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Muhire J, Sun X, Zhang FX, Huang XY, Di DL. Recent trends in multidimensional countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300768. [PMID: 38356228 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a potent separation approach known for its remarkable efficiency and capacity in preparation. It's applied as a substitute or combined with different chromatographic techniques, resulting in its rebranding as multidimensional CCC (MDCCC). Numerous essential mixtures from natural products contain hundreds or thousands of distinct components of importance. These mix types are too complicated to separate in any reasonable time using a single CCC dimension. However, if a multidimensional technique is utilized, where a complex mixture is separated by an initial dimension, smaller fractions of that separation are gathered. Each fraction is studied individually; complex mixes can be resolved relatively quickly. Thus, several MDCCC separation features have been studied to demonstrate their advantages, limitations, and prospective capacity to separate exceedingly complex mixtures. In this review, MDCCC aspects, including principles, multiple columns system, multilayer coil J-type, on-line monitoring system, and applications, have been thoroughly_explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Muhire
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Duo-Long Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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de Beer D, Beelders T, Human C, Joubert E. Assessment of the stability of compounds belonging to neglected phenolic classes and flavonoid sub-classes using reaction kinetic modeling. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11802-11829. [PMID: 35833472 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2096561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are known to degrade and/or undergo changes during food production and storage. Reaction kinetic modeling is generally used to define kinetic parameters of a food system and predict changes during thermal processing and storage. Data for phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, have been reviewed in detail, but the flavonoid sub-classes, dihydrochalcones and flavanones, have been mostly neglected. Other neglected phenolic classes are xanthones and benzophenones. The stability of these types of compounds is important as they are present in fruits and exposed to heat when processed into juice and jam. Other sources of the compounds are herbal teas, which are also subjected to thermal processing, either during the primary processing of the plant material, or the production of extracts for use as food ingredients. The theoretical background is given to understand the review of literature on these classes/sub-classes. Results of research on kinetic modeling are discussed in detail, while research on compound stability without the application of reaction kinetic modeling is briefly mentioned to provide context. The studies discussed included those focusing on heating during the processing and storage of model solutions, liquid foods, plant material, dried extracts, and extracts formulated with other food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Theresa Beelders
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Human
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Lin T, Zhu B, Wen M, Ma C, Tong S. Retention correlation and orthogonality between reversed phase countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography based on solvent strength. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464322. [PMID: 37634260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Correlation of elution performance between reversed phase countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was investigated using five selected natural components. Theoretical guidance for orthogonality of two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was proposed. The difference in retention behavior between countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was studied when the mobile phase was composed of methanol and water by measuring the partition behavior of five selected compounds in two typical biphasic solvent systems composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water and chloroform-methanol-water. An orthogonal diagram between countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was obtained by normalized treatment of the measured partition coefficients and capacity factors. The experimental results showed that each biphasic solvent system used for countercurrent chromatography had a high orthogonality with liquid chromatography when a specific volume ratio was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Mengyi Wen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Chenlei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313000, China.
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Wen W, Xu P, Xiang H, Wen M, Ye X, Chu C, Tong S. Comprehensive two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography × gas chromatography characterization of Artemisia argyi essential oil. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pretorius L, Van Staden AD, Kellermann TA, Henning N, Smith C. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) alters secretome trace amine profile of probiotic and commensal microbes in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115548. [PMID: 35850312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) tea is anecdotally renowned for its calming effect in the context of gastrointestinal discomfort, but little scientific support is available to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. Enhancement of dietary polyphenol content to improve gut health via prebiotic-like modulation of the gut microbiota has gained significant research interest. Given the known high polyphenol content of rooibos, rooibos tea may potentially exert a prebiotic effect in the gut to facilitate an improvement in chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the prebiotic or health-modulating potential of rooibos tea in terms of its effect on gut microbial growth and secretome trace amine composition, as well as to determine how differential rooibos processing alters this activity. METHODS Three rooibos preparations (green and fermented leave aqueous extracts, as well as a green leaf ethanol extract) were compared in terms of their phenolic composition (qTOF-LC/MS). Moreover, the effect of rooibos exposure on growth and secretome trace amine levels of probiotic and commensal microbes were assessed (LC/MS). In addition, given the known female bias prevalent for many gastrointestinal disorders, experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of estradiol. RESULTS Polyphenolic composition of rooibos was drastically reduced by fermentation. Aqueous extracts of both green and fermented rooibos improved microbial growth, although fermented rooibos had the most pronounced effect (p < 0.01). In terms of secretome trace amine profile, both aqueous extracts of rooibos seemed to facilitate increased putrescine secretion (p < 0.0001) and decreased tryptamine production (p < 0.0001). Estradiol seemed to suppress trace amine secretion by bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri and Enterococcus mundtii) but increased it in yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii). CONCLUSION Rooibos altered gut probiotic and commensal microbial growth and secretome trace amine profiles in vitro, suggesting it has potential to modulate gut microbial composition and functionality as a prebiotic. Current data suggest that these effects are highly dependent on raw material processing. Finally, rooibos may be able to prevent estradiol-associated alterations in trace amine profile, which may have important implications for patient management in female-predominant gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - A D Van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - T A Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - N Henning
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - C Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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Sun HM, Zhang AL, Bao HL, Chu C, Tong SQ. In Silico Screening of Off-line Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Counter-current Chromatography with Liquid Chromatography for Four Saponins Isolation. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3909-3918. [PMID: 35962755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Be restrained by the limited peak capacity, one dimension chromatography usually leads to an unsatisfactory separation with low purity of compounds in a complex mixture. To obtain more highly pure targets for standard reference and to discover new substances for structural elucidation, two-dimensional chromatography is more and more prevalent in many fields. As few metrics on assessment of preparative capability of two-dimensional chromatographic separations is reported, a methodology of in silico screening of various two-dimensional chromatographic separations with a minimal number of experiments was demonstrated in this work, which was based on three descriptors including the occupation rate of peaks and system homogeneity of a two-dimensional separation space, and the minimal distance of all nearest-neighbor distances of peaks. Combining the advantages of counter-current chromatography and liquid chromatography, we elaborated the methodology by employing off-line comprehensive two-dimensional counter-current chromatography with liquid chromatography to be in silico screened for separation of four saponins from Panax notoginseng at analytical scale to simulate the case of preparative scale transfer. The predictive results were presented by two-dimensional contour plots and verified by experiments. The result showed that the experimental results were in general accord with the predictive results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Mian Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Ai-Lian Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University
| | - Hong-Lei Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Sheng-Qiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
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Chemical Fingerprinting Profile and Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) and Dietary Supplements Using UHPLC-PDA-MS. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, commonly known as rooibos tea, was consumed traditionally by the indigenous South African inhabitants as an herbal remedy. Beside antioxidant properties, it displays antiallergic, antispasmodic, and hypoglycemic activities. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors were developed for the determination of 14 phenolic constituents from leaves and stems of A. linearis. The efficient separation was performed within 30 min at a temperature of 30 °C by using C-18 column as the stationary phase and water/acetonitrile with 0.05% formic acid as the mobile phase. Method validation for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection, and limits of quantification was achieved. The limits of detection from 0.2–1 μg/mL were reported for the standard compounds. Their total content varied substantially (1.50–9.85 mg/100 mg sample) in 21 dietary supplements. The presence of regioisomers and diastereomers which co-elute on a variety of stationary phases make separation for quantification purposes challenging. This method was found to be efficient in providing low retention times and excellent resolution for this type of phytochemicals. The established method is suitable for chemical fingerprint analysis of A. linearis and cost-effective for quality control of rooibos tea products.
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López V, Cásedas G, Petersen-Ross K, Powrie Y, Smith C. Neuroprotective and anxiolytic potential of green rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) polyphenolic extract. Food Funct 2022; 13:91-101. [PMID: 34877951 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
South African rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea is globally consumed for its health benefits and caffeine free nature, but no information is available on the neuroprotective capacity of (unfermented) green rooibos. Our aim was to investigate the cytoprotective activity of green rooibos in neuronal cells, including probing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties that could explain observed effects in these cells. We also investigated the anxiolytic potential of green rooibos using zebrafish larval models. Green rooibos extract (Green oxithin™) was assessed for its neuroprotective potential in Neuro-2a cells treated with different concentrations of the extract (12.5-25-50-100 μg mL-1) and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (250 or 125 μM) as oxidizing agent. Cell viability (MTT) and redox status (intracellular ROS) were also quantified in these cells. Antioxidant properties of the extract were quantified using cell-free systems (DPPH, ORAC and xanthine/xanthine oxidase), and potential neuroprotection evaluated in terms of its potential to inhibit key enzymes of the CNS (monoamine oxidase A (MOA-A), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (TYR)). Results demonstrated that green rooibos extract exerted significant cytoprotective properties in Neuro-2a cells, particularly when exposed to lethal 250 μM hydrogen peroxide, increasing cell survival by more than 100%. This may be ascribed (at least partially) to its capacity to limit intracellular ROS accumulation in these cells. Data from cell-free systems confirmed that green rooibos was able to scavenge free radicals (synthetic and physiological) in a dose dependent manner with a similar profile activity to vitamins C and E. Green rooibos also acted as a moderate MAO-A inhibitor, but had no significant effect on AChE or TYR. Finally, zebrafish larvae treated with lower doses of green rooibos demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect in the light-dark anxiety model. Using the PTZ excitotoxicity model, green rooibos was shown to rescue GABA receptor signalling, which together with its demonstrated inhibition of MAO-A, may account for the anxiolytic outcome. Current data confirms that green rooibos could be considered a "functional brain food" and may be a good option as starting ingredient in the development of new nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cásedas
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kelly Petersen-Ross
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Yigael Powrie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Wicht K, Baert M, Muller M, Bandini E, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Comprehensive two-dimensional temperature-responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of wine phenolics. Talanta 2022; 236:122889. [PMID: 34635268 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are an interesting class of natural products because of their proposed contribution to health benefits of foods and beverages and as a bio-source of organic (aromatic) building blocks. Phenolic extracts from natural products are often highly complex and contain compounds covering a broad range in molecular properties. While many 1D-LC and mass spectrometric approaches have been proposed for the analysis of phenolics, this complexity inevitably leads to challenging identification and purification. New insights into the composition of phenolic extracts can be obtained through online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. However, several practical hurdles must be overcome to achieve high peak capacities and to obtain robust methods with this technique. In many LC × LC configurations, refocusing of analytes at the head of the 2D column is hindered by the high eluotropic strength of the solvent transferred from the 1D to the 2D, leading to peak breakthrough or broadening. LC × LC combinations whereby a purely aqueous mobile phase is used in the 1D and RPLC is used in the 2D are unaffected by these phenomena, leading to more robust methods. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) with RPLC is used for the first time for the analysis of phenolic extracts of natural origin to illustrate the potential of this alternative combination for natural product analyses. The possibilities of the combination are investigated through analysis of wine extracts by TRLC × RPLC-DAD and TRLC × RPLC-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Norwin von Doehren
- Agilent Technologies, Netherlands BV, NL-4330, EA, Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Walters NA, de Beer D, de Villiers A, Danton O, Hamburger M, Joubert E. Comprehensive off-line CCC × LC-DAD-MS separation of Cyclopia pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. phenolic compounds and structural elucidation of isolated compounds. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:347-361. [PMID: 32803806 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The minor phenolic constituents of Cyclopia pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. are unknown and one dimensional (1D) liquid chromatography (LC) is unable to provide sufficient separation. METHODOLOGY A two-dimensional (2D) LC method incorporating normal-phasehigh performance countercurrent chromatography (NP-HPCCC) in the first dimension (1 D) and reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) as the second dimension (2 D) was developed. The analytical HPCCC method was subsequently scaled up to semi-preparative mode and fractions pooled based on phenolic sub-groups. The phenolic compounds in selected fractions were subsequently isolated using RP-HPLC on a C18 column. Isolated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of compounds were determined by optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism spectra. Sugars were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. RESULTS The comprehensive off-line 2D CCC × LC method gave a good spread of the phenolic compounds. Orthogonality calculated using both the convex hull and conditional entropy methods were 81%. High-resolution mass spectrometric fragmentation spectra obtained from a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectral data were used to (tentatively) identify 32 phenolic compounds from the analytical CCC fractions. Of the seven isolated compounds, (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]eriodictyol (3) and (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan (4) were newly identified in all plants. The other isolated compounds were identified as (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]naringenin (1), R-neo-eriocitrin (2), 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (5), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-Z-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (6) and 4-(4'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (7). CONCLUSIONS Among the 32 compounds (tentatively) identified, only six were previously identified in Cyclopia pubescens using 1D LC. Most of the isolated compounds were also identified for the first time in Cyclopia spp., improving the knowledge of the minor phenolic compounds of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico A Walters
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ombeline Danton
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Liquid-liquid chromatography in enantioseparations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Wang X, Zhao S, Wang C, Sun W, Jin Y, Gong X, Tong S. Off‐line comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase countercurrent chromatography with high‐performance liquid chromatography: Orthogonality in separation of
Polygonum cuspidatum
Sieb. et Zucc. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:561-568. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
| | - Yang Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Hangzhou 310023 P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P. R. China
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Damiani E, Carloni P, Rocchetti G, Senizza B, Tiano L, Joubert E, de Beer D, Lucini L. Impact of Cold versus Hot Brewing on the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) Herbal Tea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E499. [PMID: 31640245 PMCID: PMC6826389 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) as herbal tea is growing in popularity worldwide and its health-promoting attributes are mainly ascribed to its phenolic composition, which may be affected by the brewing conditions used. An aspect so far overlooked is the impact of cold brewing vs regular brewing and microwave boiling on the poly(phenolic) profile and in vitro antioxidant capacity of infusions prepared from red ('fermented', oxidized) and green ('unfermented', unoxidized) rooibos, the purpose of the present study. By using an untargeted metabolomics-based approach (UHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry), 187 phenolic compounds were putatively annotated in both rooibos types, with flavonoids, tyrosols, and phenolic acids the most represented type of phenolic classes. Multivariate statistics (OPLS-DA) highlighted the phenolic classes most affected by the brewing conditions. Similar antioxidant capacities (ORAC and ABTS assays) were observed between cold- and regular-brewed green rooibos and boiled-brewed red rooibos. However, boiling green and red rooibos delivered infusions with the highest antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content. The polyphenol content strongly correlated with the in vitro antioxidant capacities, especially for flavonoids and phenolic acids. These results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of the preparation method on the potential health benefits of rooibos tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Patricia Carloni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa.
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Visualization of Aspalathin in Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) Plant and Herbal Tea Extracts Using Thin-Layer Chromatography. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050938. [PMID: 30866512 PMCID: PMC6429207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspalathin, the main polyphenol of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), is associated with diverse health promoting properties of the tea. During fermentation, aspalathin is oxidized and concentrations are significantly reduced. Standardized methods for quality control of rooibos products do not investigate aspalathin, since current techniques of aspalathin detection require expensive equipment and expertise. Here, we describe a simple and fast thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method that can reproducibly visualize aspalathin in rooibos herbal tea and plant extracts at a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 178.7 ng and a limit of quantification (LOQ) equal to 541.6 ng. Aspalathin is a rare compound, so far only found in A. linearis and its (rare) sister species A. pendula. Therefore, aspalathin could serve as a marker compound for authentication and quality control of rooibos products, and the described TLC method represents a cost-effective approach for high-throughput screening of plant and herbal tea extracts.
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15
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Smith C, Swart A. Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) - a functional food targeting cardiovascular disease. Food Funct 2019; 9:5041-5058. [PMID: 30183052 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consumer bias toward natural products and the considerable wealth of indigenous knowledge has precipitated an upturn in market-driven research into potentially beneficial medicinal plants. In this context, Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) has been identified to be a promising candidate which may impact cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is one of the most widely studied chronic diseases of modern times. Despite these efforts, ischemic heart disease remains the number one cause of mortality globally. Apart from genetic predisposition and other aetiological mechanisms specific to particular types of CVD, co-factors from interlinked systems contribute significantly to disease development and the severity of its clinical manifestation. The bioactivity of Rooibos is directed towards multiple therapeutic targets. Experimental data to date include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, as well as modulatory effects in terms of the immune system, adrenal steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism. This review integrates relevant literature on the therapeutic potential of Rooibos in the context of CVD, which is currently the most common of non-communicable diseases. The therapeutic value of whole plant extracts versus isolated active ingredients are addressed, together with the potential for overdose or herb-drug interaction. The body of research undertaken to date clearly underlines the benefits of Rooibos as both preventative and complementary therapeutic functional food in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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16
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Jeszka-Skowron M, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Frankowski R. Cistus incanus a promising herbal tea rich in bioactive compounds: LC–MS/MS determination of catechins, flavonols, phenolic acids and alkaloids—A comparison with Camellia sinensis, Rooibos and Hoan Ngoc herbal tea. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Muller M, Tredoux AGJ, de Villiers A. Application of Kinetically Optimised Online HILIC × RP-LC Methods Hyphenated to High Resolution MS for the Analysis of Natural Phenolics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Marlot L, Batteau M, De Beer D, Faure K. In Silico Screening of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Centrifugal Partition Chromatography × Liquid Chromatography for Multiple Compound Isolation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14279-14286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Marlot
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magali Batteau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dalene De Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karine Faure
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Fan Q, Liu Y, Kulakowski D, Chen S, Friesen JB, Pauli GF, Song Q. Countercurrent separation assisted identification of two mammalian steroid hormones in Vitex negundo. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1553:108-115. [PMID: 29699871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Countercurrent separation (CCS) has been widely used for the separation of high abundance compounds. However, the identification of low abundance compounds, such as mammalian steroid hormones, from natural sources is still a challenging task. A mixture of 14 human steroid hormone reference compounds was prepared for the development of a CCS enrichment strategy. The TLC-based GUESS (Generally Useful Estimate of Solvent Systems) method along with partitioning experiments were implemented to develop a process for the enrichment of these low abundance compounds with CCS. The application of CCS to the steroid hormone enrichment of Vitex negundo extracts was demonstrated by the identification of progesterone and estriol. This method provides a CCS-driven strategy to mine plant sources for low abundance compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel Kulakowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shaonong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Qishi Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, PR China.
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20
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Global profiling combined with predicted metabolites screening for discovery of natural compounds: Characterization of ginsenosides in the leaves of Panax notoginseng as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Huang XY, Pei D, Liu JF, Di DL. A review on chiral separation by counter-current chromatography: Development, applications and future outlook. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1531:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. The 9th International Countercurrent Chromatography Conference held at Dominican University, Chicago, USA, August 1-3, 2016. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1520:1-8. [PMID: 28939232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The 9th International Countercurrent Chromatography Conference (CCC 2016) was held at Dominican University near Chicago, IL (USA), from August 1st-3rd, 2016. The biennial CCC 20XX conferences provide an opportunity for countercurrent chromatography and centrifugal partition chromatography (CCC/CPC) manufactures, marketers, theorists, and research scientists to gather together socially, learn from each other, and advance countercurrent separation technology. A synopsis of the conference proceedings as well as a series of short reviews of the special edition articles is included in this document. Many productive discussions and collegial conversation at CCC 2016 attested to the liveliness, connectivity, and productivity of the global countercurrent research community and bodes well for the success of the 10th conference at the University of Braunschweig, Germany on August 1-3, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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23
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Mandova T, Audo G, Michel S, Grougnet R. Off-line coupling of new generation centrifugal partition chromatography device with preparative high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry triggering fraction collection applied to the recovery of secoiridoid glycosides from Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (Gentianaceae). J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:149-156. [PMID: 28754247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A purification sequence including a Gilson CPC 250 PRO device coupled to PrepHPLC hyphenated with a MS triggering fraction collector was applied to isolate secoiridoid glycosides from a complex methanolic extract of Centaurium erythraea. This species is widely used for ethnomedicinal purposes around the Mediterranean Sea. The solvent system ethyle acetate/ethanol/water 7.5/3/5 was determined using shake-flask method targeting swertiamarin, the major secoiridoid of the extract. Optimization of CPC experimental parameters enabled the injection of 4g of extract with a flow rate of 40mL/min at 3000rpm to provide a secoiridoid glycosides enriched fraction. 130mg of this latter was submitted to a second step of purification by preparative HPLC (gradient water/formic acid (19:1) (A) and methanol (B) as follows: 0min, 85% A; 8min, 60% A; 12min, 55% A; 35min, 55% A; 40min, 10% A; 50min, 10% A; 52min, 85% A; 55min, 85% A) to give swertiamarin (36mg, yield 27.7%, purity 98.2%). Other secoiridoid glycosides (sweroside, gentiopicroside, secologanol, secoxyloganin) were also isolated in minor amounts. As these monoterpene derivatives are responsible for several biological activities, their quick recovery with high yield and purity may serve as a model for further scale-up and industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Mandova
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, UMR CNRS 8638, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Gilson Purification SAS, 22 rue Bourseul, ZA du Poteau, 56890 Saint-Avé, France
| | - Grégoire Audo
- Gilson Purification SAS, 22 rue Bourseul, ZA du Poteau, 56890 Saint-Avé, France
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, UMR CNRS 8638, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Grougnet
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, UMR CNRS 8638, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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