1
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Carenza C, Franzese S, Castagna A, Terzoli S, Simonelli M, Persico P, Bello L, Nibali MC, Pessina F, Kunderfranco P, Peano C, Balin S, Mikulak J, Calcaterra F, Bonecchi R, Savino B, Locati M, Della Bella S, Mavilio D. Perioperative corticosteroid treatment impairs tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in patients with newly diagnosed adult-type diffuse gliomas. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1074762. [PMID: 36703985 PMCID: PMC9872516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adult-type diffuse gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors characterized by very poor prognosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key in priming antitumor effector functions in cancer, but their role in gliomas remains poorly understood. Methods In this study, we characterized tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) in adult patients with newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas by using multi-parametric flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. Results We demonstrated that different subsets of DCs are present in the glioma microenvironment, whereas they are absent in cancer-free brain parenchyma. The largest cluster of TIDCs was characterized by a transcriptomic profile suggestive of severe functional impairment. Patients undergoing perioperative corticosteroid treatment showed a significant reduction of conventional DC1s, the DC subset with key functions in antitumor immunity. They also showed phenotypic and transcriptional evidence of a more severe functional impairment of TIDCs. Discussion Overall, the results of this study indicate that functionally impaired DCs are recruited in the glioma microenvironment. They are severely affected by dexamethasone administration, suggesting that the detrimental effects of corticosteroids on DCs may represent one of the mechanisms contributing to the already reported negative prognostic impact of steroids on glioma patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carenza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzese
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castagna
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Terzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Simonelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Persico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Unit of Oncological Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Conti Nibali
- Unit of Oncological Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Pessina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Kunderfranco
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Balin
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Chemokine Biology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Silvia Della Bella, ; Domenico Mavilio,
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Silvia Della Bella, ; Domenico Mavilio,
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2
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Brambilla L, Maronese CA, Zelin E, Genovese G, Tourlaki A. Kaposi's sarcoma, biologics and small molecules: Navigating the complex interplay between host immunity and viral biology. A case series with focused review of the literature. Dermatol Ther 2021; 35:e15278. [PMID: 34931407 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of cytokine-specific immune modulation in the development and course of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are poorly understood. A retrospective chart review of patients treated with biologic/small molecule drugs and followed at the dedicated KS outpatient service of our Dermatology Unit was performed. The literature on biologic and small molecule drug use in KS patients was also reviewed. Data concerning 12 KS patients treated with biologic/small molecule drugs were collected. After a median delay of 6 months following biologic or small molecule drug introduction, nine patients experienced either KS onset or reactivation. Drugs associated with KS onset or flaring were: rituximab, infliximab, ruxolitinib apremilast (1), mirikizumab, abatacept (1). After a median follow-up of 25 months, all cases achieved persistent complete response through culprit drug discontinuation or drug withdrawal plus treatment. No effect on KS course was recorded with tocilizumab and vedolizumab. Based on our experience with the largest case series reported to date as well as the available literature, tocilizumab and ustekinumab seem to exert an overall neutral effect on KS. On the other hand, rituximab, infliximab, and ruxolitinib have been associated with the development or worsening of pre-existing KS and should be carefully pondered before use. Due to limited and partly controversial evidence, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on vedolizumab, apremilast, mirikizumab, abatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brambilla
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Maronese
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Zelin
- Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Genovese
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasia Tourlaki
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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3
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Natural Killer-Dendritic Cell Interactions in Liver Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092184. [PMID: 34062821 PMCID: PMC8124166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reciprocal crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells plays a pivotal role in regulating immune defense against viruses and tumors. The Th-cell polarizing ability, cytokine-producing capacity, chemokine expression, and migration of DCs are regulated by activated NK cells. Conversely, the effector functions including lysis and cytokine production, proliferation, and migration of NK cells are influenced by close interactions with activated DCs. In this review, we explore the impact of DC–NK cell crosstalk and its therapeutic potential in immune control of liver malignances. Abstract Natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells that play a crucial role in anti-tumor immunity. NK cells kill tumor cells through direct cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. DCs are needed for the activation of adaptive immune responses against tumor cells. Both NK cells and DCs are subdivided in several subsets endowed with specialized effector functions. Crosstalk between NK cells and DCs leads to the reciprocal control of their activation and polarization of immune responses. In this review, we describe the role of NK cells and DCs in liver cancer, focusing on the mechanisms involved in their reciprocal control and activation. In this context, intrahepatic NK cells and DCs present unique immunological features, due to the constant exposure to non-self-circulating antigens. These interactions might play a fundamental role in the pathology of primary liver cancer, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Additionally, the implications of these immune changes are relevant from the perspective of improving the cancer immunotherapy strategies in HCC and ICC patients.
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4
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Carenza C, Franzese S, Calcaterra F, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Comprehensive Phenotyping of Dendritic Cells in Cancer Patients by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 99:218-230. [PMID: 33098618 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. During the elimination phase of cancer immunoediting, immunostimulatory DCs are critical for the control of tumor growth. During the escape phase, regulatory DCs sustain tumor tolerance and contribute to the development of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that characterizes this phase. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that DCs are also critical for the success of cancer immunotherapy. Hence, there is increasing need to fully characterize DC subsets and their activatory/inhibitory profile in cancer patients. In this review, we describe the role played by different DC subsets in the different phases of cancer immunoediting, the function exerted by different activatory and inhibitory molecules expressed on DC surface, and the cytokines produced by distinct DC subsets, in order to provide an overview on the DC features that may be useful to be assessed when dealing with the flow cytometric characterization of DCs in cancer patients. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carenza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzese
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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5
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Cáceres CVBLD, Vargas PA, Sánchez-Romero C, Bunn BK, Heerden WFPV, Fonseca FP. Distribution of Dendritic Cells in AIDS-Associated Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:617-625. [PMID: 31800757 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the distribution of Langerhans cells (LC) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDC) is altered in AIDS-associated oral Kaposi's sarcoma when compared to HIV-negative highly vascular oral lesions. Fifty-one cases of AIDS-associated oral Kaposi's sarcoma and 20 of highly vascular oral lesions were retrospectively retrieved. All cases of Kaposi's sarcoma were confirmed with immunoreactions against CD34 and HHV-8. Clinical data regarding sex, age and lesions location were obtained from pathology reports. Immunohistochemistry against CD207 (immature dendritic cells) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells) were done. LC were in the epithelium and IDC in the stroma. CD207+ cells predominated in the epithelium of the lesions, whereas CD83+ cells predominated in their stromal compartment. Kaposi's sarcoma had a lower CD207+ immature LC count (p=0.02) and an increased CD207+ IDC than highly vascular oral lesions (p<0.001). Moreover, Kaposi's sarcoma also showed an increased number of mature CD83+ IDC than highly vascular oral lesions (p<0.001). There were significant alterations in the distribution of LC and IDC in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma when compared to HIV-negative vascular oral lesions, suggesting that changes in their concentrations may play a role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Celeste Sánchez-Romero
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Belinda K Bunn
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willie F P van Heerden
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Oral Surgery and Patholog, School of Dentistry, UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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6
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Carenza C, Calcaterra F, Oriolo F, Di Vito C, Ubezio M, Della Porta MG, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Costimulatory Molecules and Immune Checkpoints Are Differentially Expressed on Different Subsets of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1325. [PMID: 31244860 PMCID: PMC6579930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating and shaping immune responses. The effects of DCs on adaptive immune responses depend partly on functional specialization of distinct DC subsets, and partly on the activation state of DCs, which is largely dictated by environmental signals. Fully activated immunostimulatory DCs express high levels of costimulatory molecules, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulate T cell proliferation, whereas tolerogenic DCs express low levels of costimulatory molecules, produce immunomodulatory cytokines and impair T cell proliferation. Relevant to the increasing use of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment, signals generated from inhibitory checkpoint molecules on DC surface may also contribute to the inhibitory properties of tolerogenic DCs. Yet, our knowledge on the expression of inhibitory molecules on human DC subsets is fragmentary. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression of three immune checkpoints on peripheral blood DC subsets, in basal conditions and upon exposure to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli, by using a flow cytometric panel that allows a direct comparison of the activatory/inhibitory phenotype of DC-lineage and inflammatory DC subsets. We demonstrated that functionally distinct DC subsets are characterized by differential expression of activatory and inhibitory molecules, and that cDC1s in particular are endowed with a unique immune checkpoint repertoire characterized by high TIM-3 expression, scarce PD-L1 expression and lack of ILT2. Notably, this unique cDC1 repertoire was subverted in a group of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes included in the study. Applied to the characterization of DCs in the tumor microenvironment, this panel has the potential to provide valuable information to be used for investigating the role of DC subsets in cancer, guiding DC-targeting treatments, and possibly identifying predictive biomarkers for clinical response to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carenza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marta Ubezio
- Cancer Center, Humanitas Reserach Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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7
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Bazhin AV, von Ahn K, Fritz J, Werner J, Karakhanova S. Interferon-α Up-Regulates the Expression of PD-L1 Molecules on Immune Cells Through STAT3 and p38 Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2129. [PMID: 30356906 PMCID: PMC6190899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFNα) has one of the longest histories of use amongst cytokines in clinical oncology and has been applied for the treatment of many types of cancers. Due to its immune-activating properties, IFNα is also an attractive candidate for combinatory anti-cancer therapies. Despite its extensive use in animal tumor models as well as in several clinical trials, the different mechanisms underlying patient responses and affecting desirable clinical benefits are still under investigation. Here we show that in addition to its immune-activating properties, IFNα induces the expression of a key negative regulator, immunosuppressive PD-L1 molecule, in the majority of the specific immune cell populations, particularly in the dendritic cells (DC). DC can modulate immune responses by a variety of mechanisms, including expression of T-cell regulatory molecules and cytokines. Our results showed that treatment of DC with IFNα-2b led to pronounced up-regulation of surface expression of PD-L1 molecules, increased IL-6 and decreased IL-12 production. Moreover, we present evidence that IFNα-treated DC exhibited a reduced capacity to stimulate interferon-γ production in T cells compared to control DC. This T-cell response after treatment of DC with IFNα was recovered by a pre-treatment with an anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody. Further analyses revealed that IFNα regulated PD-L1 expression through the STAT3 and p38 signaling pathways, since blocking of STAT3 and p38 activation with specific inhibitors prevented PD-L1 up-regulation. Our findings underline the important roles of p38 and STAT3 in the regulation of PD-L1 expression and prove that IFNα induces STAT3/p38-mediated expression of PD-L1 and thereby a reduced stimulatory ability of DC. The augmentation of PD-L1 expression in immune cells through IFNα treatment should be considered by use of IFNα in an anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina von Ahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fritz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Abdel Hadi L, Calcaterra F, Brambilla L, Carenza C, Marfia G, Della Bella S, Riboni L. Enhanced phosphorylation of sphingosine and ceramide sustains the exuberant proliferation of endothelial progenitors in Kaposi sarcoma. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:525-533. [PMID: 29345349 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0817-312r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), a unique endothelial stem cell population, are highly increased in the blood of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) patients. KS-derived ECFCs (KS-ECFCs) are also endowed with increased proliferative and vasculogenic potential, thus suggesting that they may be precursors of KS spindle cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased proliferative activity of KS-ECFCs remain poorly understood. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are metabolically interconnected sphingoid mediators crucial to cell proliferation. Here, we investigated the metabolism, release, and proliferative effects of S1P and C1P in KS-ECFCs compared with control ECFCs (Ct-ECFCs). Metabolic studies by cell labeling, chromatographic analyses, and digital autoradiography revealed that S1P and C1P biosynthesis and S1P secretion are all efficient processes in KS-ECFCs, more efficient in KS-ECFCs than Ct-ECFCs. Quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated a significantly higher ceramide kinase and sphingosine kinase-2 expression in KS-ECFCs. Notably, also the expression of S1P1 and S1P3 receptors was augmented in KS-ECFCs. Accordingly, treatment with exogenous C1P or S1P induced a significant, concentration-dependent stimulation of KS-ECFC proliferation, but was almost completely ineffective in Ct-ECFCs. Hence, we identified C1P and S1P as autocrine/paracrine proliferative signals in KS-ECFCs. A better understanding of the mechanisms that enhance S1P/C1P formation in KS-ECFCs may yield effective therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Abdel Hadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Brambilla
- Unit of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Carenza
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Increased Frequency and Vasculogenic Potential of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Patients with Kaposi’s Sarcoma. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1533-1540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Santarelli R, Granato M, Pentassuglia G, Lacconi V, Gilardini Montani MS, Gonnella R, Tafani M, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. KSHV reduces autophagy in THP-1 cells and in differentiating monocytes by decreasing CAST/calpastatin and ATG5 expression. Autophagy 2016; 12:2311-2325. [PMID: 27715410 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) impairs monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs). Macroautophagy/autophagy has been reported to be essential in such a differentiating process. Here we extended these studies and found that the impairment of DC formation by KSHV occurs through autophagy inhibition. KSHV indeed reduces CAST (calpastatin) and consequently decreases ATG5 expression in both THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary monocytes. We unveiled a new mechanism put in place by KSHV to escape from immune control. The discovery of viral immune suppressive strategies that contribute to the onset and progression of viral-associated malignancies is of fundamental importance for finding new therapeutic approaches against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santarelli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Granato
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - G Pentassuglia
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - V Lacconi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - R Gonnella
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Tafani
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,c Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea , Rome , Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Cirone
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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11
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Karouni M, Kurban M, Abbas O. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in skin lesions of classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:487-92. [PMID: 27372661 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the most potent producers of type I interferons (IFNs), which allows them to provide anti-viral resistance and to link the innate and adaptive immunity by controlling the function of myeloid DCs, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. pDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of several infectious [especially viral, such as Molluscum contagiosum (MC)], inflammatory/autoimmune, and neoplastic entities. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal, systemic lympho-angioproliferative tumor associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Microscopy typically exhibits a chronic inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in addition to the vascular changes and spindle cell proliferation. Despite the extensive research done on the immune evasion strategies employed by KSHV, pDCs role in relation to KS has only rarely been investigated. Given this, we intend to investigate pDC occurrence and activity in the skin lesions of KS. Immunohistochemical staining for BDCA-2 (specific pDC marker) and MxA (surrogate marker for local type I IFN production) was performed on classic KS (n = 20) with the control group comprising inflamed MC (n = 20). As expected, BDCA-2+ pDCs were present in abundance with diffuse and intense MxA expression (indicative of local type I IFN production) in all inflamed MC cases (20 of 20, 100 %). Though present in all the KS cases, pDCs were significantly less abundant in KS than in inflamed MC cases, and MxA expression was patchy/weak in most KS cases. In summary, pDCs are part of the inflammatory host response in KS; however, they were generally low in number with decreased type I IFN production which is probably related to KSHV's ability to evade the immune system through the production of different viral proteins capable of suppressing IFN production as well as pDC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Karouni
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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12
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Cornwall SMJ, Wikstrom M, Musk AW, Alvarez J, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Human mesothelioma induces defects in dendritic cell numbers and antigen-processing function which predict survival outcomes. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1082028. [PMID: 27057464 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an almost invariably fatal tumor with chemotherapy extending survival by a few months. One immunotherapeutic strategy is to target dendritic cells (DCs), key antigen-presenting cells involved in antigen presentation, to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. However, DC-targeting will only be effective if DCs are fit-for-purpose, and the functional status of DCs in mesothelioma patients was not clear. We found that mesothelioma patients have significantly decreased numbers of circulating myeloid (m)DC1 cells, mDC2 cells and plasmacytoid (p)DCs relative to healthy age and gender-matched controls. Blood monocytes from patients could not differentiate into immature monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), indicated by a significantly reduced ability to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and MHC (HLA-DR) molecules, relative to controls. Activation of mesothelioma-derived MoDCs with LPS+/-IFNγ generated partially mature MoDCs, evident by limited upregulation of the maturation marker, CD83, and the costimulatory markers. Attempts to rescue mesothelioma-derived DC function using CD40Ligand(L) also failed, indicated by maintenance of antigen-processing capacity and limited upregulation of CD40, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR. These data suggest that mesothelioma patients have significant numerical and functional DC defects and that their reduced capacity to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules could induce anergized/tolerized T cells. Nonetheless, survival analyses revealed that individuals with mesothelioma and higher than median levels of mDC1s and/or whose MoDCs matured in response to LPS, IFNγ or CD40L lived longer, implying their selection for DC-targeting therapy could be promising especially if combined with another treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M J Cornwall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital , Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - John Alvarez
- The Mount Hospital , 150 Mounts Bay Rd , Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Interference with the Autophagic Process as a Viral Strategy to Escape from the Immune Control: Lesson from Gamma Herpesviruses. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:546063. [PMID: 26090494 PMCID: PMC4451563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarized the most recent findings on the role of autophagy in antiviral immune response. We described how viruses have developed strategies to subvert the autophagic process. A particular attention has been given to Epstein-Barr and Kaposi's sarcoma associated Herpesvirus, viruses studied for many years in our laboratory. These two viruses belong to γ-Herpesvirus subfamily and are associated with several human cancers. Besides the effects on the immune response, we have described how autophagy subversion by viruses may also concur to the enhancement of their replication and to viral tumorigenesis.
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Ballon G, Akar G, Cesarman E. Systemic expression of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) Vflip in endothelial cells leads to a profound proinflammatory phenotype and myeloid lineage remodeling in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004581. [PMID: 25607954 PMCID: PMC4301867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
KSHV is the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a spindle-shaped endothelial cell neoplasm accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate. To evaluate the role of KSHV vFLIP in the pathogenesis of KS, we constructed mice with inducible expression of vFLIP in endothelial cells. Abnormal cells with endothelial marker expression and fusiform appearance were observed in several tissues reminiscent of the spindle cells found in KS. Serum cytokines displayed a profound perturbation similar to that described in KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), a recently described clinical condition characterized by elevated IL6 and IL10. An increased myeloid component with suppressive immune phenotype was found, which may contribute to functional changes in the microenvironment and cellular heterogeneity as observed in KS. These mice represent the first in vivo demonstration that vFLIP is capable of inducing vascular abnormalities and changes in host microenvironment with important implications for understanding the pathogenesis and treating KSHV-associated diseases. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in men infected with HIV, and also among the most frequent malignancies in Sub-Equatorial Africa. KS is a tumor of endothelial cell origin that is caused by infection with a gamma-herpesvirus, called KS herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). KSHV vFLIP is a viral oncoprotein expressed during latent infection. We report here the generation and characterization of mice expressing KSHV vFLIP in an inducible manner in endothelial cells. Transgenic mice showed: 1) systemic endothelial abnormalities, with the presence of fusiform cells reminiscent of the spindle cells found in KS, 2) development of a profound perturbation in serum cytokines, reminiscent of the cytokine storm characteristic of KSHV-associated cytokine syndrome (KICS), and 3) remodeling of myeloid differentiation with expansion of myeloid cells displaying a suppressive immunophenotype that potentially favors host immune evasion, angiogenesis and tumor progression. This is the first example of significant changes in myeloid differentiation, vascular abnormalities and cytokine perturbation entirely initiated by ectopic expression of a single viral gene, making this mouse model a useful system to dissect the mechanisms viruses use to manipulate the host microenvironment culminating in sabotage of immunity and development of vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Ballon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (GB); (EC)
| | - Gunkut Akar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (GB); (EC)
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15
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Leplina OY, Tyrinova TV, Tikhonova MA, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER. Interferon alpha induces generation of semi-mature dendritic cells with high pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential. Cytokine 2014; 71:1-7. [PMID: 25174880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based vaccines are considered as a new and promising immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment. However, the choice of optimal protocol of dendritic cell generation in vitro represents the major challenge. Here, we compared phenotype and functional characteristics of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated in the presence of IL-4/GM-CSF (IL4-DCs) and IFNα/GM-CSF (IFN-DCs). We showed that IFN-DCs displayed semi-mature phenotype and expressed higher level of CD123, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and B7-H1 molecules in comparison with IL4-DCs. LPS-stimulated IFN-DCs were characterized by greater production of Th1/pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17), Тh2/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-5), hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF) and chemokines (MCP-1). These data indicated more pronounced ability of IFN-DCs to induce cellular immune response as well as humoral immune response compared to IL4-DCs. LPS-stimulated IFN-DCs possessed higher direct cytotoxic activity against TRAIL-sensitive tumor cell line Jurkat and similar cytotoxicity against TRAIL-resistant tumor HEp-2 cells. Besides, IFN-DCs and IL4-DCs equally induced apoptosis of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest that IFN-DCs can be used as potent cell-based curative therapies for individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Leplina
- Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, 14 Yadrintsevskaya Str., 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia(1)
| | - Tamara V Tyrinova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, 14 Yadrintsevskaya Str., 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia(1).
| | - Marina A Tikhonova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, 14 Yadrintsevskaya Str., 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia(1)
| | - Alexander A Ostanin
- Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, 14 Yadrintsevskaya Str., 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia(1)
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, 14 Yadrintsevskaya Str., 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia(1)
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16
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Tucci M, Stucci S, Passarelli A, Giudice G, Dammacco F, Silvestris F. The immune escape in melanoma: role of the impaired dendritic cell function. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1395-404. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.955851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Campbell DM, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Dendritic cells: key players in human herpesvirus 8 infection and pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:452. [PMID: 25221546 PMCID: PMC4148009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that primarily infects cells of the immune and vascular systems. HHV-8 interacts with and targets professional antigen presenting cells and influences their function. Infection alters the maturation, antigen presentation, and immune activation capabilities of certain dendritic cells (DC) despite non-robust lytic replication in these cells. DC sustains a low level of antiviral functionality during HHV-8 infection in vitro. This may explain the ability of healthy individuals to effectively control this virus without disease. Following an immune compromising event, such as organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a reduced cellular antiviral response against HHV-8 compounded with skewed DC cytokine production and antigen presentation likely contributes to the development of HHV-8 associated diseases, i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma and certain B cell lymphomas. In this review we focus on the role of DC in the establishment of HHV-8 primary and latent infection, the functional state of DC during HHV-8 infection, and the current understanding of the factors influencing virus-DC interactions in the context of HHV-8-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Campbell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Santarelli R, Gonnella R, Di Giovenale G, Cuomo L, Capobianchi A, Granato M, Gentile G, Faggioni A, Cirone M. STAT3 activation by KSHV correlates with IL-10, IL-6 and IL-23 release and an autophagic block in dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4241. [PMID: 24577500 PMCID: PMC3937791 DOI: 10.1038/srep04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposis's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been reported to infect, among others, monocytes and dendritic cells DCs impairing their function. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not completely elucidated yet. Here we show that DC exposure to active or UV-inactivated KSHV resulted in STAT3 phosphorylation. This effect, partially dependent on KSHV-engagement of DC-SIGN, induced a high release of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-23, cytokines that in turn might maintain STAT3 in a phosphorylated state. STAT3 activation also correlated with a block of autophagy in DCs, as indicated by LC3II reduction and p62 accumulation. The IL-10, IL-6 and IL-23 release and the autophagic block could be overcome by inhibiting STAT3 activation, highlighting the role of STAT3 in mediating such effects. In conclusion, here we show that STAT3 activation can be one of the molecular mechanisms leading to KSHV-mediated DC dysfunction, that might allow viral persistence and the onset of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Giovenale
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, A.C.O., S. Filippo Neri, Via Giovanni Martinotti, 20, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Capobianchi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Granato
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Della Bella S, Clerici M, Villa ML. Disarming dendritic cells: a tumor strategy to escape from immune control? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:411-22. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Franks HA, Wang Q, Lax SJ, Collins MK, Escors D, Patel PM, Jackson AM. Novel function for the p38-MK2 signaling pathway in circulating CD1c+ (BDCA-1+) myeloid dendritic cells from healthy donors and advanced cancer patients; inhibition of p38 enhances IL-12 whilst suppressing IL-10. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:575-86. [PMID: 23901045 PMCID: PMC4298783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in myeloid (my) dendritic cells (DC) as an alternative to monocyte-derived DC (moDC) for immunotherapy. However, in contrast to moDC, little is known regarding the effect of malignancy on the function, abundance or use of intracellular signaling pathways in myDC. Understanding the molecular detail of circulating myDC is therefore important for future use in advanced cancer. Advanced cancer patients had similar numbers of circulating myDC to cancer-free patients and healthy individuals, and secreted similar levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-23. However, myDC from some patients failed to secrete the Th1-cytokine IL-12. Surprisingly, inhibiting p38 (p38i) signaling (using BIRB0796 or SB203580) markedly increased IL-12 secretion by myDC. This is in complete contrast to what is established for moDC where inhibiting p38 ablates IL-12. Interestingly, this was specific to IL-12, since IL-10 was suppressed by p38i in both DC types. The opposing effect of p38i on IL-12 was evident at the transcriptional level and in both DC types was mediated through the p38-MK2 pathway but did not involve differential phosphorylation of the distal Rsk kinase. Importantly, where patient myDC did not secrete IL-12 (or after treatment with suppressive melanoma lysate), p38i restored IL-12 to normal levels. In contrast to p38, inhibiting the other MAPK pathways had similar consequences in both DC types. We show for the first time the differential use of a major intracellular signaling pathway by myDC. Importantly, there are sufficient circulating myDC in advanced cancer patients to consider development of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester A Franks
- Host:Tumour Interactions Group, Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Liu W, Qin Y, Bai L, Lan K, Wang JH. Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-activated dendritic cells promote HIV-1 trans-infection and suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation. Virology 2013; 440:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kalathil S, Lugade AA, Miller A, Iyer R, Thanavala Y. Higher frequencies of GARP(+)CTLA-4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients are associated with impaired T-cell functionality. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2435-44. [PMID: 23423978 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which T-cell-mediated immune surveillance is impaired in human cancer remains a question of major importance, given its potential impact on the development of generalized treatments of advanced disease where the highest degree of heterogeneity exists. Here, we report the first global analysis of immune dysfunction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using multi-parameter fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, we quantified the cumulative frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg), exhausted CD4(+) helper T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) to gain concurrent views on the overall level of immune dysfunction in these inoperable patients. We documented augmented numbers of Tregs, MDSC, PD-1(+)-exhausted T cells, and increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokines in patients with HCC, compared with normal controls, revealing a network of potential mechanisms of immune dysregulation in patients with HCC. In dampening T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity, we hypothesized that these processes may facilitate HCC progression and thwart the efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. In testing this hypothesis, we showed that combined regimens to deplete Tregs, MDSC, and PD-1(+) T cells in patients with advanced HCC restored production of granzyme B by CD8(+) T cells, reaching levels observed in normal controls and also modestly increased the number of IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T cells. These clinical findings encourage efforts to restore T-cell function in patients with advanced stage disease by highlighting combined approaches to deplete endogenous suppressor cell populations that can also expand effector T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kalathil
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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23
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Cappelletti M, Giannelli S, Martinelli A, Cetin I, Colombo E, Calcaterra F, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Lack of activation of peripheral blood dendritic cells in human pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta 2012. [PMID: 23182380 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The state of activation of dendritic cells (DCs) at the feto-maternal interface critically contributes to optimal decidual immune responses needed to support fetal-placental development. We recently demonstrated that during healthy pregnancy also peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs), which are easily accessible, are activated as well. In this study, to investigate a possible involvement of DCs in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), we evaluated whether PBDCs in pregnancy complicated by IUGR may be altered compared with PBDCs in healthy pregnancy. METHODS PBDCs from 12 pregnant women with primary IUGR, 21 healthy pregnant and 19 nonpregnant women were analyzed by flow cytometric analysis of whole-blood samples collected at a single time point. RESULTS The number of plasmacytoid PBDCs was significantly reduced in women with IUGR pregnancy. Myeloid and plasmacytoid PBDCs in IUGR lacked the state of activation (assessed as CD80, CD86, CD40 expression) and the shift to a proinflammatory pattern of cytokine production occurring during healthy pregnancy. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the state of PBDC activation in IUGR pregnancy. Our results are in accordance with a previous study reporting a lower expression of activation and maturation markers by decidual DCs in IUGR placentas. CONCLUSIONS The reduced activation of PBDCs in IUGR pregnancy may possibly reflect a reduced activation of decidual DCs. If confirmed at the feto-maternal interface, the alterations of DCs described in IUGR pregnancy have the potential to negatively impact on vascular development during gestation. These observations may therefore broaden our understanding of IUGR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cappelletti
- Lab of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Italy
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24
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Cappelletti M, Taddeo A, Colombo E, Brambilla L, Bellinvia M, Pregliasco F, Villa ML, Della Bella S. Immunogenicity and safety of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with classic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2414-2421. [PMID: 22622418 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic Kaposi's sarcoma (cKS) is a human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-associated lympho-angioproliferative tumor typically occurring in the elderly. It is associated with HHV-8-driven perturbed balance of peripheral B-cell subsets, which may have an impact on immune responses to antigenic stimulation. We took advantage of the common practice of cKS patients to undergo seasonal influenza vaccination because of advanced age and analyzed the immunogenicity and safety of licensed trivalent influenza vaccine in 46 cKS patients and 44 matched controls. Licensure criteria for immunogenicity were fulfilled in both groups. Four weeks after vaccination, hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers against each viral strain contained in the vaccine increased in patients and controls (all P<0.001). Protection against at least one strain was achieved by 96% of cKS and 91% of control subjects. Protection against all strains persisted after 12 weeks, demonstrating a long-lasting response to vaccination. The vaccine was equally well tolerated by patients and controls, as assessed by evaluating solicited local and systemic reactions to the vaccine, and appearance or increase of antinuclear autoantibodies. HHV-8 virological rebound was observed in four cKS patients, but was not accompanied by progression of KS lesions. We conclude that seasonal influenza vaccine given to cKS patients is immunogenic and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Adriano Taddeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Colombo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Brambilla
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Bellinvia
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria L Villa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Milano), Italy.
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Ramos da Silva S, Elgui de Oliveira D. HIV, EBV and KSHV: Viral cooperation in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ramdial PK, Sing Y, Naicker S, Calonje E, Sewram V, Singh B. Langerhans cells in anaplastic Kaposi sarcoma with a paucivascular phenotype: A potential diagnostic pitfall. Pathol Int 2011; 61:221-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Della Bella S, Giannelli S, Cozzi V, Signorelli V, Cappelletti M, Cetin I, Villa ML. Incomplete activation of peripheral blood dendritic cells during healthy human pregnancy. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:180-92. [PMID: 21352205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy relies on the adaptation of immune responses that allow the fetus to grow and develop in the uterus despite being recognized by maternal immune cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the control of immune tolerance, and their state of activation at the maternal-decidual interface is critical to the feto-maternal immunological equilibrium. So far, the involvement of circulating DCs has been investigated poorly. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether, during healthy human pregnancy, peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs) undergo changes that may be relevant to the adaptation of maternal immune responses that allow fetal tolerance. In a cross-sectional study, we analysed PBDCs by six-colour flow cytometry on whole blood samples from 47 women during healthy pregnancy progression and 24 non-pregnant controls. We demonstrated that both myeloid and plasmacytoid PBDCs undergo a state of incomplete activation, more evident in the third trimester, characterized by increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production but lacking human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR up-regulation. To investigate the contribution of soluble circulating factors to this phenomenon, we also performed culture experiments showing that sera from pregnant women added to control DCs conditioned a similar incomplete activation that was associated with reduced DC allostimulatory capacity, supporting the in vivo relevance of our findings. We also obtained evidence that the glycoprotein hormone activin-A may contribute to DC incomplete activation. We suggest that the changes of PBDCs occurring during late pregnancy may aid the comprehension of the immune mechanisms operated by the maternal immune system to maintain fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Della Bella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Lab of Immunology, Hospital 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Italy.
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Human herpesvirus-8 infection leads to expansion of the preimmune/natural effector B cell compartment. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15029. [PMID: 21124778 PMCID: PMC2993943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and of some lymphoproliferative disorders of B cells. Most malignancies develop after long-lasting viral dormancy, and a preventing role for both humoral and cellular immune control is suggested by the high frequency of these pathologies in immunosuppressed patients. B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells of peripheral lymphoid organs and blood represent the major reservoir of HHV-8. Due to the dual role of B cells in HHV-8 infection, both as virus reservoir and as agents of humoral immune control, we analyzed the subset distribution and the functional state of peripheral blood B cells in HHV-8-infected individuals with and without cKS. Methodology/Principal Findings Circulating B cells and their subsets were analyzed by 6-color flow cytometry in the following groups: 1- patients HHV-8 positive with classic KS (cKS) (n = 47); 2- subjects HHV-8 positive and cKS negative (HSP) (n = 10); 3- healthy controls, HHV-8 negative and cKS negative (HC) (n = 43). The number of B cells belonging to the preimmune/natural effector compartment, including transitional, pre-naïve, naïve and MZ-like subsets, was significantly higher among HHV-8 positive subjects, with or without cKS, while was comparable to healthy controls in the antigen-experienced T-cell dependent compartment. The increased number of preimmune/natural effector B cells was associated with increased resistance to spontaneous apoptosis, while it did not correlate with HHV-8 viral load. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that long-lasting HHV-8 infection promotes an imbalance in peripheral B cell subsets, perturbing the equilibrium between earlier and later steps of maturation and activation processes. This observation may broaden our understanding of the complex interplay between viral and immune factors leading HHV-8-infected individuals to develop HHV-8-associated malignancies.
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Cao W, Bover L. Signaling and ligand interaction of ILT7: receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms for plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:163-76. [PMID: 20193018 PMCID: PMC2919054 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that produce large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) after Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Human pDCs preferentially express immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7; LILRA4), which couples with a signaling adapter to activate a prominent immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling pathway. ILT7 protein directly binds to and can be activated by bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2; CD317) protein, the expression of which is found on cells pre-exposed to IFN or on the surface of human cancer cells. The interaction between ILT7 and BST2 functions to assure an appropriate TLR response by pDCs during viral infection and likely participates in pDC-tumor crosstalk. Two opposing modes of receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms work jointly to fine tune the innate immunity of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and dermatological disorders: focus on their role in autoimmunity and cancer. Eur J Dermatol 2009; 20:16-23. [PMID: 19850548 DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2010.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), considered as immunological sentinels of the organism since they are antigen presenting cells, create the link between innate and adaptive immunity. DC include myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). The presence of PDC, cells capable of producing large quantities of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) in response to pathogenic agents or danger signals, seems to be closely related to pathological conditions. PDC have been observed in inflammatory immunoallergic dermatological disorders, in malignant cutaneous tumours and in cutaneous lesions of infectious origin. They seem to play a crucial role in the initiation of the pathological processes of autoimmune diseases such as lupus or psoriasis. Their function within a tumour context is not as well known and is controversial. They could have a tolerogenic role towards tumour cells in the absence of an activator but they also have the capacity to become activated in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and could therefore be useful for therapeutic purposes.
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Presicce P, Giannelli S, Taddeo A, Villa ML, Della Bella S. Human defensins activate monocyte-derived dendritic cells, promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and up-regulate the surface expression of CD91. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:941-8. [PMID: 19477909 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are endogenous defense peptides with well defined antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.Several lines of evidence suggest that defensins might also contribute to the regulation of host innate and adaptive immunity, but their immunomodulatory functions are still poorly understood. Herein, we studied the impact of human defensins on multiple functions of DCs, which are a central player in all immune responses, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. We challenged DCs differentiated in vitro from human moDCs with HNP-1 alpha-defensin or HBD-1. HNP-1 and HBD-1 were chemotactic for moDCs. Both defensins promoted the activation and maturation of moDCs, as assessed by up-regulation of surface expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40, the maturation marker CD83, and HLA-DR. HNP-1 and HBD-1 also enhanced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12p70 but did not affect the production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. According to these stimulatory effects, HNP-1 and HBD-1 increased the allostimulatory activity of moDCs significantly. Finally, HNP-1 and HBD-1 promoted the up-regulation of CD91 on the DC surface. CD91 is a scavenger receptor involved in the recognition of multiple ligands including defensins, thus suggesting that defensins may amplify their own effects through the activation of an autocrine loop. Taken together, our observations may provide new insight into the immunomodulatory properties of human defensins and may aid the exploration of new therapeutic strategies to potentiate antimicrobial and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Presicce
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Cattedra di Immunologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 93-20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Pantanowitz L, Moses AV, Dezube BJ. The inflammatory component of Kaposi sarcoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:163-5. [PMID: 19591823 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is intimately linked to several aspects of the host immune system. KS development is linked to immunodeficiency in several clinical-epidemiological settings. The development of KS at local inflammatory sites has also been documented. Inflammatory cells are almost always present within KS lesions. Depending upon the inflammatory milieu, KS lesions may progress or regress. Not surprisingly, iatrogenic manipulation of host immunity with drugs may provoke KS growth and/or flare. Given the close association between KS and the immune system, the etiologic agent Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus has developed a variety of mechanisms to evade the host immune system, all of which have cleverly evolved to promote oncogenesis and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
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Cao W, Bover L, Cho M, Wen X, Hanabuchi S, Bao M, Rosen DB, Wang YH, Shaw JL, Du Q, Li C, Arai N, Yao Z, Lanier LL, Liu YJ. Regulation of TLR7/9 responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by BST2 and ILT7 receptor interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1603-14. [PMID: 19564354 PMCID: PMC2715090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce copious type I interferon (IFN) upon sensing nucleic acids through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9. Uncontrolled pDC activation and IFN production are implicated in lymphopenia and autoimmune diseases; therefore, a mechanism controlling pDC IFN production is essential. Human pDCs specifically express an orphan receptor, immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7). Here, we discovered an ILT7 ligand expressed by human cell lines and identified it as bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2; CD317). BST2 directly binds to purified ILT7 protein, initiates signaling via the ILT7–FcϵRIγ complex, and strongly inhibits production of IFN and proinflammatory cytokines by pDCs. Readily induced by IFN and other proinflammatory cytokines, BST2 may modulate the human pDC’s IFN responses through ILT7 in a negative feedback fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Hensler HR, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR, Jenkins FJ. Cytokine production by human herpesvirus 8-infected dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:79-83. [PMID: 19088276 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-infected dendritic cells (DCs) undergo incomplete maturation and have a defective antigen-presenting function. Here, we examined the effects of HHV-8 infection on cytokine production, which is critical to the function of DCs. We detected expression of interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES and IL-12p40 from 2 to 6 h post-infection, and these peaked by 15-24 h. Expression of these factors decreased 24-48 h post-infection, with the exception of TNF-alpha which remained high throughout the entire 72 h. Interestingly, while IL-12p40 expression increased post-infection, bioactive IL-12p70 was not detected in the supernatants. These results suggest an intentional skewing of cytokine production in HHV-8-infected DCs towards induction of a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Hensler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Giannelli S, Taddeo A, Presicce P, Villa ML, Della Bella S. A six-color flow cytometric assay for the analysis of peripheral blood dendritic cells. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 74:349-55. [PMID: 18561201 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood dendritic cells (PBDCs) and their myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) subsets is a less invasive procedure that is acquiring growing clinical relevance. Because dendritic cells (DCs) lack unique lineage markers, current methods that are based on 3- or 4-color assays do not allow multiparametric analysis of DC subsets. In this study a dedicated 6-color assay was developed. METHODS mDCs and pDCs were counted and characterized for the expression of activation/maturation markers by using a single-platform 6-color assay. Whole-blood samples from 20 healthy controls were directly stained with either CD80-FITC/CD40-PE/lineage-PerCP-Cy5.5/CD123-PE-Cy7/CD11c-APC/HLA-DR-APC-Cy7 or CD86-FITC/CD83-PE/lineage-PerCP-Cy5.5/CD123-PE-Cy7/CD11c-APC/HLA-DR-APC-Cy7 combination, in the presence of commercial fluorospheres. A dual-platform 3-color assay currently in use was run in parallel for comparison. RESULTS The 6-color assay provided mDCs and pDCs counts similar to counts obtained by the 3-color assay. Only the 6-color assay could show differential expression of activation markers by mDCs and pDCs, with pDCs expressing lower levels of costimulatory molecules and HLA-DR, but higher levels of CD83. CONCLUSIONS The 6-color assay described here may be a sensitive tool for assessing possible variations in the number and features of mDCs and pDCs whose reciprocal balance is critical in understanding the more detailed orchestration of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Giannelli
- Laboratory of Immunology, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Universita Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Expression of vFLIP in a lentiviral vaccine vector activates NF-{kappa}B, matures dendritic cells, and increases CD8+ T-cell responses. J Virol 2008; 83:1555-62. [PMID: 19036811 PMCID: PMC2643792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00709-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors deliver antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, but they do not trigger DC maturation. We therefore expressed a viral protein that constitutively activates NF-kappaB, vFLIP from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), in a lentivector to mature DCs. vFLIP activated NF-kappaB in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs in vitro and matured these DCs to a similar extent as lipopolysaccharide; costimulatory markers CD80, CD86, CD40, and ICAM-1 were upregulated and tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 secreted. The vFLIP-expressing lentivector also matured DCs in vivo. When we coexpressed vFLIP in a lentivector with ovalbumin (Ova), we found an increased immune response to Ova; up to 10 times more Ova-specific CD8(+) T cells secreting gamma interferon were detected in the spleens of vFLIP_Ova-immunized mice than in the spleens of mice immunized with GFP_Ova. Furthermore, this increased CD8(+) T-cell response correlated with improved tumor-free survival in a tumor therapy model. A single immunization with vFLIP_Ova also reduced the parasite load when mice were challenged with OVA-Leishmania donovani. In conclusion, vFLIP from KSHV is a DC activator, maturing DCs in vitro and in vivo. This demonstrates that NF-kappaB activation is sufficient to induce many aspects of DC maturation and that expression of a constitutive NF-kappaB activator can improve the efficacy of a vaccine vector.
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Abstract
On the basis of experimental models and some human data, we can assume that tumor outgrowth results from the balance between immunosurveillance (the extrinsic tumor suppressor mechanisms) and immunosubversion dictated by transformed cells and/or the corrupted surrounding microenvironment. Cancer immunosurveillance relies mainly upon conventional lymphocytes exerting either lytic or secretory functions, whereas immunosubversion results from the activity of regulatory T or suppressor myeloid cells and soluble mediators. Although specific tools to target or ablate dendritic cells (DCs) became only recently available, accumulating evidence points to the critical role of the specialized DC system in dictating most of the conventional and regulatory functions of tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Although DC can be harnessed to silence tumor development, tumors in turn can exploit DC to evade immunity. Indeed, DCs harbor defects in their differentiation and stimulatory functions in cancer-bearing hosts and can actively promote T-cell tolerance to self-tumor antigens. In this review, we will focus on the dual role of DC during tumor progression and discuss pharmacoimmunological strategies to harness DC against cancer.
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Della Bella S, Giannelli S, Taddeo A, Presicce P, Villa ML. Application of six-color flow cytometry for the assessment of dendritic cell responses in whole blood assays. J Immunol Methods 2008; 339:153-64. [PMID: 18835394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of peripheral blood dendritic cells (PBDCs) is increasingly reaching clinical relevance in a wide range of pathologies, in which investigating the capacity of DC subsets to respond adequately to specific stimuli may aid the comprehension of underlying immunopathologic mechanisms. The evaluation of PBDC responses directly challenged in whole blood (WB) samples offers many advantages over other methods that require DC isolation and culture, but it is limited in multiparametric analysis, currently based on 3- or 4-color assays. Therefore, in this study we developed a 6-color assay dedicated to the analysis of PBDC responses upon WB stimulation. We incubated WB samples with ligands to toll-like receptors (TLRs) with a clear-cut distribution on myeloid DCs (mDCs) or plasmacytoid (pDCs) and analyzed DC responses in terms of upregulation of activation/maturation markers, as well as production of a wide range of regulatory cytokines. Four colors were used to gate on mDCs and pDCs that were identified as lineage-/HLA-DR+/CD11c+ and lineage-/HLA-DR+/CD123+, respectively, and two further colors were used to analyze either the surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD40 or CD83, or the intracellular accumulation of IL-12, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 or IL-4. With this method, we could directly compare in the same flow cytometric tube the responses of mDCs and pDCs to TLR stimulation, and investigate the reciprocal coexpression of distinct activation markers or regulatory cytokines. We suggest that the 6-color WB assay presented here may represent a novel tool for investigating the complex biology of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Della Bella
- Laboratory of Immunology, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Taddeo A, Presicce P, Brambilla L, Bellinvia M, Villa ML, Bella SD. Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Increased in Patients with Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2125-8. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Defective differentiation of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in advanced cancer patients is not normalized by tyrosine kinase inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Clin Dev Immunol 2008; 2007:17315. [PMID: 18320010 PMCID: PMC2246026 DOI: 10.1155/2007/17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has previously been identified as a causative factor in the disturbed differentiation of myeloid dendritic cells (DC) in advanced cancer patients. Here, we investigated the potential of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition to overcome this defective DC differentiation. To this end, peripheral blood DC (PBDC) precursor and subset frequencies were measured in 13 patients with advanced cancer before and after treatment with AZD2171, a TK inhibitor (TKI) of VEGFR, coadministered with gefitinib, and an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKI. Of note, not only myeloid DC but also plasmacytoid DC frequencies were significantly reduced in the blood of the cancer patients prior to treatment, as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, besides an accumulated population of immature myeloid cells (ImC), a population of myeloid suppressor cells (MSC) was significantly increased. Upon systemic VEGFR TK inhibition, DC frequencies did not increase, whereas the rate of circulating MSC showed a slight, but not significant, decrease. In conclusion, TK inhibition of VEGFR with AZD2171 does not restore the defective PBDC differentiation observed in advanced cancer patients.
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Célestin Schartz NE, Chevret S, Paz C, Kerob D, Verola O, Morel P, Lebbé C. Imiquimod 5% cream for treatment of HIV-negative Kaposi's sarcoma skin lesions: A phase I to II, open-label trial in 17 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brambilla L, Romanelli A, Bellinvia M, Ferrucci S, Vinci M, Boneschi V, Miedico A, Tedeschi L. Weekly paclitaxel for advanced aggressive classic Kaposi sarcoma: experience in 17 cases. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1339-44. [PMID: 18363766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel has proved to be highly effective in the treatment of severe AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS), for which it is now considered as a second-line monotherapy. Taxanes were recently shown to be active also in classic, endemic and post-transplantation KS. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of standardized paclitaxel treatment (100 mg weekly, intravenously) in a homogeneous group of 17 patients with advanced aggressive and refractory classic KS (cKS). METHODS Seventeen patients with aggressive refractory cKS (stage IIIBc-IVBcv) were treated with intravenous paclitaxel 100 mg weekly. The response to the therapy was evaluated after 12 weeks. A maintenance treatment every 2 weeks was introduced for most of the patients and a final evaluation was made. RESULTS A partial/complete response was achieved in 14 of 17 patients. Two patients had allergic reactions, for which treatment was discontinued. One patient had progression of disease despite initial improvement. Patients received a mean of 16.8 courses. The treatment was generally well tolerated. Mean time to recurrence was 4.5 months from the end of the therapy and 7.35 months from the 12th course. In four of 10 patients who relapsed at follow-up, the recurrence was mild and responsive to local treatment, while the other six relapsing patients repeated paclitaxel with good response in five of them. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that low-dose paclitaxel proved to be effective and well tolerated in patients with aggressive refractory cKS, controlling the aggressiveness of the disease. The treatment can be repeated with good response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brambilla
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Della Bella S, Taddeo A, Calabrò ML, Brambilla L, Bellinvia M, Bergamo E, Clerici M, Villa ML. Peripheral blood endothelial progenitors as potential reservoirs of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1520. [PMID: 18231605 PMCID: PMC2204065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular reservoirs of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the exact nature of the putative KSHV-infected circulating precursor of spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) still remain poorly defined. Because KS spindle cells are thought to be of endothelial origin, and because mature endothelial cells do not sustain persistent KSHV-infection, our attention was focalized on circulating hematopoietic precursors able to differentiate into endothelial lineage. Methods and Findings Late endothelial progenitor cells (late-EPCs) were cultured from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 16 patients with classic KS. The presence and load of KSHV genomes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from cells and supernatants of late-EPC cultures obtained from 7 patients. Endothelial colonies cultured from the peripheral blood of KS patients were found to satisfy all requisites to be defined late-EPCs: they appeared from the CD14-negative fraction of adherent cells after 11–26 days of culture, could be serially expanded in vitro, expressed high levels of endothelial antigens but lacked leukocyte markers. Late-EPC cultures were found to harbor KSHV-DNA at variable levels and to retain the virus after multiple passages in cells as well as in supernatants, suggesting that a quote of KSHV lytic infection may spontaneously occur. Lytic phase induction or hypoxia could amplify virus release in supernatants. Conclusion Our results suggest that circulating endothelial progenitors from KS patients are KSHV-infected and support viral productive replication and may therefore represent potential virus reservoirs and putative precursors of KS spindle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Della Bella
- Laboratory of Immunology, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Cirone M, Lucania G, Bergamo P, Trivedi P, Frati L, Faggioni A. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) inhibits monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and impairs their immunostimulatory activity. Immunol Lett 2007; 113:40-6. [PMID: 17822781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Several viruses interfere with the host immune response by infecting dendritic cells and by altering their functional activity. Here, we report that exposure to Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) of human dendritic cell (DC) monocyte precursors resulted in impaired immature DC (iDC) formation as indicated by a reduced CD1a expression. In accordance, the immunostimulatory ability of such iDC was significantly reduced, as indicated by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLR) assays. The immunostimulatory functions of DCs were similarly inhibited by the UV inactivated viral stocks, suggesting that the virus binding is sufficient to determine the observed effect. Furthermore, HHV8 mediated inhibition of the DC allostimulatory function was present in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) matured DCs. A strong reduction of the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 on the surface of the virus-exposed cells was observed as well. Impairment of dendritic cell development and function might represent an important strategy used by HHV-8 to escape from the host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cirone
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Della Bella S, Crosignani A, Riva A, Presicce P, Benetti A, Longhi R, Podda M, Villa ML. Decrease and dysfunction of dendritic cells correlate with impaired hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2007; 121:283-92. [PMID: 17462079 PMCID: PMC2265942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the production of stimulatory and suppressive cytokines, dendritic cells (DCs) regulate virus-specific immune responses that are crucial to virus eradication. To explore a possible role of DCs in the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in this study we analysed peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) compared with those in both healthy seronegative (HSN) controls and a group of subjects who had spontaneously resolved infection, defined as healthy HCV-seropositive (HSP), and we evaluated the relationships between PBDCs and HCV-specific CD4(+) T-cell reactivity. The number of PBDCs, their immunophenotype and expression of regulatory cytokines were evaluated by flow cytometry on whole-blood samples. HCV-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production were evaluated in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated in vitro with HCV peptides. We found that PBDCs from CHC subjects were numerically reduced and showed lower interleukin-12 (IL-12) and higher IL-10 expression than those from HSN controls. PBDCs from HSP subjects were similar to those from HSN controls. HCV-specific CD4(+) T-cell proliferation was less frequent and vigorous in CHC than in HSP patients and was directly related to the number of PBDCs and their IL-12 production but inversely related to their IL-10 production. Taken together, these results seem to suggest that cytokines of DC origin contribute to the regulation of HCV-specific immunity in CHC patients and indicate that PBDCs may represent a novel non-invasive tool for immune monitoring of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Della Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Cattedra di Immunologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Della Bella S, Bierti L, Presicce P, Arienti R, Valenti M, Saresella M, Vergani C, Villa ML. Peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes are differently regulated in the elderly. Clin Immunol 2007; 122:220-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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