilization of metal organic frameworks onto chemical resistant poly(ether ether ketone) jacket for stir bar extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liao C, Kannan K. Temporal Trends of Parabens and Their Metabolites in Mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006-2015: Species-Specific Accumulation and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9045-9055. [PMID: 30063350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are used as preservatives in many consumer products, and human exposure to these chemicals has been a public concern. In this study, mollusks ( n = 186), collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006-2015, were analyzed for six parabens and their five metabolites. The total concentration of parabens was in the range of 2.66-299 ng/g dw (geometric mean: 24.1). Methyl paraben and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the predominant parent and metabolic parabens, respectively found in mollusks. Mollusk species, Mactra veneriformis, Mytilus edulis, and Cyclina sinensis contained elevated concentrations of both parent and metabolic parabens. A gradual increase in paraben concentrations was found in mollusks collected between 2006 and 2012. Principal component analysis suggested the existence of a common source for these chemicals in mollusks. Consumption of mollusks can contribute to human exposures and we estimated daily intakes of parabens through the consumption of mollusks. This is the first study to report temporal trends and accumulation of parabens and their metabolites in a variety of invertebrate species from coastal marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
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Determination of parabens in domestic sewage by isotope-coded derivatization coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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