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Marquet F, Champmartin C, Seiwert C, Aubertin M, Viton S, Chedik L, Cosnier F. Human in vitro percutaneous absorption of bisphenol S: Assessment of the skin reservoir and occlusion effects. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 99:105886. [PMID: 38945377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) was introduced in many industrial and commercial applications as a presumed safer alternative to bisphenol A. However, concerns have been raised surrounding skin absorption and potential persistence of BPS and its related toxic effects in humans. A previous study revealed the likelihood of a reservoir building up in exposed skin. Here, we studied the interactions of BPS solubilized in acetone, ultrapure water, or artificial sebum with freshly excised human skin samples. In vitro tests were performed in static Franz diffusion cells, to explore reservoir and occlusion effects, absorption and metabolism. Most BPS passed through the skin without metabolization - <10% was recovered as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. Importantly, a substantial amount of BPS persisted in the skin, especially in the stratum corneum. This reservoir could lead to prolonged diffusion into the body after surface cleaning. Occlusion, that may occur with protective clothing, amplified BPS absorption up to six-fold. These findings have implications for occupational settings, highlighting the persistence of BPS contamination even after washing the skin's surface and the need to ensure protective equipment is correctly maintained and used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Marquet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Champmartin
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
| | - Claire Seiwert
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
| | - Matthieu Aubertin
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Viton
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
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Sharin T, Leinen LJ, Schreiber D, Swenson VA, Emsley SA, Trammell EJ, Videau P, Crump D, Gaylor MO. Description of Solvent-Extractable Chemicals in Thermal Receipts and Toxicological Assessment of Bisphenol S and Diphenyl Sulfone. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:63. [PMID: 38615298 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Research on thermal receipts has previously focused on the toxic effects of dermal exposure from the most publicized developers (e.g., bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS)), while no studies have reported on the other solvent-extractable compounds therein. Diphenyl sulfone (DPS) is a sensitizer added to thermal receipts, but little is known about DPS concentrations in receipts or potential toxicity. Here, we quantified BPA, BPS, and DPS concentrations and tentatively identified the solvent-extractable compounds of thermal receipts collected from three South Dakota (USA) cities during 2016-2017. An immortalized chicken hepatic cell line, cultured as 3D spheroids, was used to screen effects of DPS, BPS, and 17ß estradiol (E2; 0.1-1000 µM) on cell viability and gene expression changes. These chemicals elicited limited cytotoxicity with LC50 values ranging from 113 to 143 µM, and induced dysregulation in genes associated with lipid and bile acid homeostasis. Taken together, this study generated novel information on solvent-extractable chemicals from thermal receipts and toxicity data for DPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lucas J Leinen
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
| | - David Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
| | - Vaille A Swenson
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah A Emsley
- Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - E Jamie Trammell
- Environmental Science and Policy Program, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - Patrick Videau
- Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA.
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Michael O Gaylor
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA.
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
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Demierre AL, Reinhard H, Zeltner S, Frey S. Evaluating the efficiency of the 2020 ban of BPA and BPS in thermal papers in Switzerland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105526. [PMID: 37995898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal printing technology requires a color developer to activate the dye under the action of heat. Bisphenol A (BPA) has traditionally been used for this purpose, although it has increasingly been replaced by bisphenol S (BPS) in recent years. Due to concerns regarding their toxicity, the Swiss authorities have banned both BPA and BPS from thermal papers since 2020. The impact of this regulatory decision was evaluated during 3 monitoring campaigns: in 2013-2014, 2019 and 2021. They were used to describe the starting point, the transition phase, and the status after entry into force of the ban, respectively. Whereas the use of BPA as color developer dropped from 82.2% in 2013/14 to 10.8% in 2021, the fraction of BPS-based thermal paper rose from 3.1% to 19.1% during the same period, despite being banned. However, Pergafast® 201 (PF201) is now the main color developer in thermal paper in Switzerland, with an occurrence of 60.3%. Other alternatives such as D-8, TGSA, PPSMU, NKK-1304, BPS-MAE, D-90 and Blue4est® have only been marginally detected. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the regulatory measure and the feasibility to substitute BPA in thermal papers with less-toxic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Demierre
- Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Zeltner
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Frey
- Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
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Miller GZ, Pitzzu DT, Sargent MC, Gearhart J. Bisphenols and alternative developers in thermal paper receipts from the U.S. market assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122232. [PMID: 37481030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Cash register receipts made of thermal paper expose workers and shoppers to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and contaminate paper recycling streams. In 2022, 571 receipts were collected from retail stores in the United States and tested for developer chemicals using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. The results were compared to a 2017 study of 167 receipts to determine changes in color developer use over time. Receipts were tested as-is and a subset were additionally subjected to a simple extraction that improved detection of receipt chemicals. Bisphenol S was the most frequently detected developer (85% of tested receipts), followed by Pergafast 201 (12%), bisphenol A (1%); and Appvion Alpha Free, D-8, and NKK-1304 (each below 1%). NKK-1304 is reported here for the first time in a scientific journal. The frequency of bisphenol A usage in receipts decreased and the frequency of bisphenol S and Pergafast 201 increased between 2017 and 2022, particularly among large companies. National retailers were more likely than regional or local retailers to have adopted non-bisphenol alternatives. Potential health and environmental hazards of the detected developer chemicals and strategies for reduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeff Gearhart
- Ecology Center, 339 E. Liberty St, Suite 300, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
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Xu Z, Tian L, Liu L, Goodyer CG, Hales BF, Bayen S. Food Thermal Labels are a Source of Dietary Exposure to Bisphenol S and Other Color Developers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4984-4991. [PMID: 36922386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that migration from the thermal labels on plastic film packaging is a major source of exposure to bisphenols and alternative color developers in food, we analyzed 140 packaging materials from packaged fresh food purchased in North America. No bisphenol A (BPA) was detected in either the packaging samples or thermal labels. However, significant amounts of bisphenol S (BPS) and alternative color developers (up to 214 μg/cm2) were present in thermal labels; their relative occurrence varied among stores. In a controlled experiment, we wrapped fish in film with a thermal label for 5 days at 4 °C. The fish in contact with the label contained BPS (≤1140 ng/g wet weight [ww]), 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-isoprooxyphenylsulfone (D-8) (≤230 ng/g ww), bis(2-chloroethyl)ether-4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone monomer (D-90) (≤3.41 ng/g ww), and/or Pergafast-201 (≤1.87 ng/g ww). The corresponding film samples were then tested using migration cells for 10 days; significantly higher BPS migration was observed systematically from the films with thermal labels compared to plain films. This study provides evidence, for the first time, that BPS and alternative thermal label color developers migrate from packaging materials into food. Further, BPS migration significantly exceeded the European Union Specific Migration Limit (50 ng/g ww), suggesting that further risk assessment studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Xu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | | | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
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Huang C, Yang J, Ma J, Tan W, Wu L, Shan B, Wang S, Chen J, Li Y. An efficient mixed-mode strong anion-exchange adsorbent based on functionalized polyethyleneimine for simultaneous solid phase extraction and purification of bisphenol analogues and monoalkyl phthalate esters in human urine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Nasello S, Beiguel É, Fitó-Friedrichs G, Irala C, Berenstein G, Basack S, Montserrat JM. Thermal paper as a potential source of bisphenol A for humans and the environment: migration and ecotoxicological impact. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53382-53394. [PMID: 35284971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate thermal paper (TP) tickets used in Argentina as a potential source of bisphenol A (BPA) that could impact humans and the environment. BPA in TP was measured by HPLC ranging from 11.1 to 30.5 mg BPAg-1. In order to estimate the impact on humans, dermal BPA estimated daily intake was calculated as being 79.3 ± 19.5 μgd-1 for workers and 1.6 ± 0.4 μgd-1 for the general population. To evaluate TP's impact on the environment, BPA migration from TP to water and soil was studied. In the case of water, 99.6% of the BPA tickets content migrated in 30 h, while 78.0% moved into the soil in 96 h. BPA degradation kinetics in soil and water were also carried out; while in soil 61.9% of BPA degraded in 120 h, no degradation was observed up to 120 h in tap or river water.Additionally, ecotoxicological effects of BPA on the earthworm Eisenia andrei, a representative terrestrial indicator, were studied performing bioassays on lethality, avoidance, and reproductive and enzymatic activity. BPA showed to be very toxic to E. andrei (LC50 value in contact paper test of 17 μgcm-2, 95% confidence interval 6-46 μgcm-2, 24 h exposure) and also caused an increase of total cocoons for earthworms exposed to 10 and 50 mg BPA kg-1 soil. Evasion response was observed at a concentration of 50 mg BPA kg-1 soil, while no effect was observed on cholinesterases, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases activities (1, 10, and 50 mg BPA kg-1 soil). Finally, a simple BPA degradation technology using water peroxide and radish (Raphanus sativus) tissue as catalyst was explored as a simple and domestic potential treatment to avoid BPA migration to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Nasello
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Érica Beiguel
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gretel Fitó-Friedrichs
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carmen Irala
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giselle Berenstein
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Basack
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Javier M Montserrat
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Bernardo RA, Sousa JCP, Gallimberti M, Junior FB, Vaz BG, Chaves AR. A fast and direct determination of bisphenol S in thermal paper samples using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57288-57296. [PMID: 34089157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about human health regarding the large use of bisphenol A in thermal papers have led to its replacement by bisphenol S. Analyses of bisphenols require several sample pretreatment steps, which are laborious, expensive, and time-consuming. A paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) was developed to detect and quantify bisphenol S in three different brands of thermal papers commercially available. Parameters such as paper size, and paper position relative to the mass spectrometer inlet were evaluated. The analyses were performed in selected ion monitoring mode on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The developed method presented absolute recovery values ranging from 92.2 to 109.04%, accuracy values from -1.2 to 9.0%, and inter assay precision from 1.8 to 5.6% and enabled LOD as low as 5 ng g-1. The concentration of bisphenol S in all of the three brands of BPA-free thermal papers evaluated ranged from 1.36 to 6.77 μg g-1, and the concentrarion of BPA ranged from 6.56 to 16.4 μg g-1 in all samples of thermal paper evaluated. The PSI-MS method described here was comparable to the conventional ones, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry described in the literature. The present study proved to be practical, fast, and efficient for the direct determination of bisphenol S in thermal papers. Furthermore, the methodology here described showed to be a promising alternative to replace the classical methods for determination of bisphenol S, due to its simplicity, and no needing of any sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matheus Gallimberti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Blasko A, Wang H, Lu T, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Charged aerosol detection in early and late-stage pharmaceutical development: selection of regressionmodels at optimum power function value. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461997. [PMID: 33676111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of quantitative liquid chromatography (LC) coupled charged aerosol detection (CAD) for poor UV absorbing analytes in multicomponent mixtures has grown exponentially across academic and industrial sectors. The ballpark of previous LC-CAD reports is focused on practical applications, as well as optimization of critical parameters such as: response dependencies on temperature, nebulization process, analyte volatility, and mobile-phase composition. However, straightforward approaches to deal with the characteristic nonlinear response of CAD still scarce. A highly overlooked parameter is the power function value (PFV), whose optimization enables a detection signal that is more linear with higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and lower relative standard deviation (RSD) of area counts. Herein, a systematic investigation of different regression models (log-log, first-and second-degree polynomial) by both interpolation and extrapolation process in conjunction with PFV optimization throughout the development of LC-CAD assays is reported. The accuracy of the results via interpolation is always good (< 5%) when operating in the vicinity of the optimum PFV regardless the regression model choice. On the contrary, extrapolation process only worked when applying log-log regression at the optimum PFV (accuracy <5%). This outcome indicates that a first-order regression via interpolation can be a safe and simple choice for quantitative LC-CAD in highly regulated laboratories (GLP, GMP, etc.). Whereas a straightforward extrapolation combined with log-log regression can enable the deployment of high-throughput LC-CAD assays, especially but not limited to laboratories where the synthetic process route is undergoing rapid change and optimization (medicinal chemistry, discovery, biocatalysis, process chemistry, etc.). This approach is crucial in developing quantitative LC-CAD assays for poor UV absorbing pharmaceuticals that are sensitive, precise, accurate and robust across early and late-stage pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Andrei Blasko
- California Life Sciences Institute, FAST Advisory Program, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Rovani S, Santos JJ, Guilhen SN, Corio P, Fungaro DA. Fast, efficient and clean adsorption of bisphenol-A using renewable mesoporous silica nanoparticles from sugarcane waste ash. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27706-27712. [PMID: 35516950 PMCID: PMC9055659 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05198e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with all the biological problems associated with bisphenol-A (BPA), this chemical is still being widely used, especially in thermal paper receipts. In this study, renewable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), obtained from sugarcane ash, functionalized with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) were applied as an adsorbent in the removal of BPA from the aqueous solution. The versatility of this material and its BPA adsorption capacity were tested at different pH values, being practically constant at pH between 4 and 9, with a slight increase in pH 10 and a greater increase in pH 11. The removal time evaluation indicates a very fast adsorption process, removing almost 90% of BPA in the first 20 min of contact. The kinetic model indicates a monolayer formation of BPA molecules on the MSN-CTAB surface. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) was 155.78 mg g−1, one of the highest found in literature, and the highest for material from a renewable source. Utilization of renewable mesoporous silica nanoparticles, from sugarcane ash, as an adsorbent for removal of an endocrine disruptive compound, bisphenol-A.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzimara Rovani
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
- IPEN-CNEN/SP
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | - Sabine N. Guilhen
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
- IPEN-CNEN/SP
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Paola Corio
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Denise A. Fungaro
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
- IPEN-CNEN/SP
- São Paulo
- Brazil
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