Molecularly imprinted polymer thin-film as a micro-extraction adsorbent for selective determination of trace concentrations of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in seawater

Dual COF functionalized magnetic MXene composite for enhancing magnetic solid phase extraction of thiophene compounds from oilfield produced waters prior to GC-MS/MS analysis

In this study, a novel COFTABT@COFTATp modified magnetic MXene composite (CoFe2O4 @Ti3C2 @COFTABT@COFTATp) was synthesized by Schiff base reaction and irre-versible enol-keto tautomerization, and employed to establish a sensitive monitoring method for six thiophene compounds in oilfield produced water samples based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) prior to gas chromatography coupled with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The designed magnetic materials exhibited unexpected enrichment ability to target thiophene compounds and achieved good extraction efficiencies ranging from 83 % to 98 %. The developed MSPE/GC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.001-100 μg L-1, and obtained lower limits of detection ranging from 0.39 to 1.9 ng L-1. The spiked recoveries of thiophene compounds obtained in three oilfield produced water samples were over the range of 96.26 %-99.54 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 3.7 %. Notably, benzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene were detected in three oilfield-produced water samples. Furthermore, the material still kept favorable stability after six recycling experiments. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms as well as adsorption thermodynamics of thiophene compounds were investigated in detail to provide insight into the mechanisms. Overall, the present work contributed a promising strategy for designing and synthesizing new functionalized materials for the enrichment and detection of typical pollutants in the environment.

New Materials for Thin-Film Solid-Phase Microextraction (TF-SPME) and Their Use for Isolation and Preconcentration of Selected Compounds from Aqueous, Biological and Food Matrices

Determination of a broad spectrum of analytes, carried out with analytical instruments in samples with complex matrices, including environmental, biological, and food samples, involves the development of new and selective sorption phases used in microextraction techniques that allow their isolation from the matrix. SPME solid-phase microextraction is compatible with green analytical chemistry among the sample preparation techniques, as it reduces the use of toxic organic solvents to the minimum necessary. Over the past two decades, it has undergone impressive progress, resulting in the development of the thin-film solid-phase microextraction technique, TF-SPME (the thin-film solid-phase microextraction), which is characterized by a much larger surface area of the sorption phase compared to that of the SPME fiber. TF-SPME devices, in the form of a mostly rectangular metal or polymer substrate onto which a thin film of sorption phase is applied, are characterized, among others, by a higher sorption capacity. In comparison with microextraction carried out on SPME fiber, they enable faster microextraction of analytes. The active phase on which analyte sorption occurs can be applied to the substrate through techniques such as dip coating, spin coating, electrospinning, rod coating, and spray coating. The dynamic development of materials chemistry makes it possible to use increasingly advanced materials as selective sorption phases in the TF-SPME technique: polymers, conducting polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, organometallic frameworks, carbon nanomaterials, aptamers, polymeric ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. Therefore, TF-SPME has been successfully used to prepare analytical samples to determine a broad spectrum of analytes in sample matrices: environmental, biological, and food. The work will be a review of the above-mentioned issues.

Sensing with Molecularly Imprinted Membranes on Two-Dimensional Solid-Supported Substrates

Molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) have been a focal research interest since 1990, representing a breakthrough in the integration of target molecules into membrane structures for cutting-edge sensing applications. This paper traces the developmental history of MIMs, elucidating the diverse methodologies employed in their preparation and characterization on two-dimensional solid-supported substrates. We then explore the principles and diverse applications of MIMs, particularly in the context of emerging technologies encompassing electrochemistry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Furthermore, we shed light on the unique features of ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) biosensors that rely on MIMs, with the notable advancements and challenges of point-of-care biochemical sensors highlighted. By providing a comprehensive overview of the latest innovations and future trajectories, this paper aims to inspire further exploration and progress in the field of MIM-driven sensing technologies.

High enrichment and measurement of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental waters with magnetic resorcinol-formaldehyde nanocomposites coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

Heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are concerned pollutants with carcinogenic toxicity, which exist universally in various environmental matrices and have great harm to environmental and human health. In present work, magnetic resorcinol-formaldehyde composites (Fe3O4@SiO2@R-F) were fabricated via aldol condensation reaction under alkaline condition. The prepared magnetic materials were examined and analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other related instruments. The Fe3O4@SiO2@R-F composites were utilized to develop an efficient magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method for extracting six heteropolyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples including carbazole (CB), 7-methylquinoline (7-MQL), 9-methylcarbazole (9-MCB), dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MDBT), and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). The analytes were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD). The main factors affecting MSPE were optimized. With the optimal parameters, 9-MCB and 4-MDBT have good linearity over the concentration range of 0.1-300 μg L-1, and 7-MQL, CB, DBT and 4,6-DMDBT have good linearity over the concentration range of 0.5-300 μg L-1. The limits of detection were over the concentration range of 0.012-0.031 μg L-1. This method was successfully employed to measure real waters, and the spiked recoveries ranged from 89.4% to 99.9%. The results confirmed that the developed method was reliable, robust and could be employed as a usefully alternate way for analyzing such pollutants in waters.

Development and application of a thin-film molecularly imprinted polymer for the measurement of mycophenolic acid in human plasma

BACKGROUND

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is used to suppress the immune response following organ transplantation; however, complex pharmacokinetic behavior and a large interpersonal variability necessitate therapeutic drug monitoring. To overcome the limitations of current sample preparation techniques, we present a novel thin-film molecularly imprinted polymer (TF-MIP) extraction device as part of a simple, sensitive, and fast method for analysis of MPA from human plasma.

METHODS

Mycophenolic acid is extracted from plasma using a tailor-made TF-MIP that is subsequently desorbed into an organic solvent system compatible with mass spectrometry. The MIP yielded higher recovery of MPA relative to a corresponding non-imprinted polymer. The method allows for the determination of MPA in 45 min including analysis time and can be scaled for high throughput to process as many as 96 samples per hour.

RESULTS

The method gave an LOD of 0.3 ng mL^-1 and was linear from 5 to 250 ng mL^-1 . Patient plasma samples (35 μL) were diluted using charcoal-stripped pooled plasma to a final extraction volume of 700 μL; when MPA in patient plasma is high, this ratio can easily be adjusted to ensure samples are within the method linear range. Intra- and inter-day variability were 13.8% and 4.3% (at 15 ng mL^-1 ) and 13.5% and 11.0% (at 85 ng mL^-1 ), respectively (n = 3); inter-device variability was 9.6% (n = 10).

CONCLUSIONS

Low inter-device variability makes these devices suitable for single use in a clinical setting, and the fast and robust method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring, where throughput and time-to-result are critical.

Current development of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals

Sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck step in bioanalysis because each biological matrix has its own unique challenges and complexity. Competent sample preparation to extract the desired analytes and remove redundant components is a crucial step in each bioanalytical approach. The matrix effect is a key hurdle in bioanalytical sample preparation, which has gained extensive consideration. Novel sample preparation techniques have advantages over classical techniques in terms of accuracy, automation, ease of sample preparation, storage, and shipment and have become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our objective is to provide a broad outline of current developments in various bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in chromatographic and spectroscopic examinations. In addition, how these techniques have gained considerable attention over the past decade in bioanalytical research is mentioned with preferred examples. Modern trends in bioanalytical sample preparation techniques, including sorbent-based microextraction techniques, are primarily emphasized.

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Bioanalytical sampling techniques are described with suitable applications in pharmaceuticals.

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The pros and cons of each bioanalytical sampling techniques are described.

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Relevant biological matrices are outlined.

Efficient extraction of trace organochlorine pesticides from environmental samples by a polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber membrane modified with covalent organic framework

Detecting and analyzing of the trace organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the real water has become a big challenge. In this work, a novel functional electrospun nanofiber membrane (PAN@COFs) was synthesized through the in situ growth of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on a polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber membranes under room temperature and used in the solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to enrich trace organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water. The resulted PAN@COFs composite consisted of numerous nanofibers coated ample porous COFs spheres (~ 500 nm) and owned stable crystal structure, abundant functional groups, good stability. In addition, the enrichment experiments clearly revealed that PAN@COFs exhibited rather outstanding performance on adsorbing the trace OCPs (as low as 10 ng L^-1) with the enrichment of 482-2686 times. Besides, PAN@COFs displayed good reusability and could be reused 100 times. Notably, in the real water samples (sea water and river water), the high enrichment factors and recovery rates strongly confirmed the feasibility of PAN@COFs for detecting the trace OCPs. Furthermore, due to the synergy of π-π stacking interaction and hydrophobic interaction between the OCPs molecules and PAN@COFs, the OCPs could be efficiently adsorbed on PAN@COFs, even under the extremely low driving force.

Matrix-dispersed magnetic molecularly-imprinted polyaniline for the effective removal of chlorpyrifos pesticide from contaminated water

We report a new adsorbent nanocomposite material based on matrix-dispersed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in molecularly-imprinted polyaniline for the removal of chlorpyrifos (CPF), a hazardous organophosphate pesticide, from water. The synthesized magnetic molecularly-imprinted polymer (MMIP) was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, magnetic susceptibility, DLS, zeta potential measurement, SEM and high-resolution TEM imaging. The average size of the naked SPIONs ranges from 15 to 30 nm according to the high-resolution TEM analysis. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS), adsorption isotherms and rebinding conditions were investigated in detail. The proposed MMIP has an imprinting factor of 1.64. In addition, it showed a high experimental adsorption capacity of 1.77 mg g-1 and a removal efficiency of nearly 80%. The fabricated MMIP material demonstrated excellent magnetic susceptibility allowing for easy separation using an external magnetic field. The adsorption mechanism of CPF onto the MMIP adsorbent followed the second-order kinetics model and fitted to the Temkin adsorption isotherm. By studying the adsorption thermodynamics, negative ΔG values (-1.955 kJ mol-1 at room temperature) were obtained revealing that the adsorption process is spontaneous. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at room temperature (ca. 303 K), neutral pH and using a high CPF concentration.

Combination of polyurethane and polymethyl methacrylate thin films as a microextraction sorbent for rapid adsorption and sensitive determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in fruit juice and tea by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

An economical and effective thin film microextraction (TFME) for simultaneous analysis of ten neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites in fruit juice and tea, was developed based on the combination of polyurethane (PU) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films as the sorbent followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The PU/PMMA composite was evidenced to possess rapid adsorption and strong accumulation towards neonicotinoids compared with the films used alone. A series of parameters were optimized, and the agitation mode, film size, ionic strength, desorption solvent and sample pH were found to dominate the microextraction process rather than the extraction temperature, agitation time and sample volume. The thin films are cost effective and efficient for single use analysis, but still can be reused at least 8 times with no significant loss in performance. The ten neonicotinoids were measured with good recoveries (81.1-107.9%), high enrichment factors (up to 135), low limits of detection (0.001-0.1 µg L^-1), and wide linearity range (1-500 µg L^-1, r²>0.9981) in fruit juice (apple, lemon, and pomegranate) and tea (green tea and black tea) samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to commercial fruit and tea drinks, and no samples were tested positive on target neonicotinoids. The PU/PMMA based TFME has shown great potential as an alternative to exhaustive extraction techniques for routine screening of trace neonicotinoids in fruit juice and tea by simplifying the analytical procedure, shortening the operation time, and lowering the material expense.

Micro-gel thin film molecularly imprinted polymer coating for extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from water and beverage samples

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become an important class of materials for selective and efficient adsorption of target analytes. Despite versatility of MIPs for fabrication in numerous formats, these materials have been primarily reported as solid phase extraction packing materials. An effective thin film MIP prepared on stainless steel substrate is reported here for high throughput enrichment of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from water and beverage samples followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The key factors controlling performance as well as best practices for optimized fabrication of thin film MIPs are presented. A pseudo-phase diagram is introduced to evaluate and predict the effect of the ratio of porogen (solvent, 1-octanol) volume to relative crosslinker mass on the desired polymer features (i.e., porosity, surface area, capacity, and selectivity). At low porogen ratios, a macroporous polymer with insignificant selectivity is formed, whereas at high porogen ratios a micro-gel polymer with superior selectivity towards targets is obtained. The porosity and morphology determined with nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy were attributed to specific regions in the pseudo-phase diagram. Other factors influencing selectivity and stability of the polymer, such as type of the template and its ratios with monomer (methacrylic acid) and crosslinker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) were optimized. The prepared thin film MIPs were characterized using adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics, and evaluated for matrix effects (high humic acid content) and cross-reactivity in presence of other pesticides and pharmaceuticals. The optimized method provided limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 ng mL^-1 in water and from 0.095 to 0.48 ng g^-1 in apple juice. Regarding inter-device variability (CV∼10% without normalization), excellent linearity (R² > 0.99), satisfactory accuracies (90-110%) and precisions (<15%) were obtained.

Sensitive and selective determination of imidacloprid with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer by using LC/Q-TOF/MS

In this paper, magnetic-molecularly imprinted polymer was used for the preconcentration of trace levels of imidacloprid in water and apple samples prior to liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric determination. The selectivity of the magnetic polymer was united with the sensitivity and the high resolving power of the chromatographic system. The developed method showed a linear range from 10.0 to 500.0 µg/L. The quantitative recoveries were obtained for water and apple samples in the range of 92.0%–99.0 %. The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day tests were found to be in the range of 0.8%–1.2% and 1.2%–1.6 %, respectively. In addition, the same magnetic-molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) can be used at least ten cycles for the determination of imidacloprid. The preconcentration factor of the method was found to be 2.5, and the total preconcentration procedure can be completed in 1 h. Characterization of synthesised particles were executed with various techniques. Due to its suitable limit of detection, dynamic linear range, sensitivity and selectivity, the developed method seemed to be ideal for the determination and preconcentration of imidacloprid in water and fruit samples.

Dummy molecularly imprinted membranes based on an eco-friendly synthesis approach for recognition and extraction of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in egg samples

In this work, novel dummy molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) were fabricated using the nylon-66 (NY-66) membranes as the subtracts based on an eco-friendly "sandwich" technology with less consumption of organic reagents at mild conditions for recognition and extraction of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in egg samples. The prepared MIMs were characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR and TGA, showing the successful construction of uniform and porous polymers on the surface of membranes. A series of adsorption affinity tests were investigated, indicating the prepared materials had specific recognition capacity and excellent stability as novel sorbents. Furthermore, Box-Benhnken design (BBD) and single factor investigations were applied to optimize pretreatment procedures, coupling with Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (UHPLC) detection. The method showed a good correlation (r²>0.9999) within the linear range of 5.0~5000.0 µg kg^-1, and limit of detection (LOD) of ENR and CIP were 0.3 and 0.7 µg kg^-1, respectively. The mean recovery ranged from 84.5% to 97.0% within relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 10.2%. Finally, ENR and CIP were not detected in 3 batches of egg samples. The current study developed the dummy MIMs as sorbents combined with UHPLC analysis for extraction and detection of target analytes in food matrices.

Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years

The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.

Thin film molecularly imprinted polymer (TF-MIP), a selective and single-use extraction device for high-throughput analysis of biological samples

Enhancing selectivity, reducing matrix effects and increasing analytical throughput have been the main objectives in the development of biological sample preparation techniques. A thin film molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is employed for extraction and analysis of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as a model class of compounds in human plasma for the first time to reach the abovementioned goals. The thin film MIPs prepared on a metal substrate can be used directly for extraction from biological matrices with no sample manipulation steps and no pre-conditioning. This method was validated with good linearity (R² > 0.99 in 1.0-500.0 ng mL^-1 range), excellent accuracy (90% -110%) and precision (RSD % value less than 15%) in pooled human plasma samples (N = 3). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for TCAs in plasma samples were between 1.0-5.0 ng mL^-1 which are lower than the therapeutic ranges of these drugs. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the superior performance of MIP sorbent compared to a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) sorbent in extracting TCAs from a bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. The optimized and validated method for pooled human plasma was utilized for monitoring the concentration of TCAs in three patient samples who had been prescribed TCAs. These selective single-use thin film extraction devices are promising for efficient and fast procedures for analyzing biological samples.

Imprinting Technology for Effective Sorbent Fabrication: Current State-of-Art and Future Prospects

In the last 10 years, we have witnessed an extensive development of instrumental techniques in analytical methods for determination of various molecules and ions at very low concentrations. Nevertheless, the presence of interfering components of complex samples hampered the applicability of new analytical strategies. Thus, additional sample pre-treatment steps were proposed to overcome the problem. Solid sorbents were used for clean-up samples but insufficient selectivity of commercial materials limited their utility. Here, the application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) or ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) in the separation processes have recently attracted attention due to their many advantages, such as high selectivity, robustness, and low costs of the fabrication process. Bulk or monoliths, microspheres and core-shell materials, magnetically susceptible and stir-bar imprinted materials are applicable to different modes of solid-phase extraction to determine target analytes and ions in a very complex environment such as blood, urine, soil, or food. The capability to perform a specific separation of enantiomers is a substantial advantage in clinical analysis. The ion-imprinted sorbents gained interest in trace analysis of pollutants in environmental samples. In this review, the current synthetic approaches for the preparation of MIPs and IIPs are comprehensively discussed together with a detailed characterization of respective materials. Furthermore, the use of sorbents in environmental, food, and biomedical analyses will be emphasized to point out current limits and highlight the future prospects for further development in the field.

Application of molecularly imprinted polymers for the separation and detection of aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are extremely harmful carcinogens to humans and animals. In recent years, attention has been directed toward the application of molecular imprinting polymers for the separation and detection of aflatoxin. In this review, polymerization methods for the preparation of molecular imprinting polymers for aflatoxin detection, such as lump-bulk polymerization, spherical molecular imprinting polymer synthesis, surface-imprinted polymerization, and electropolymerization, are described. The applications of molecular imprinting polymers in solid-phase extraction, biosensors, and the surface-enhanced Raman detection of aflatoxin are also reviewed in this paper.

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Dye Displacement Assay for the Rapid Visual Detection of Amphetamine in Urine

The rapid sensing of drug compounds has traditionally relied on antibodies, enzymes and electrochemical reactions. These technologies can frequently produce false positives/negatives and require specific conditions to operate. Akin to antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a more robust synthetic alternative with the ability to bind a target molecule with an affinity comparable to that of its natural counterparts. With this in mind, the research presented in this article introduces a facile MIP-based dye displacement assay for the detection of (±) amphetamine in urine. The selective nature of MIPs coupled with a displaceable dye enables the resulting low-cost assay to rapidly produce a clear visual confirmation of a target's presence, offering huge commercial potential. The following manuscript characterizes the proposed assay, drawing attention to various facets of the sensor design and optimization. To this end, synthesis of a MIP tailored towards amphetamine is described, scrutinizing the composition and selectivity (ibuprofen, naproxen, 2-methoxphenidine, quetiapine) of the reported synthetic receptor. Dye selection for the development of the displacement assay follows, proceeded by optimization of the displacement process by investigating the time taken and the amount of MIP powder required for optimum displacement. An optimized dose-response curve is then presented, introducing (±) amphetamine hydrochloride (0.01-1 mg mL^-1) to the engineered sensor and determining the limit of detection (LoD). The research culminates in the assay being used for the analysis of spiked urine samples (amphetamine, ibuprofen, naproxen, 2-methoxphenidine, quetiapine, bupropion, pheniramine, bromopheniramine) and evaluating its potential as a low-cost, rapid and selective method of analysis.

Preparation of polydopamine-coated, graphene oxide/Fe3 O4 - imprinted nanoparticles for selective removal of sulfonylurea herbicides in cereals

BACKGROUND

Sulfonylureas are potentially toxic broad-spectrum herbicides. They pose a persistent threat to food safety and the environment. It is therefore important to develop a rapid and efficient pretreatment and detection method to prevent their harmful effects on human health.

RESULTS

In the present work, a novel and highly selective absorbent for chlorosulfuron (CS) detection was prepared by the simple self-polymerization of dopamine on the surface of magnetic graphene oxide using a CS template. The resultant imprinted nanoparticles (MGO@PDA-MIPs) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating-sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The adsorption experiments demonstrated that the MGO@PDA-MIPs have excellent selectivity with regard to CS, with a high imprinting factor of 3.41 compared with a non-imprinted polymer. The nanoparticles rapidly achieve adsorption equilibrium and efficient desorption because there are numerous binding sites on the thin polydopamine imprinting layer. Under optimized conditions, the MGO@PDA-MIPs can be used to detect sulfonylurea residues in cereal samples by magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles have a satisfactory recovery rate (80.65-101.01%) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 7.15%, and a limit of detection with regard to CS of 1.61 μg kg^-1 (S/N = 3). They can also be re-used at least seven times.

CONCLUSION

The MGO@PDA-MIPs have outstanding recognition performance, and can be prepared by a facile, single-step, and environmentally friendly process. They therefore have excellent potential for the recognition and separation of trace sulfonylurea herbicides in complex matrices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.