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Liu J, Liu Y, Kirschen G, Liu A, Lei J, Burd I. Sex-specific differences in T-cell immune dysregulation and aberrant response to inflammatory stimuli in offspring exposed to maternal chronic inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13665. [PMID: 36504421 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEMS Maternal chronic inflammation (MI) can adversely affect offspring's immune development resulting in dysregulation of splenic T cells. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) contributes to mediating inflammation in the placenta to induce fetal toxicity and cause long-term postnatal sequelae. In this study, we investigated how MI affects the T-cell immune development from the fetal to the neonatal period and how offspring responded to postnatal IL-1β challenge when exposed to an adverse intrauterine environment. We also extend these studies to examine the sex-specific differences. METHODS OF STUDY Time-pregnant CD1 dams were administrated with four consecutive injections of mouse recombinant Interleukin-1β (rIL-1β) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) from embryonic day (E)14 to E17. Pups were treated with rIL-1β or PBS at postnatal day (PND)11 (pre-weaning) or PND24 (post-weaning). Pups' splenic immune cells were isolated and then characterized using flow cytometry. RESULTS At PND12, no differences were observed either in Ctrl or MI offspring. At PND25, we observed elevated amount of CD8+ T cells, descending CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in MI offspring. Pre-weaning rIL-1β administration did not affect T-cell subpopulation in Ctrl pups while post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased T cells and CD8+ T cells and decreased CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in Ctrl offspring. Furthermore, pre-weaning rIL-1β administration decreased the frequency of T cells and Treg/Teff ratio in MI pups while post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased Tregs and Treg/Teff in MI pups. Regarding sex-specific changes, we observed that at PND12, MI females exhibited higher CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio than Ctrl females. At PND25, we observed elevated amount of CD8+ T cells, descending CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in MI Females, while MI males did not show any changes in T-cell population. Pre-weaning rIL-1β administration decreased T-cell frequency in both MI males and females and decreased Treg/Teff ratio only in MI females. Post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased Tregs and Treg/Teff ratio, and decreased CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in MI females. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal-inflammation-exposed offspring exhibited dysfunctional T-cell immunity and regulatory immune responses to postnatal challenges, showing both sex-specific and age-dependent differences. It could be speculated from our results that experiencing environmental challenges or adverse stimuli during the vulnerable intrauterine period, such as maternal chronic inflammation, stress, preterm birth, and chronic infections, might induce fetal immune reprogramming and potentially cause long-term adverse immune consequences, such as a predisposition to allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, asthma and pediatric mortality of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Kirschen
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anguo Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Lei
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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2
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Gillespie SL, Chinen J, Paul ME. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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3
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Bather JR, Williams PL, Broadwell C, Smith R, Patel K, Garvie PA, Karalius B, Kacanek D, Mellins CA, Malee K. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Longitudinal Emotional-Behavioral Functioning Among Youth Born to Women Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 87:889-898. [PMID: 33675617 PMCID: PMC8192436 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth with perinatal HIV exposure have demonstrated high rates of emotional-behavioral problems. Few studies have longitudinally examined racial/ethnic disparities in such functioning across adolescence, a critical time for targeting prevention/intervention efforts. SETTING The Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol is one of the largest US-based cohort studies of youth with perinatal HIV (YPHIV) infection or HIV exposed but uninfected (YPHEU). METHODS Youth and caregivers individually completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children, second edition, every 2 years between ages 7 and 19 years. We used adjusted mixed-effects models to evaluate whether mean youth-reported emotional concerns and caregiver-reported behavioral concerns differed by race/ethnicity. We used group-based trajectory models to identify groups having similar emotional-behavioral trajectories, followed by multinomial models to determine which factors predicted group membership. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-one YPHIV and 209 YPHEU (7% White non-Hispanic, 21% White Hispanic, 66% Black non-Hispanic, and 6% Black Hispanic) completed a median of 4 assessments over follow-up. Adjusted models showed more caregiver-reported behavioral concerns for Black non-Hispanic YPHEU than for Black non-Hispanic YPHIV, White Hispanic YPHIV, and White Hispanic YPHEU, particularly later in adolescence. Race/ethnicity did not predict membership in subgroups of youth-reported emotional or caregiver-reported behavioral functioning identified using group-based trajectory models. However, factors predicting membership in vulnerable youth-reported emotional and caregiver-reported behavioral groups included experiencing a stressful life event and living with a caregiver who was married or screened positive for a psychiatric condition. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that Black non-Hispanic YPHEU are a vulnerable subgroup. Contributing factors that could inform interventions include the caregiver's health, household characteristics, and psychiatric status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige L Williams
- Departments of Biostatistics
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Carly Broadwell
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Renee Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kunjal Patel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia A Garvie
- Research Department, Children's Diagnostic & Treatment Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL
| | - Brad Karalius
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah Kacanek
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Claude A Mellins
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Kathleen Malee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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4
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du Plessis AM, Andronikou S, Zar HJ. Chest imaging findings of chronic respiratory disease in HIV-infected adolescents on combined anti retro viral therapy. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 38:16-23. [PMID: 33139219 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival of children perinatally infected with HIV into adolescence. This population is at risk of long term complications related to HIV infection, particularly chronic respiratory disease. Limited data on chest imaging findings in HIV-infected adolescents, suggest that the predominant disease is of small and large airways: predominantly bronchiolitis obliterans or bronchiectasis. Single cases of emphysema have been reported. Lung fibrosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, post tuberculous apical fibrocystic changes and malignancies do not feature in this population. Chest radiograph (CXR) is easily accessible and widely used, especially in resource limited settings, such as sub Saharan Africa, where the greatest burden of HIV disease occurs. Lung ultrasound has been described for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children, pulmonary oedema and interstitial lung disease [1-3]. The use of this modality in chronic respiratory disease in adolescents where the predominant finding is small airway disease and bronchiectasis has however not been described. CXR is useful to evaluate structural/post infective changes, parenchymal opacification and nodules, hyperinflation or extensive bronchiectasis. CXR however, is inadequate for diagnosing small airway disease, for which high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the modality of choice. Where available, low dose HRCT should be used early in the course of symptomatic disease in adolescents and for follow up in children who are non responsive to treatment or clinically deteriorating. This article provides a pictorial review of the spectrum of CXR and HRCT imaging findings of chronic pulmonary disease in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents on cART and guidelines for imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie du Plessis
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and SA-Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, USA
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and SA-Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, USA
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Githinji L, Zar HJ. Respiratory Complications in Children and Adolescents with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Pediatr Clin North Am 2021; 68:131-145. [PMID: 33228928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complications comprise a large proportion of the burden of mortality and morbidity in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has declined in incidence with early diagnosis and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) but is widespread in areas with limited access to ART. HIV-exposed uninfected infants have a higher risk of LRTI early in life than unexposed infants. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) presenting as acute or chronic disease is common in highly TB endemic areas. Chronic lung disease is common; preceding LRTI, PTB or late initiation of ART are risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Githinji
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, South Africa MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, ICH Building, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, South Africa MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, ICH Building, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
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Chronic Lung Disease in Patients With Perinatally Acquired HIV in England: A Retrospective Case-Note Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:1103-1105. [PMID: 32898092 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung disease (CLD) is common in individuals living with perinatally acquired HIV (PA-HIV) in southern/eastern Africa. Most of the UK PA-HIV population are African. We conducted a case-note review of CLD in 3 UK PA-HIV cohorts (n = 98). Bronchiectasis or obliterative bronchiolitis occurred in 8.1% of patients and ring/tramline opacities occurred in 19.2% of patients on chest radiograph. There may be unrecognized and underdiagnosed CLD among PA-HIV in the UK.
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7
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Gillespie SL, Chinen J, Paul ME, Shearer WT. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Zazara DE, Arck PC. Developmental origin and sex-specific risk for infections and immune diseases later in life. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:137-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Githinji LN, Gray DM, Zar HJ. Lung function in HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2018; 10:6. [PMID: 29984134 PMCID: PMC6016126 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-018-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of antiretroviral therapy has led to the improved survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children to adulthood and to HIV becoming a chronic disease in older children and adolescents. Chronic lung disease is common among HIV-infected adolescents. Lung function measurement may help to delineate the spectrum, pathophysiology and guide therapy for HIV-related chronic lung disease. Aim The aim of this study was to review the available data on the spectrum and determinants of lung function abnormalities and the impact of antiretroviral therapy on lung function in perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. Methods Electronic databases “PUBMED”, “African wide” and “CINAHL” via EBSCO Host, using the MeSH terms “Respiratory function” AND “HIV” OR “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome” AND “Children” OR “Adolescents”, were searched for relevant articles on lung function in HIV-infected children and adolescents. The search was limited to English language articles published between January 1984 and September 2017. Results Eighteen articles were identified, which included studies from Africa, the United States of America (USA) and Italy, representing 2051 HIV-infected children and adolescents, 68% on antiretroviral therapy, aged from 50 days to 24 years. Lung function abnormalities showed HIV-infected participants had increased irreversible lower airway expiratory obstruction and reduced functional aerobic impairment on exercise, compared to HIV-uninfected participants. Mosaic attenuation, extent of bronchiectasis, history of previous pulmonary tuberculosis or previous lower respiratory tract infection and cough for more than 1 month were associated with low lung function. Pulmonary function tests in children established on antiretroviral therapy did not show aerobic impairment and had less severe airway obstruction. Conclusion There is increasing evidence that HIV-infected children and adolescents have high prevalence of lung function impairment, predominantly irreversible lower airway obstruction and reduced aerobic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Githinji
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and MRC Research Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Klipfontein Road 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diane M Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and MRC Research Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Klipfontein Road 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and MRC Research Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Klipfontein Road 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD. Primary atopic disorders. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1009-1022. [PMID: 29549114 PMCID: PMC5881472 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Important insights from monogenic disorders into the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases and reactions are discussed. Monogenic disorders have provided fundamental insights into human immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The pathways identified as critical in the development of atopy range from focal defects in immune cells and epithelial barrier function to global changes in metabolism. A major goal of studying heritable single-gene disorders that lead to severe clinical allergic diseases is to identify fundamental pathways leading to hypersensitivity that can be targeted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for patients with allergic diseases, syndromic and nonsyndromic alike. Here, we review known single-gene disorders leading to severe allergic phenotypes in humans, discuss how the revealed pathways fit within our current understanding of the atopic diathesis, and propose how some pathways might be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Bronchiectasis and other chronic lung diseases in adolescents living with HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:21-30. [PMID: 27753690 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The incidence of pulmonary infections has declined dramatically with improved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, but chronic lung disease (CLD) is an increasingly recognized but poorly understood complication in adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV. RECENT FINDINGS There is a high prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, abnormal spirometry and chest radiographic abnormalities among HIV-infected adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, wherein 90% of the world's HIV-infected children live. The incidence of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, the most common cause of CLD in the pre-ART era, has declined with increased ART access. Small airways disease, particularly constrictive obliterative bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, are emerging as leading causes of CLD among HIV-infected adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries. Asthma may be more common in high-income settings. Likely risk factors for CLD include recurrent pulmonary infections, air pollution, HIV-related immune dysfunction, and untreated HIV infection, particularly during critical stages of lung development. SUMMARY Globally, the importance of HIV-associated CLD as a cause of morbidity and mortality is increasing, especially as survival has improved dramatically with ART and growing numbers of children living with HIV enter adolescence. Further research is urgently needed to elucidate the natural history and pathogenesis of CLD, and to determine optimal screening, diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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12
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Githinji LN, Gray DM, Hlengwa S, Myer L, Zar HJ. Lung Function in South African Adolescents Infected Perinatally with HIV and Treated Long-Term with Antiretroviral Therapy. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:722-729. [PMID: 28248548 PMCID: PMC5427744 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201612-1018oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lung disease is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected adolescents, but there is limited information on the spectrum of lung function impairment in adolescents on antiretroviral therapy. OBJECTIVES To investigate lung function in HIV-infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort (Cape Town, South Africa). METHODS A total of 515 South African adolescents, aged 9-14 years, stable on antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months, underwent baseline lung function testing. Measures included spirometry, nitrogen multiple-breath washout, forced oscillation technique, 6-minute walk test, single-breath carbon monoxide diffusion testing, and bronchodilator response testing. A comparator group of 110 age- and ethnicity-matched HIV-uninfected adolescents was also tested. RESULTS For the HIV-infected adolescents (mean [SD] age 12 [1.6] years, 52% male), the median (interquartile range) duration of antiretroviral therapy was 7.6 (4.6-9.2) years. The median (interquartile range) nadir CD4 was 510.5 (274-903) cells/mm3. HIV-infected adolescents had significantly lower FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, respiratory system compliance, and functional residual capacity than HIV-uninfected adolescents (P < 0.05 for all associations). HIV-infected adolescents had higher airway resistance and lung clearance index than HIV-uninfected adolescents (P < 0.05 for all associations). Although generally small in magnitude, these differences remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, and height. In addition, age, sex, height, and history of past lower respiratory tract infection or pulmonary tuberculosis were associated with reduced lung function. CONCLUSIONS Perinatally infected South African HIV-infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy have lower lung function than uninfected adolescents. Prior lower respiratory tract infection or pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with lower lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Nyawira Githinji
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and Medical Research Council Unit, Child and Adolescent Health, and
| | - Diane M Gray
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and Medical Research Council Unit, Child and Adolescent Health, and
| | - Sipho Hlengwa
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and Medical Research Council Unit, Child and Adolescent Health, and
| | - Landon Myer
- 2 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and Medical Research Council Unit, Child and Adolescent Health, and
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13
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Shearer WT, Jacobson DL, Yu W, Siberry GK, Purswani M, Siminski S, Butler L, Leister E, Scott G, Van Dyke RB, Yogev R, Paul ME, Puga A, Colin AA, Kattan M. Long-term pulmonary complications in perinatally HIV-infected youth. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1101-1111.e7. [PMID: 28279683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased incidence and prevalence of asthma have been documented for perinatally HIV-infected youth 10 to 21 years of age compared with HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) youth. OBJECTIVE We sought to perform objective pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in HIV-infected and HEU youth with and without diagnosed asthma. METHOD Asthma was determined in 370 participants (218 HIV-infected and 152 HEU participants) by means of chart review and self-report at 13 sites. Interpretable PFTs (188 HIV-infected and 132 HEU participants) were classified as obstructive, restrictive, or normal, and reversibility was determined after bronchodilator inhalation. Values for HIV-1 RNA, CD4 and CD8 T cells, eosinophils, total IgE, allergen-specific IgE, and urinary cotinine were measured. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) of asthma and PFT outcomes were determined for HIV-infected participants relative to HEU participants, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and sex. RESULTS Current asthma was identified in 75 (34%) of 218 HIV-infected participants and 38 (25%) of 152 HEU participants (adjusted PR, 1.33; P = .11). The prevalence of obstructive disease did not differ by HIV status. Reversibility was less likely in HIV-infected youth than in HEU youth (17/183 [9%] vs 21/126 [17%]; adjusted PR, 0.47; P = .020) overall and among just those with obstructive PFT results (adjusted PR, 0.46; P = .016). Among HIV-infected youth with current asthma, serum IgE levels were inversely correlated with CD8 T-cell counts and positively correlated with eosinophil counts and not associated with CD4 T-cell counts. HIV-infected youth had lower association of specific IgE levels to several inhalant and food allergens compared with HEU participants and significantly lower CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios (suggesting immune imbalance). CONCLUSION Compared with HEU youth, HIV-infected youth demonstrated decreased reversibility of obstructive lung disease, which is atypical of asthma. This might indicate an early stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Follow-up into adulthood is warranted to further define their pulmonary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Department of Allergy and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
| | - Denise L Jacobson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Wendy Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - George K Siberry
- Maternal Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Laurie Butler
- Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, NY
| | - Erin Leister
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Gwendolyn Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
| | - Russell B Van Dyke
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, La
| | - Ram Yogev
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mary E Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Ana Puga
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Diagnostic & Treatment Center, Fort Lauderdale, Fla
| | - Andrew A Colin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Batchelor Research Institute, Miami, Fla
| | - Meyer Kattan
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Spector SA, Brummel SS, Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Singh KK, Purswani MU, Williams PL, Hazra R, Van Dyke R, Seage GR. Genetically determined ancestry is more informative than self-reported race in HIV-infected and -exposed children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4733. [PMID: 27603370 PMCID: PMC5023893 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS), the largest ongoing longitudinal study of perinatal HIV-infected (PHIV) and HIV-exposed, uninfected (PHEU) children in the United States, comprises the Surveillance Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy [ART] Toxicities (SMARTT) Study in PHEU children and the Adolescent Master Protocol (AMP) that includes PHIV and PHEU children ≥7 years. Although race/ethnicity is often used to assess health outcomes, this approach remains controversial and may fail to accurately reflect the backgrounds of ancestry-diverse populations as represented in the PHACS participants.In this study, we compared genetically determined ancestry (GDA) and self-reported race/ethnicity (SRR) in the PHACS cohort. GDA was estimated using a highly discriminative panel of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms and compared to SRR. Because SRR was similar between the PHIV and PHEU, and between the AMP and SMARTT cohorts, data for all unique 1958 participants were combined.According to SRR, 63% of study participants identified as Black/African-American, 27% White, and 34% Hispanic. Using the highest percentage of ancestry/ethnicity to identify GDA, 9.5% of subjects were placed in the incorrect superpopulation based on SRR. When ≥50% or ≥75% GDA of a given superpopulation was required, 12% and 25%, respectively, of subjects were placed in the incorrect superpopulation based on SRR, and the percent of subjects classified as multiracial increased. Of 126 participants with unidentified SRR, 71% were genetically identified as Eurasian.GDA provides a more robust assessment of race/ethnicity when compared to self-report, and study participants with unidentified SRR could be assigned GDA using genetic markers. In addition, identification of continental ancestry removes the taxonomic identification of race as a variable when identifying risk for clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Spector
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA
- Correspondence: Stephen A. Spector, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical Research Building, MC 0672, La Jolla, CA 92093-0672 (e-mail: )
| | - Sean S. Brummel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Murli U. Purswani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital, Bronx, New York, NY
| | - Paige L. Williams
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Departments of Biostatistics
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rohan Hazra
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - George R. Seage
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Altfeld M, Bunders MJ. Impact of HIV-1 infection on the feto-maternal crosstalk and consequences for pregnancy outcome and infant health. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:727-738. [PMID: 27392971 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of the maternal immune system to establish maternal/fetal equilibrium is required for a successful pregnancy. Viral infections, including HIV-1 infection, can alter this maternal/fetal equilibrium, with significant consequences for pregnancy outcome, including miscarriages, impaired fetal growth, and premature delivery. Furthermore, maternal HIV-1 infection has been shown to have a long-term impact on the developing fetal immune system also when the infant is not infected with the virus. In this review, we discuss the consequences of maternal HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy on pregnancy outcome and the health of the uninfected HIV-1-exposed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Altfeld
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam (UvA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Emma Childrens Hospital,UvA, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Drummond MB, Kunisaki KM, Huang L. Obstructive Lung Diseases in HIV: A Clinical Review and Identification of Key Future Research Needs. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:277-88. [PMID: 26974304 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1578801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection has shifted from what was once a disease directly impacting short-term mortality to what is now a chronic illness controllable in the era of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this setting, life expectancy for HIV-infected individual is nearly comparable to that of individuals without HIV. Subsequent to this increase in life expectancy, there has been recognition of increased multimorbidity among HIV-infected persons, with prevalence of comorbid chronic illnesses now approaching 65%. Obstructive lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are prevalent conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. There is overlap in risk factors for HIV acquisition and chronic lung diseases, including lower socioeconomic status and the use of tobacco and illicit drugs. Objectives of this review are to (1) summarize the current state of knowledge regarding COPD and asthma among HIV-infected persons, (2) highlight implications for clinicians caring for patients with these combined comorbidities, and (3) identify key research initiatives to reduce the burden of obstructive lung diseases among HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bradley Drummond
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ken M Kunisaki
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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17
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Mirani G, Williams PL, Chernoff M, Abzug MJ, Levin MJ, Seage GR, Oleske JM, Purswani MU, Hazra R, Traite S, Zimmer B, Van Dyke RB. Changing Trends in Complications and Mortality Rates Among US Youth and Young Adults With HIV Infection in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1850-61. [PMID: 26270680 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in a dramatic decrease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related opportunistic infections and deaths in US youth, but both continue to occur. METHODS We estimated the incidence of complications and deaths in IMPAACT P1074, a long-term US-based prospective multicenter cohort study conducted from April 2008 to June 2014. Incidence rates of selected diagnoses and trends over time were compared with those from a previous observational cohort study, P219C (2004-2007). Causes of death and relevant demographic and clinical features were reviewed. RESULTS Among 1201 HIV-infected youth in P1074 (87% perinatally infected; mean [standard deviation] age at last chart review, 20.9 [5.4] years), psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, asthma, pneumonia, and genital tract infections were among the most common comorbid conditions. Compared with findings in P219C, conditions with significantly increased incidence included substance or alcohol abuse, latent tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, atypical mycobacterial infections, vitamin D deficiency or metabolic bone disorders, anxiety disorders, and fractures; the incidence of pneumonia decreased significantly. Twenty-eight deaths occurred, yielding a standardized mortality rate 31.5 times that of the US population. Those who died were older, less likely to be receiving cART, and had lower CD4 cell counts and higher viral loads. Most deaths (86%) were due to HIV-related medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS Opportunistic infections and deaths are less common among HIV-infected youth in the US in the cART era, but the mortality rate remains elevated. Deaths were associated with poor HIV control and older age. Emerging complications, such as psychiatric, inflammatory, metabolic, and genital tract diseases, need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mirani
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Paige L Williams
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research Departments of Biostatistics Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mark J Abzug
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Myron J Levin
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - George R Seage
- Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Murli U Purswani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx
| | - Rohan Hazra
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Bonnie Zimmer
- Frontier Science Technology and Research Foundation, Amherst, New York
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18
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Bunupuradah T, Hansudewechakul R, Kosalaraksa P, Ngampiyaskul C, Kanjanavanit S, Wongsawat J, Luesomboon W, Sophonphan J, Puthanakit T, Ruxrungtham K, Shearer WT, Ananworanich J. HLA-DRB1454 and predictors of new-onset asthma in HIV-infected Thai children. Clin Immunol 2014; 157:26-9. [PMID: 25546395 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsak Bunupuradah
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Pope Kosalaraksa
- Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Jurai Wongsawat
- Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Jiratchaya Sophonphan
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - William T Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD, Stone KD. Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 35:161-83. [PMID: 25459583 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, highly pruritic skin condition resulting from disruption of the epithelial barrier and associated immune dysregulation in the skin of genetically predisposed hosts. AD generally develops in early childhood, has a characteristic age-dependent distribution and is commonly associated with elevated IgE, peripheral eosinophilia, and other allergic diseases. Medications such as antihistamines have demonstrated poor efficacy in controlling AD-associated itch. Education of patients regarding the primary underlying defects and provision of a comprehensive skin care plan is essential for disease maintenance and management of flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly D Stone
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Calligaro GL, Gray DM. Lung function abnormalities in HIV-infected adults and children. Respirology 2014; 20:24-32. [PMID: 25251876 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a global health crisis with a high burden of respiratory disease among infected persons. While the early complications of the epidemic were dominated by opportunistic infections, improved survival has led to the emergence of non-infectious conditions that are associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disability. Obstructive ventilatory defects and reduced diffusing capacity are common findings in adults, and the association between HIV and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasingly recognized. There is synergism between viral factors, opportunistic infections, conventional influences like tobacco smoke and biomass fuel exposure, and potentially, the immunological effects of ART on the development of HIV-associated chronic obstructive lung disease. Pulmonary function data for HIV-infected infants and children are scarce, but shows that bronchiectasis and obliterative bronchiolitis with severe airflow limitation are major problems, particularly in the developing world. However, studies from these regions are sorely lacking. There is thus a major unmet need to understand the influences of chronic HIV infection on the lung in both adults and children, and to devise strategies to manage and prevent these diseases in HIV-infected individuals. It is important for clinicians working with HIV-infected individuals to have an appreciation of their effects on measurements of lung function. This review therefore summarizes the lung function abnormalities described in HIV-positive adults and children, with an emphasis on obstructive lung disease, and examines potential pathogenic links between HIV and the development of chronic pulmonary disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Calligaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Linhar LS, Traebert J, Galato D, da Silva RM, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Rovaris NS, da Silva J. Allergic diseases in subjects under 18 years living with HIV. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014; 10:35. [PMID: 25050125 PMCID: PMC4105162 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent decades there has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic disease. Manifestations of these diseases have allegedly been observed in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), however, few studies have been directed at patients under 18 years old. In this context, the aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of allergic disease in patients under 18 years old, living with HIV, and to investigate the relationship between clinico-immunological characteristics of the HIV infection and atopy. Methods This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving patients under 18 years of age who were followed up by specialized HIV services in the Southern Region of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, from February to October 2012. Data collection tools included a questionnaire established by the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC), socio-demographic data, as well as laboratory test results obtained from the medical records. Blood samples were taken to measure total serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and a Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) for the main aeroallergens. Analysis was performed using Student’s t test, chi-squared, Fisher’s exact and Mann–Whitney tests, wherever indicated, with p < 0.05 value considered significant. Results 29 individuals were evaluated. The prevalence of symptoms of allergic disease was 65.5% (95% CI 56.1-74.8), the most frequent being rhinitis 44.8% (95% CI 35.0-54.5), followed by asthma 37.9% (95% CI 28.3-47.4) and eczema 27.6% (95% CI 18.8-36.3). RAST was positive in 20.7% of the individuals. There was no significant difference in terms of total serum IgE between individuals with and without symptoms of allergic disease. Nevertheless, a high frequency of raised levels of total serum IgE (40.7%) and an association between raised IgE and clinical staging of disease were observed. A further association between CD8+ cell count and prevalence of symptomatic allergic disease (p = 0.014) was observed. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of reported allergic disease, as well as a high frequency of raised levels of total serum IgE. The association between CD8+ cell count and the prevalence of symptomatic allergic disease corroborates studies that demonstrated the role of such cells in the development of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Linhar
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Traebert
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Dayani Galato
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Rosemeri M da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis-SC Postal code: 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Natália S Rovaris
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Jane da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, nº 787, Bairro Dehon, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Postal code: 88704-900, Brazil
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HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:583-92. [PMID: 24831854 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy to control HIV infection has led to the emergence of an older HIV population who are at risk of chronic diseases. Through a comprehensive search of major databases, this Review summarises information about the associations between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and HIV infection. Asthma and COPD are more prevalent in HIV-infected populations; 16-20% of individuals with HIV infection have asthma or COPD, and poorly controlled HIV infection worsens spirometric and diffusing capacity measurements, and accelerates lung function decline by about 55-75 mL/year. Up to 21% of HIV-infected individuals have obstructive ventilatory defects and reduced diffusing capacity is seen in more than 50% of HIV-infected populations. Specific pharmacotherapy considerations are needed to care for HIV-infected populations with asthma or COPD-protease inhibitor regimens to treat HIV (such as ritonavir) can result in systemic accumulation of inhaled corticosteroids and might increase pneumonia risk, exacerbating the toxicity of this therapy. Therefore, it is essential for clinicians to have a heightened awareness of the increased risk and manifestations of obstructive lung diseases in HIV-infected patients and specific therapeutic considerations to care for this population. Screening spirometry and tests of diffusing capacity might be beneficial in HIV-infected people with a history of smoking or respiratory symptoms.
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Abstract
Most infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women escape HIV infection. Infants evade infection despite an immature immune system and, in the case of breastfeeding, prolonged repetitive exposure. If infants become infected, the course of their infection and response to treatment differs dramatically depending upon the timing (in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding) and potentially the route of their infection. Perinatally acquired HIV infection occurs during a critical window of immune development. HIV's perturbation of this dynamic process may account for the striking age-dependent differences in HIV disease progression. HIV infection also profoundly disrupts the maternal immune system upon which infants rely for protection and immune instruction. Therefore, it is not surprising that infants who escape HIV infection still suffer adverse effects. In this review, we highlight the unique aspects of pediatric HIV transmission and pathogenesis with a focus on mechanisms by which HIV infection during immune ontogeny may allow discovery of key elements for protection and control from HIV.
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24
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HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Silverberg JI, Silverberg NB. Atopic Dermatitis: Update on Pathogenesis and Comorbidities. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-012-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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Usuga X. Efectos adversos del tratamiento antirretroviral en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Associations of cytokines, sleep patterns, and neurocognitive function in youth with HIV infection. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:13-23. [PMID: 22659030 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Youth infected with HIV at birth often have sleep disturbances, neurocognitive deficits, and abnormal psychosocial function which are associated with and possibly resulted from elevated blood cytokine levels that may lead to a decreased quality of life. To identify molecular pathways that might be associated with these disorders, we evaluated 38 HIV-infected and 35 uninfected subjects over 18-months for intracellular cytokine levels, sleep patterns and duration of sleep, and neurodevelopmental abilities. HIV infection was significantly associated with alterations of intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12), sleep factors (total time asleep and daytime sleep patterns), and neurocognitive factors (parent and patient reported problems with socio-emotional, behavioral, and executive functions; working memory-mental fatigue; verbal memory; and sustained concentration and vigilance. By better defining the relationships between HIV infection, sleep disturbances, and poor psychosocial behavior and neurocognition, it may be possible to provide targeted pharmacologic and procedural interventions to improve these debilitating conditions.
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28
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Kristoffersen US, Lebech AM, Mortensen J, Gerstoft J, Gutte H, Kjaer A. Changes in lung function of HIV-infected patients: a 4.5-year follow-up study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 32:288-95. [PMID: 22681606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2012.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the development of lung function in HIV-infected patients. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, 88 HIV-infected patients had a lung function test performed and 63 patients (72%) had their LFT repeated with a median follow-up period of 4.4 years. Forty-eight per cent were smokers, and at the re-examination, 97% were on combination antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was reduced and decreased over time in both smokers and non-smokers. Alveolar volume decreased and forced vital capacity increased similarly in both smokers and non-smokers. No changes were observed in forced expiratory volume or peak flow, but smokers had reduced values compared with those of the non-smokers at both examinations. FEV1/FVC was reduced especially in smokers and declined in both smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity is reduced in HIV-infected patients and seems to decline over time. Additionally, signs of obstructive lung disease are present in HIV-infected patients and seem to increase over time, although only modestly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Sloth Kristoffersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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High prevalence of asthma in HIV-infected adults: new insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:715-6. [PMID: 22296750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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