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Senta I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Covaci A, Petrovic M. Applicability of an on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for the wastewater-based assessment of human exposure to chemicals from personal care and household products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157309. [PMID: 35839888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be a useful complementary approach to assess human exposure to potentially harmful chemicals, including those from personal care and household products. In this work, a fully automated multiresidue method, based on on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of 27 biomarkers of human exposure to selected chemicals from personal care and household products, including parabens, UV filters, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers (PFRs), and bisphenols. These biomarkers include both the parent compounds and their human metabolites. In addition, two oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid, were also considered in the study. The method was carefully optimized to tackle the challenges of analyzing compounds with different physico-chemical properties in a highly complex raw wastewater matrix, while model experiments were performed to investigate filtration losses and analyte stability. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analyzing raw wastewater from four European cities: Antwerp, Brussels (Belgium), Girona (Spain), and Zagreb (Croatia). Twenty-one biomarkers (10 parent compounds and 11 metabolites) were detected in all analyzed wastewater samples. The parent compounds with the highest mass loads were PFRs, parabens, and bisphenol S, while phthalate monoesters were the most prominent metabolites. The mass loads of most compounds were quite similar across cities, but geographic differences were observed for some biomarkers, such as metabolites of phthalates and alternative plasticizers. Exposure was then assessed for seven substances for which quantitative urinary excretion data are known. Our results indicate that safe reference values were exceeded for several contaminants, including butylated phthalates, bisphenol A, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, particularly for toddlers. With this relatively simple method, which requires less sample manipulation, it is possible to promptly identify and monitor exposure to harmful chemicals at the population level using the WBE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Chen M, Koekkoek J, Lamoree M. Organophosphate ester metabolites in human breast milk determined by online solid phase extraction coupled to high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107049. [PMID: 34952374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of metabolites of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in human breast milk is essential to evaluate OPE and OPE metabolite exposure of newborns. In the current study, an analytical method which only needs a small amount of breast milk (100 μl) was developed and validated for six diester metabolites and three hydroxylated metabolites applying salt-induced liquid-liquid extraction (SI-LLE) and dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for sample preparation and online solid phase extraction coupled to high pressure chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) for quantitative measurement. The final method consisted of an extraction with formic acid (FA)/acetonitrile (1:200, v/v) and a cleanup with C18 d-SPE. The final extracts were trapped on a C18 cartridge with application of a wash step of 2 ml 0.1% FA milli-Q/methanol (98:2, v/v). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 21.7 ng/l for BBOEHEP to 500 ng/l for BCIPP and average recoveries ranging from 58% for 5-OH-EHDPHP to 120% for BCIPP were achieved. Thirty-three breast milk samples from the LINC (Linking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health) cohort collected in three distinct areas in The Netherlands were analyzed using the validated method. BCEP, BCIPP, BCIPHPP, BDCIPP, and 5-OH-EHDPHP were not detected in any of the samples, while BBOEP was the most frequently detected metabolite with a concentration range of <MDL to l.47 ng/ml, followed by DPhP and BBOEHEP, detected in ranges of <MDL to 0.09 and <MDL to 0.027 ng/ml. The results indicated that OPEs entering the human body are only to a limited extent excreted via breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Fabbri D, Bianco Prevot A. Analytical control in advanced oxidation processes: Surrogate models and indicators vs traditional methods. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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González-Mariño I, Ares L, Montes R, Rodil R, Cela R, López-García E, Postigo C, López de Alda M, Pocurull E, Marcé RM, Bijlsma L, Hernández F, Picó Y, Andreu V, Rico A, Valcárcel Y, Miró M, Etxebarria N, Quintana JB. Assessing population exposure to phthalate plasticizers in thirteen Spanish cities through the analysis of wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123272. [PMID: 32645544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that produce endocrine-disrupting disorders. Quantifying exposure is crucial to perform risk assessments and to develop proper health measures. Herein, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been applied to estimate human exposure to six of the mostly used phthalates within the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were collected over four weekdays from seventeen wastewater treatment plants serving thirteen cities and ca. 6 million people (12.8 % of the Spanish population). Phthalate metabolite loads in wastewater were transformed into metabolite concentrations in urine and into daily exposure levels to the parent phthalates. Considering all the sampled sites, population-weighted overall means of the estimated concentrations in urine varied between 0.7 ng/mL and 520 ng/mL. Very high levels, compared to human biomonitoring data, were estimated for monomethyl phthalate, metabolite of dimethyl phthalate. This, together with literature data pointing to other sources of this metabolite in sewage led to its exclusion for exposure assessments. For the remaining metabolites, estimated concentrations were closer to those found in urine. Their 4-days average exposure levels ranged from 2 to 1347 μg/(day∙inh), exceeding in some sites the daily exposure thresholds set for di-i-butyl phthalate and di-n-buthyl phthalate by the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Leticia Ares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Medical Specialities and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Néstor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Senta I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Petrovic M. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products - A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications. TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 28:e00103. [PMID: 38620429 PMCID: PMC7470864 DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2020.e00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans are nowadays exposed to numerous chemicals in our day-to-day life, including parabens, UV filters, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers, bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, which can have different adverse effects to human health. Estimating human's exposure to these potentially harmful substances is, therefore, of paramount importance. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is the existing approach to assess exposure to environmental contaminants, which relies on the analysis of specific human biomarkers (parent compounds and/or their metabolic products) in biological matrices from individuals. The main drawback is its implementation, which involves complex cohort studies. A novel approach, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), involves estimating exposure from the analysis of biomarkers in sewage (a pooled urine and feces sample of an entire population). One of the key challenges of WBE is the selection of biomarkers which are specific to human metabolism, excreted in sufficient amounts, and stable in sewage. So far, literature data on potential biomarkers for estimating exposure to these chemicals are scattered over numerous pharmacokinetic and HBM studies. Hence, this review provides a list of potential biomarkers of exposure to more than 30 widely used chemicals and report on their urinary excretion rates. Furthermore, the potential and challenges of WBE in this particular field is discussed through the review of pioneer WBE studies, which for the first time explored applicability of this novel approach to assess human exposure to environmental contaminants. In the future, WBE could be potentially applied as an "early warning system", which could promptly identify communities with the highest exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Key Words
- 3−OH-EtP, ethyl protocatechuate
- 3−OH-MeP, methyl protocatechuate
- 5−OH−OC, 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate
- ASE, accelerated solvent extraction
- BBOEHEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl phosphate
- BBOEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
- BP-3, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3, Oxybenzone)
- BPA, bisphenol A
- BPA-Glu, bisphenol A glucuronide
- BPA-SO4, bisphenol A sulfate
- Biomarkers
- Bisphenols
- CPAA, 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid
- DEHA, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- DEHTP, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
- DHB, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-1, BP-1)
- DHMB, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-8, BP-8)
- DINCH, di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
- DNBP, di-n-butyl phosphate
- DPHP, di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate
- DPhP, diphenyl phosphate
- EHDPhP, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate
- EHS, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (Octisalate)
- EI, electron ionization
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- EtP, ethylparaben
- Excretion rate
- Flame retardants
- GC–MS, gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry
- HBM, human biomonitoring
- HPLC-MS/MS, high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry
- MAE, microwave-assisted extraction
- MEHA, mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- MINCH, Monoisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
- MQL, method quantification limit
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)
- MTBSTFA, N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide
- MeP, methylparaben
- OC, Octocrylene
- OH-MINCH, Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate-mono-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl) octyl ester
- PE, primary effluent
- PFRs, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers
- PHBA, p-hydroxybenzoic acid
- PHHA, p-hydroxyhippuric acid
- Parabens
- Phthalates
- Plasticizers
- PrP, propylparaben
- Q-ToF, quadrupole-time-of-flight
- QTRAP, quadrupole-ion trap
- QqQ, triple quadrupole
- RW, raw wastewater
- SE, secondary (final) effluent
- SIM, selected ion monitoring
- SPE, solid-phase extraction
- SPM, suspended particulate matter
- Sewage chemical information mining
- Sewage epidemiology
- TBOEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
- TPhP, triphenyl phosphate
- UAE, ultrasonic-assisted extraction
- UHPLC-MS/MS, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- UV filters
- WBE, wastewater-based epidemiology
- WWTPs, wastewater treatment plants
- bbCID, broadband collision-induced dissociation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Castro V, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Determination of 18 organophosphorus flame retardants/plasticizers in mussel samples by matrix solid-phase dispersion combined to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 208:120470. [PMID: 31816754 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the development and validation of a new analytical method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), integrating sample extraction and clean-up in one single step, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 18 organophosphorus flame retardants and/or plasticizers (OPEs) in marine mussel (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis) samples. Among these OPEs, 5 (tetraethyl 1,2-ethanediylbis(phosphonate), 6H-dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, 2,2-propanediyldi-4,1-phenylene bis(phosphate) and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)) are considered here for the first time in marine samples. Different parameters affecting the MSPD (clean-up sorbent and elution solvent) were optimized to obtain a good compromise between analyte recoveries and extract clean-up. Also, particular attention was paid to tackle blank issues. The overall method was validated in terms of trueness, precision and detection and quantification limits. Percentages of recovery varied from 69% to 122% with relative standard deviations below 24%. Detection limits ranged from 0.06 to 5 ng g-1 and quantification limits from 0.19 to 17 ng g-1 dry weight. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 7 mussel samples collected in the coast of Galicia (Spain). 8 OPEs were detected in these samples at concentrations ranging from the LOQ to 291 ng g-1 dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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