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Kent SA, Miron VE. Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:49-63. [PMID: 37452201 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that have key functions in its development, homeostasis and response to damage and infection. Although microglia have been increasingly implicated in contributing to the pathology that underpins neurological dysfunction and disease, they also have crucial roles in neurological homeostasis and regeneration. This includes regulation of the maintenance and regeneration of myelin, the membrane that surrounds neuronal axons, which is required for axonal health and function. Myelin is damaged with normal ageing and in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Given the lack of approved therapies targeting myelin maintenance or regeneration, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which microglia support and restore myelin health to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate myelin loss or integrity are still being uncovered. In this Review, we discuss recent work that reveals the changes in white matter with ageing and neurodegenerative disease, how this relates to microglia dynamics during myelin damage and regeneration, and factors that influence the regenerative functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kent
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Dustin E, McQuiston AR, Honke K, Palavicini JP, Han X, Dupree JL. Adult-onset depletion of sulfatide leads to axonal degeneration with relative myelin sparing. Glia 2023; 71:2285-2303. [PMID: 37283058 PMCID: PMC11007682 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) constitutes a class of sphingolipids that comprise about 4% of myelin lipids in the central nervous system. Previously, our group characterized a mouse with sulfatide's synthesizing enzyme, cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), constitutively disrupted. Using these mice, we demonstrated that sulfatide is required for establishment and maintenance of myelin, axoglial junctions, and axonal domains and that sulfatide depletion results in structural pathologies commonly observed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Interestingly, sulfatide is reduced in regions of normal appearing white matter (NAWM) of MS patients. Sulfatide reduction in NAWM suggests depletion occurs early in disease development and consistent with functioning as a driving force of disease progression. To closely model MS, an adult-onset disease, our lab generated a "floxed" CST mouse and mated it against the PLP-creERT mouse, resulting in a double transgenic mouse that provides temporal and cell-type specific ablation of the Cst gene (Gal3st1). Using this mouse, we demonstrate adult-onset sulfatide depletion has limited effects on myelin structure but results in the loss of axonal integrity including deterioration of domain organization accompanied by axonal degeneration. Moreover, structurally preserved myelinated axons progressively lose the ability to function as myelinated axons, indicated by the loss of the N1 peak. Together, our findings indicate that sulfatide depletion, which occurs in the early stages of MS progression, is sufficient to drive the loss of axonal function independent of demyelination and that axonal pathology, which is responsible for the irreversible loss of neuronal function that is prevalent in MS, may occur earlier than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dustin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - A R McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - J P Palavicini
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - X Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - J L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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3
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Oost W, Huitema AJ, Kats K, Giepmans BNG, Kooistra SM, Eggen BJL, Baron W. Pathological ultrastructural alterations of myelinated axons in normal appearing white matter in progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:100. [PMID: 37340488 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology includes inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are unknown. A major feature of lesions is lack of myelin, which increases axonal energy demand and requires adaptation in number and size of mitochondria. Outside lesions, subtle and diffuse alterations are observed in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and normal appearing grey matter (NAGM), including increased oxidative stress, reduced axon density and changes in myelin composition and morphology. On an ultrastructural level, only limited data is available on alterations in myelinated axons. We generated large scale 2D scanning transmission electron microscopy images ('nanotomy') of non-demyelinated brain tissue of control and progressive MS donors, accessible via an open-access online repository. We observed a reduced density of myelinated axons in NAWM, without a decrease in cross-sectional axon area. Small myelinated axons were less frequently and large myelinated axons were more frequently present in NAWM, while the g-ratio was similar. The correlation between axonal mitochondrial radius and g-ratio was lost in NAWM, but not in NAGM. Myelinated axons in control GM and NAGM had a similar g-ratio and radius distribution. We hypothesize that axonal loss in NAWM is likely compensated by swelling of the remaining myelinated axons and subsequent adjustment of myelin thickness to maintain their g-ratio. Failure of axonal mitochondria to adjust their size and fine-tuning of myelin thickness may render NAWM axons and their myelin more susceptible to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Oost
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- MS Center Noord Nederland, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Allard J Huitema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- MS Center Noord Nederland, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Kats
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- MS Center Noord Nederland, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- MS Center Noord Nederland, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- MS Center Noord Nederland, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Bhaskaran S, Kumar G, Thadathil N, Piekarz KM, Mohammed S, Lopez SD, Qaisar R, Walton D, Brown JL, Murphy A, Smith N, Saunders D, Beckstead MJ, Plafker S, Lewis TL, Towner R, Deepa SS, Richardson A, Axtell RC, Van Remmen H. Neuronal deletion of MnSOD in mice leads to demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis. Redox Biol 2023; 59:102550. [PMID: 36470129 PMCID: PMC9720104 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal oxidative stress has been implicated in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Here we investigated the impact of elevated oxidative stress induced in mouse spinal cord by deletion of Mn-Superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) using a neuron specific Cre recombinase in Sod2 floxed mice (i-mn-Sod2 KO). Sod2 deletion in spinal cord neurons was associated with mitochondrial alterations and peroxide generation. Phenotypically, i-mn-Sod2 KO mice experienced hindlimb paralysis and clasping behavior associated with extensive demyelination and reduced nerve conduction velocity, axonal degeneration, enhanced blood brain barrier permeability, elevated inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, infiltration of neutrophils and necroptosis in spinal cord. In contrast, spinal cord motor neuron number, innervation of neuromuscular junctions, muscle mass, and contractile function were not altered. Overall, our findings show that loss of MnSOD in spinal cord promotes a phenotype of demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Nidheesh Thadathil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Piekarz
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Dorothy Walton
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ashley Murphy
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Scott Plafker
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Tommy L Lewis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Sathyaseelan S Deepa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert C Axtell
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA.
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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5
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Peña-Toledo MA, Luque E, LaTorre M, Jimena I, Leiva-Cepas F, Ruz-Caracuel I, Agüera E, Peña-Amaro J, Tunez I. The ultrastructure of muscle fibers and satellite cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:401-412. [PMID: 35994513 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the ultrastructure of muscle fibers and satellite cells in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE-induced animals were treated with TMS (60 Hz at 0.7 mT) for 2 hours in the morning, once a day, 5 days a week, for 3 weeks, starting on day 15 post-immunization. The rats were sacrificed on day 36 post-immunization, and the soleus muscles were evaluated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Findings were compared with a non-treated EAE group. Electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of degenerated mitochondria, autophagic vacuoles, and altered myofibrils in non-treated EAE group. This correlates with the presence of acid phosphatase activity in muscle fibers and core-targetoid lesions with desmin immunohistochemistry. Most myonuclei in the EAE group showed apoptotic features. In contrast, EAE induced-TMS treated animals had less ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria and the myofibrils, together with less frequent apoptotic nuclear features. Peripheral desmin+ protrusions, as a marker of active satellite cells, were significantly increased in TMS-treated group. This correlates ultrastructurally with the presence of active features in satellite cells in the TMS group. In conclusion, the attenuation of ultrastructural alterations in muscle fibers and activation response of satellite cells caused by EAE indicated that skeletal muscle had a regenerative response to TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Peña-Toledo
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel LaTorre
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Leiva-Cepas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Peña-Amaro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Ministery for Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Antibody cross-reactivity between casein and myelin-associated glycoprotein results in central nervous system demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117034119. [PMID: 35235454 PMCID: PMC8916005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117034119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to irreversible deficits in young adults. Its pathophysiology is believed to be influenced by environmental determinants. As far back as the 1990s, it had been suggested that there is a correlation between the consumption of cow’s milk and the prevalence of MS. Here, we not only demonstrate that a high percentage of MS patients harbor antibodies to bovine casein but also that antibody cross-reactivity between cow’s milk and CNS antigens can exacerbate demyelination. Our data broaden the current understanding of how diet influences the etiology of MS and set the stage for combining personalized diet plans with disease-modifying treatment strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a high socioeconomic relevance. The pathophysiology of MS, which is both complex and incompletely understood, is believed to be influenced by various environmental determinants, including diet. Since the 1990s, a correlation between the consumption of bovine milk products and MS prevalence has been debated. Here, we show that C57BL/6 mice immunized with bovine casein developed severe spinal cord pathology, in particular, demyelination, which was associated with the deposition of immunoglobulin G. Furthermore, we observed binding of serum from casein-immunized mice to mouse oligodendrocytes in CNS tissue sections and in culture where casein-specific antibodies induced complement-dependent pathology. We subsequently identified myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) as a cross-reactive antigenic target. The results obtained from the mouse model were complemented by clinical data showing that serum samples from patients with MS contained significantly higher B cell and antibody reactivity to bovine casein than those from patients with other neurologic diseases. This reactivity correlated with the B cell response to a mixture of CNS antigens and could again be attributed to MAG reactivity. While we acknowledge disease heterogeneity among individuals with MS, we believe that consumption of cow’s milk in a subset of patients with MS who have experienced a previous loss of tolerance to bovine casein may aggravate the disease. Our data suggest that patients with antibodies to bovine casein might benefit from restricting dairy products from their diet.
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Neuroprotective Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Neurofilament Light Chain Leakage and Glutamate Excess in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413419. [PMID: 34948217 PMCID: PMC8707261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal and neuronal pathologies are a central constituent of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide. In this study, we investigated neurodegenerative manifestations in chronic MOG 35–55 induced EAE and the effect of glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment on these manifestations. We report that the neuronal loss seen in this model is not attributed to apoptotic neuronal cell death. In EAE-affected mice, axonal damage prevails from the early disease phase, as revealed by analysis of neurofilament light (NFL) leakage into the sera along the disease duration, as well as by immunohistological examination. Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentrations measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) implies that glutamate excess plays a role in the damage processes inflicted by this disease. GA applied as a therapeutic regimen to mice with apparent clinical symptoms significantly reduces the pathological manifestations, namely apoptotic cell death, NFL leakage, histological tissue damage, and glutamate excess, thus corroborating the neuroprotective consequences of this treatment.
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Peña-Toledo MA, Luque E, Ruz-Caracuel I, Agüera E, Jimena I, Peña-Amaro J, Tunez I. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Muscle Involvement in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168589. [PMID: 34445295 PMCID: PMC8395284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is affected in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a model of multiple sclerosis that produces changes including muscle atrophy; histological features of neurogenic involvement, and increased oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the involvement of rat skeletal muscle and to compare them with those produced by natalizumab (NTZ). EAE was induced by injecting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) into Dark Agouti rats. Both treatments, NTZ and TMS, were implemented from day 15 to day 35. Clinical severity was studied, and after sacrifice, the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were extracted for subsequent histological and biochemical analysis. The treatment with TMS and NTZ had a beneficial effect on muscle involvement in the EAE model. There was a clinical improvement in functional motor deficits, atrophy was attenuated, neurogenic muscle lesions were reduced, and the level of oxidative stress biomarkers was lower in both treatment groups. Compared to NTZ, the best response was obtained with TMS for all the parameters analyzed. The myoprotective effect of TMS was higher than that of NTZ. Thus, the use of TMS may be an effective strategy to reduce muscle involvement in multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Male
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Natalizumab/pharmacology
- Rats
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Peña-Toledo
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jose Peña-Amaro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Ministery for Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Kapitza C, Chunder R, Scheller A, Given KS, Macklin WB, Enders M, Kuerten S, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063233. [PMID: 33810144 PMCID: PMC8004938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Rittika Chunder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Anja Scheller
- University of Saarland, Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Katherine S. Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University Hospitals Bonn, University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried L. Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1852-2870
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10
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Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093038. [PMID: 32967206 PMCID: PMC7564219 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers. Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.
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11
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Breakell T, Tacke S, Schropp V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Urich E, Kuerten S. Obinutuzumab-Induced B Cell Depletion Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a CD20 Double Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186864. [PMID: 32962135 PMCID: PMC7559311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-depleting therapies have recently proven to be clinically highly successful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of the novel type II anti-human CD20 (huCD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) obinutuzumab (OBZ) on spinal cord degeneration in a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. Double transgenic huCD20xHIGR3 (CD20dbtg) mice, which express human CD20, were immunised with the myelin fusion protein MP4 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both light and electron microscopy were used to assess myelination and axonal pathology in mice treated with OBZ during chronic EAE. Furthermore, the effects of the already established murine anti-CD20 antibody 18B12 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. In both models (18B12/wt and OBZ/CD20dbtg) anti-CD20 treatment significantly diminished the extent of spinal cord pathology. While 18B12 treatment mainly reduced the extent of axonal pathology, a significant decrease in demyelination and increase in remyelination were additionally observed in OBZ-treated mice. Hence, the data suggest that OBZ could have neuroprotective effects on the CNS, setting the drug apart from the currently available type I anti-CD20 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Schropp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eduard Urich
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8522264
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12
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A microwave method for plastic embedding of nervous tissue for light and electron microscopy. Heliyon 2019; 6:e03036. [PMID: 31909244 PMCID: PMC6938874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fast, effective, and rapid processing of central nervous system (CNS) tissue with good preservation of myelin, especially in tissue from diseased mice, is important to many laboratories studying neurosciences. New method In this paper, we describe a new method to process and embed CNS tissue from mice. Spinal cords and optic nerves from naive C57BL/6 mice were used to standardize the microwave protocol following perfusion with fixative. The CNS tissue was processed and embedded using the microwave embedding protocol. Results We observed that the tissue is well preserved and good quality light and electron microscope images were obtained after using the microwave embedding protocol. Comparison with existing methods Traditional way of embedding CNS tissue in resin is challenging and time consuming. The microwave technology offers an efficient way to quickly embed CNS tissue while preserving morphology and retaining the integrity of the myelin. Conclusions This new method is fast, reliable and an effective way to embed CNS tissue in resin.
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13
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Pyka-Fościak G, Zemła J, Lis GJ, Litwin JA, Lekka M. Changes in spinal cord stiffness in the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108221. [PMID: 31816310 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used mouse model of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination leading to brain and spinal cord malfunctions. We postulate that not only biological but also biomechanical properties play an important role in impairements of CNS function. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to investigate mechanical properties of spinal cords collected from EAE mice in preonset, onset, peak, and chronic disease phases. Biomechanical changes were compared with histopathological alterations observed in the successive phases. The deformability of gray matter did not change, while rigidity of white matter increased during the onset phase, remained at the same level in the peak phase and decreased in the chronic phase. Inflammatory infiltration and laminin content accompanied the tissue rigidity increase, whereas demyelination and axonal damage showed an opposite effect. The increase in white matter rigidity can be regarded as an early signature of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pyka-Fościak
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland.
| | - J Zemła
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - G J Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - J A Litwin
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020037. [PMID: 31083577 PMCID: PMC6627385 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have examined the potential associations between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. In MS, neurological disability results from inflammation, demyelination, and ultimately, axonal damage within the central nervous system. The sustained inflammatory phase of the disease leads to ion channel changes and chronic oxidative stress. Several independent investigations have demonstrated mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in MS, as well as abnormalities in mitochondrial transport. These processes create an energy imbalance and contribute to a parallel process of progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The potential roles of mitochondria in neurodegeneration are reviewed. An overview of mitochondrial diseases that may overlap with MS are also discussed, as well as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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15
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Moutal A, Kalinin S, Kowal K, Marangoni N, Dupree J, Lin SX, Lis K, Lisi L, Hensley K, Khanna R, Feinstein DL. Neuronal Conditional Knockout of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 Ameliorates Disease Severity in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ASN Neuro 2019; 11:1759091419892090. [PMID: 31795726 PMCID: PMC6893573 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419892090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that treatment with lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester (LKE) reduced disease severity and axonal damage in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis and increased neuronal maturation and survival in vitro . A major target of LKE is collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), suggesting this protein may mediate LKE actions. We now show that conditional knockout of CRMP2 from neurons using a CamK2a promoter to drive Cre recombinase expression reduces disease severity in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 EAE model, associated with decreased spinal cord axonal damage, and less glial activation in the cerebellum, but not the spinal cord. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction show CRMP2 depletion from descending motor neurons in the motor cortex, but not from spinal cord neurons, suggesting that the benefits of CRMP2 depletion on EAE may stem from effects on upper motor neurons. In addition, mice in which CRMP2 S522 phosphorylation was prevented by substitution for an alanine residue also showed reduced EAE severity. These results show that modification of CRMP2 expression and phosphorylation can influence the course of EAE and suggests that treatment with CRMP2 modulators such as LKE act in part by reducing CRMP2 S522 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kinga Lis
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome,
Italy
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith,
AR, USA
| | | | - Douglas L. Feinstein
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Kozin MS, Kulakova OG, Favorova OO. Involvement of Mitochondria in Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:813-830. [PMID: 30200866 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional disruption and neuronal loss followed by progressive dysfunction of the nervous system underlies the pathogenesis of numerous disorders defined as "neurodegenerative diseases". Multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system resulting in serious neurological dysfunctions and disability, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies suggest that disturbances in mitochondrial functioning are key factors leading to neurodegeneration. In this review, we consider data on mitochondrial dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis, which were obtained both with patients and with animal models. The contemporary data indicate that the axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis largely results from the activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases and from misbalance of ion homeostasis caused by energy deficiency. The genetic studies analyzing association of mitochondrial DNA polymorphic variants in multiple sclerosis suggest the participation of mitochondrial genome variability in the development of this disease, although questions of the involvement of individual genomic variants are far from being resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kozin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - O G Kulakova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - O O Favorova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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17
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Juźwik CA, Drake S, Lécuyer MA, Johnson RM, Morquette B, Zhang Y, Charabati M, Sagan SM, Bar-Or A, Prat A, Fournier AE. Neuronal microRNA regulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13437. [PMID: 30194392 PMCID: PMC6128870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease but the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative aspects of the disease are poorly understood. microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful regulators of gene expression that regulate numerous mRNAs simultaneously and can thus regulate programs of gene expression. Here, we describe miRNA expression in neurons captured from mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Lumbar motor neurons and retinal neurons were laser captured from EAE mice and miRNA expression was assessed by next-generation sequencing and validated by qPCR. We describe 14 miRNAs that are differentially regulated in both neuronal subtypes and determine putative mRNA targets though in silico analysis. Several upregulated neuronal miRNAs are predicted to target pathways that could mediate repair and regeneration during EAE. This work identifies miRNAs that are affected by inflammation and suggests novel candidates that may be targeted to improve neuroprotection in the context of pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Juźwik
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sienna Drake
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Radia Marie Johnson
- McGill University, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Barbara Morquette
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yang Zhang
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- McGill University, Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Biochemistry, Montréal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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18
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Wunsch M, Jabari S, Voussen B, Enders M, Srinivasan S, Cossais F, Wedel T, Boettner M, Schwarz A, Weyer L, Göcer O, Schroeter M, Maeurer M, Woenckhaus M, Pollok K, Radbruch H, Klotz L, Scholz CJ, Nickel J, Friebe A, Addicks K, Ergün S, Lehmann PV, Kuerten S. The enteric nervous system is a potential autoimmune target in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:281-295. [PMID: 28620692 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults that has serious negative socioeconomic effects. In addition to symptoms caused by CNS pathology, the majority of MS patients frequently exhibit gastrointestinal dysfunction, which was previously either explained by the presence of spinal cord lesions or not directly linked to the autoimmune etiology of the disease. Here, we studied the enteric nervous system (ENS) in a B cell- and antibody-dependent mouse model of MS by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy at different stages of the disease. ENS degeneration was evident prior to the development of CNS lesions and the onset of neurological deficits in mice. The pathology was antibody mediated and caused a significant decrease in gastrointestinal motility, which was associated with ENS gliosis and neuronal loss. We identified autoantibodies against four potential target antigens derived from enteric glia and/or neurons by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Antibodies against three of the target antigens were also present in the plasma of MS patients as confirmed by ELISA. The analysis of human colon resectates provided evidence of gliosis and ENS degeneration in MS patients compared to non-MS controls. For the first time, this study establishes a pathomechanistic link between the well-established autoimmune attack on the CNS and ENS pathology in MS, which might provide a paradigm shift in our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease with broad diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wunsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samir Jabari
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Voussen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - François Cossais
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Boettner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Schwarz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Weyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oktay Göcer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Maeurer
- Department of Neurology, Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Woenckhaus
- Department of Pathology, Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Karolin Pollok
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claus-Jürgen Scholz
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Friebe
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Addicks
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Prediction of disease activity in models of multiple sclerosis by molecular magnetic resonance imaging of P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6116-6121. [PMID: 28533365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619424114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for detecting disease activity in multiple sclerosis are being investigated to ameliorate diagnosis and follow-up of patients. Today, although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to diagnose and monitor multiple sclerosis, no imaging tools exist to predict the evolution of disease and the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that molecular MRI targeting the endothelial adhesion molecule P-selectin unmasks the pathological events that take place in the spinal cord of mice subjected to chronic or relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This approach provides a quantitative spatiotemporal follow-up of disease course in relation to clinical manifestations. Moreover, it predicts relapse in asymptomatic mice and remission in symptomatic animals. Future molecular MRI targeting P-selectin may be used to improve diagnosis, follow-up of treatment, and management of relapse/remission cycles in multiple sclerosis patients by providing information currently inaccessible through conventional MRI techniques.
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20
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Schampel A, Volovitch O, Koeniger T, Scholz CJ, Jörg S, Linker RA, Wischmeyer E, Wunsch M, Hell JW, Ergün S, Kuerten S. Nimodipine fosters remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and induces microglia-specific apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3295-E3304. [PMID: 28381594 PMCID: PMC5402421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620052114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous interest in multiple sclerosis (MS) research, there is still a lack of neuroprotective strategies, because the main focus has remained on modulating the immune response. Here we performed in-depth analysis of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in in vitro studies regarding the effect of the well-established L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine. Nimodipine treatment attenuated clinical EAE and spinal cord degeneration and promoted remyelination. Surprisingly, we observed calcium channel-independent effects on microglia, resulting in apoptosis. These effects were cell-type specific and irrespective of microglia polarization. Apoptosis was accompanied by decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cell culture as well as decreased iNOS and reactive oxygen species levels in EAE. In addition, increased numbers of Olig2+APC+ oligodendrocytes were detected. Overall, nimodipine application seems to generate a favorable environment for regenerative processes and therefore could be a treatment option for MS, because it combines features of immunomodulation with beneficial effects on neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schampel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Volovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Koeniger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Jürgen Scholz
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
- The Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jörg
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wunsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany;
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21
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Thalamus Degeneration and Inflammation in Two Distinct Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:102-14. [PMID: 27491786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that multiple sclerosis (MS) represents more than an inflammatory disease: it harbors several characteristic aspects of a classical neurodegenerative disorder, i.e., damage to axons, synapses, and nerve cell bodies. While several accepted paraclinical methods exist to monitor the inflammatory-driven aspects of the disease, techniques to monitor progression of early and late neurodegeneration are still in their infancy and have not been convincingly validated. It was speculated that the thalamus with its multiple reciprocal connections is sensitive to inflammatory processes occurring in different brain regions, thus acting as a "barometer" for diffuse brain parenchymal damage in MS. To what extent the thalamus is affected in commonly applied MS animal models is, however, not known. In this article we describe direct and indirect damage to the thalamus in two distinct MS animal models. In the cuprizone model, we observed primary oligodendrocyte stress which is followed by demyelination, microglia/astrocyte activation, and acute axonal damage. These degenerative cuprizone-induced lesions were found to be more severe in the lateral compared to the medial part of the thalamus. In MOG35-55-induced EAE, in contrast, most parts of the forebrain, including the thalamus were not directly involved in the autoimmune attack. However, important thalamic afferent fiber tracts, such as the spinothalamic tract were inflamed and demyelinated on the spinal cord level. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that this spinal cord inflammatory-demyelination is associated with neuronal loss within the target region of the spinothalamic tract, namely the sensory ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. This study highlights the possibility of trans-neuronal degeneration as one mechanism of secondary neuronal damage in MS. Further studies are now warranted to investigate involved cell types and cellular mechanisms.
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22
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Clark KC, Josephson A, Benusa SD, Hartley RK, Baer M, Thummala S, Joslyn M, Sword BA, Elford H, Oh U, Dilsizoglu-Senol A, Lubetzki C, Davenne M, DeVries GH, Dupree JL. Compromised axon initial segment integrity in EAE is preceded by microglial reactivity and contact. Glia 2016; 64:1190-209. [PMID: 27100937 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal pathology is a key contributor to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), but the mechanisms that underlie axonal pathology in MS remain elusive. Evidence suggests that axonal pathology is a direct consequence of demyelination, as we and others have shown that the node of Ranvier disassembles following loss of myelin. In contrast to the node of Ranvier, we now show that the axon initial segment (AIS), the axonal domain responsible for action potential initiation, remains intact following cuprizone-induced cortical demyelination. Instead, we find that the AIS is disrupted in the neocortex of mice that develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) independent of local demyelination. EAE-induced mice demonstrate profound compromise of AIS integrity with a progressive disruption that corresponds to EAE clinical disease severity and duration, in addition to cortical microglial reactivity. Furthermore, treatment with the drug didox results in attenuation of AIS pathology concomitantly with microglial reversion to a less reactive state. Together, our findings suggest that inflammation, but not demyelination, disrupts AIS integrity and that therapeutic intervention may protect and reverse this pathology. GLIA 2016;64:1190-1209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem C Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU, Neuroscience Curriculum, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anna Josephson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Savannah D Benusa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU, Neuroscience Curriculum, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rebecca K Hartley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew Baer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Suneel Thummala
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Martha Joslyn
- Department of Research,, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brooke A Sword
- Department of Research,, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Unsong Oh
- Department of Neurology, VCU, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aysegul Dilsizoglu-Senol
- UPMC/Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut Du Cerveau Et De La Moelle Épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- UPMC/Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut Du Cerveau Et De La Moelle Épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital De La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Marc Davenne
- UPMC/Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut Du Cerveau Et De La Moelle Épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - George H DeVries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Research,, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Research,, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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23
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Myelin Basic Protein Citrullination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for the Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1845-56. [PMID: 27097548 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial demyelinating disease characterized by neurodegenerative events and autoimmune response against myelin component. Citrullination or deimination, a post-translational modification of protein-bound arginine into citrulline, catalyzed by Ca(2+) dependent peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme (PAD), plays an essential role in physiological processes include gene expression regulation, apoptosis and the plasticity of the central nervous system, while aberrant citrullination can generate new epitopes, thus involving in the initiation and/or progression of autoimmune disorder like MS. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the major myelin protein and is generally considered to maintain the stability of the myelin sheath. This review describes the MBP citrullination and its consequence, as well as offering further support for the "inside-out" hypothesis that MS is primarily a neurodegenerative disease with secondary inflammatory demyelination. In addition, it discusses the role of MBP citrullination in the immune inflammation and explores the potential of inhibition of PAD enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the disease.
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24
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Ramadan A, Lucca LE, Carrié N, Desbois S, Axisa PP, Hayder M, Bauer J, Liblau RS, Mars LT. In situ expansion of T cells that recognize distinct self-antigens sustains autoimmunity in the CNS. Brain 2016; 139:1433-46. [PMID: 27000832 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyspecific T cells recognizing multiple distinct self-antigens have been identified in multiple sclerosis and other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, but their pathophysiological relevance remains undetermined. Using a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, we show that autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction is strictly dependent on reactivation of pathogenic T cells by a peptide (35-55) derived from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This disease-inducing response wanes after onset. Strikingly, the progression of disease is driven by the in situ activation and expansion of a minority of MOG35-55-specific T cells that also recognize neurofilament-medium (NF-M)15-35, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neurons. This mobilization of bispecific T cells is critical for disease progression as adoptive transfer of NF-M15-35/MOG35-55 bispecific T cell lines caused full-blown disease in wild-type but not NF-M-deficient recipients. Moreover, specific tolerance through injection of NF-M15-35 peptide at the peak of disease halted experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis progression. Our findings highlight the importance of polyspecific autoreactive T cells in the aggravation and perpetuation of central nervous system autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraouf Ramadan
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Liliana E Lucca
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Nadège Carrié
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Sabine Desbois
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Axisa
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Myriam Hayder
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM UMR1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France INSERM UMR995, LIRIC, F-59000 Lille, France Université de Lille, centre d'excellence LICEND and FHU IMMINeNT, F-59000 Lille, France
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25
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Prinz J, Karacivi A, Stormanns ER, Recks MS, Kuerten S. Time-Dependent Progression of Demyelination and Axonal Pathology in MP4-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144847. [PMID: 26658811 PMCID: PMC4676607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal pathology. Myelin basic protein/proteolipid protein (MBP-PLP) fusion protein MP4 is capable of inducing chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in susceptible mouse strains mirroring diverse histopathological and immunological hallmarks of MS. Limited availability of human tissue underscores the importance of animal models to study the pathology of MS. Methods Twenty-two female C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with MP4 and the clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was observed. Methylene blue-stained semi-thin and ultra-thin sections of the lumbar spinal cord were assessed at the peak of acute EAE, three months (chronic EAE) and six months after onset of EAE (long-term EAE). The extent of lesional area and inflammation were analyzed in semi-thin sections on a light microscopic level. The magnitude of demyelination and axonal damage were determined using electron microscopy. Emphasis was put on the ventrolateral tract (VLT) of the spinal cord. Results B6 mice demonstrated increasing demyelination and severe axonal pathology in the course of MP4-induced EAE. In addition, mitochondrial swelling and a decrease in the nearest neighbor neurofilament distance (NNND) as early signs of axonal damage were evident with the onset of EAE. In semi-thin sections we observed the maximum of lesional area in the chronic state of EAE while inflammation was found to a similar extent in acute and chronic EAE. In contrast to the well-established myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) model, disease stages of MP4-induced EAE could not be distinguished by assessing the extent of parenchymal edema or the grade of inflammation. Conclusions Our results complement our previous ultrastructural studies of B6 EAE models and suggest that B6 mice immunized with different antigens constitute useful instruments to study the diverse histopathological aspects of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/pathology
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Demyelinating Diseases
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization
- Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology
- Lumbar Vertebrae/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microtomy
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Mitochondrial Swelling
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Severity of Illness Index
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Prinz
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aylin Karacivi
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva R. Stormanns
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mascha S. Recks
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Inhibition of Gli1 mobilizes endogenous neural stem cells for remyelination. Nature 2015; 526:448-52. [PMID: 26416758 PMCID: PMC4970518 DOI: 10.1038/nature14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing repair of myelin is an important, but still elusive therapeutic goal in many neurological disorders1. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease, endogenous remyelination does occur but is frequently insufficient to restore function. Both parenchymal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and endogenous adult neural stem cells (NSCs) resident within the subventricular zone (SVZ) are known sources of remyelinating cells2. Here, we characterize the contribution to remyelination of a subset of adult NSCs, identified by their expression of Gli1, a transcriptional effector of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. We show that these cells are recruited from the SVZ to populate demyelinated lesions in the forebrain but never enter healthy, white matter tracts. Unexpectedly, recruitment of this pool of NSCs, and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes, is significantly enhanced by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Gli1. Importantly, complete inhibition of canonical hedgehog signaling was ineffective indicating that Gli1’s role in both augmenting hedgehog signaling and retarding myelination is specialized. Indeed, inhibition of Gli1 improves the functional outcome in a relapsing/remitting model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE) and is neuroprotective. Thus, endogenous NSCs can be mobilized for the repair of demyelinated lesions by inhibiting Gli1, identifying a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of demyelinating disorders.
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27
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Rottlaender A, Kuerten S. Stepchild or Prodigy? Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14850-65. [PMID: 26140377 PMCID: PMC4519875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and characterized by the infiltration of immune cells, demyelination and axonal loss. Loss of axons and nerve fiber pathology are widely accepted as correlates of neurological disability. Hence, it is surprising that the development of neuroprotective therapies has been neglected for a long time. A reason for this could be the diversity of the underlying mechanisms, complex changes in nerve fiber pathology and the absence of biomarkers and tools to quantify neuroregenerative processes. Present therapeutic strategies are aimed at modulating or suppressing the immune response, but do not primarily attenuate axonal pathology. Yet, target-oriented neuroprotective strategies are essential for the treatment of MS, especially as severe damage of nerve fibers mostly occurs in the course of disease progression and cannot be impeded by immune modulatory drugs. This review shall depict the need for neuroprotective strategies and elucidate difficulties and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rottlaender
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany.
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28
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Skeletal muscle findings in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:493-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Dupree JL, Polak PE, Hensley K, Pelligrino D, Feinstein DL. Lanthionine ketimine ester provides benefit in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2015; 134:302-14. [PMID: 25846048 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lanthionine ketimine (LK) is a natural sulfur amino acid metabolite which binds to collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), an abundant brain protein that interacts with multiple partners to regulate microtubule dynamics, neurite growth and retraction, axonal transport, and neurotransmitter release. LK ethyl-ester (LKE) is a cell-permeable synthetic derivative that promotes neurogenesis, suppresses nitric oxide production from microglia, and reduces neurotoxicity of microglia-conditioned medium. These properties led us to test the effects of LKE in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Female C57Bl/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 to develop a chronic disease. LKE was provided in the chow at 100 ppm, ad libitum beginning when the mice reached moderate clinical signs. Over the following 4 weeks the LKE-treated mice showed a significant reduction in clinical signs compared to vehicle-treated mice. LKE dose dependently reduced IFNγ production from splenic T cells, but had no effect on IL-17 production suggesting protective effects were mediated within the CNS. Electron microscopy revealed that, compared to sham mice, EAE mice had significant neurodegeneration in both the optic nerve and spinal cord, which was reduced in the LKE-treated mice. In contrast only minimal disruption of myelin was observed at this time point. In the optic nerve, measurements of axon caliber and myelin thickness showed little changes between sham and EAE mice, however, treatment with LKE increased the percentage of axons with thicker myelin and with larger axon calibers. In the spinal cord, only smaller effects of LKE on myelin thickness were observed. The effects of LKE were associated with a reduced relative level of phosphorylated CRMP2 to CRMP2. Together, these results demonstrate that LKE reduces neurodegeneration in a chronic EAE model of MS, which could have translation potential for treatment of progressive forms of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul E Polak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Dale Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Haines JD, Herbin O, de la Hera B, Vidaurre OG, Moy GA, Sun Q, Fung HYJ, Albrecht S, Alexandropoulos K, McCauley D, Chook YM, Kuhlmann T, Kidd GJ, Shacham S, Casaccia P. Nuclear export inhibitors avert progression in preclinical models of inflammatory demyelination. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:511-20. [PMID: 25706475 PMCID: PMC4522902 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axonal damage has been associated with aberrant protein trafficking. We examined a newly characterized class of compounds that target nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling by binding to the catalytic groove of the nuclear export protein XPO1 (also known as CRM1, chromosome region maintenance protein 1). Oral administration of reversible CRM1 inhibitors in preclinical murine models of demyelination significantly attenuated disease progression, even when started after the onset of paralysis. Clinical efficacy was associated with decreased proliferation of immune cells, characterized by nuclear accumulation of cell cycle inhibitors, and preservation of cytoskeletal integrity even in demyelinated axons. Neuroprotection was not limited to models of demyelination, but was also observed in another mouse model of axonal damage (that is, kainic acid injection) and detected in cultured neurons after knockdown of Xpo1, the gene encoding CRM1. A proteomic screen for target molecules revealed that CRM1 inhibitors in neurons prevented nuclear export of molecules associated with axonal damage while retaining transcription factors modulating neuroprotection.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/administration & dosage
- Acrylamides/pharmacokinetics
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Female
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Proteomics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Treatment Outcome
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D. Haines
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivier Herbin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, The Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Belén de la Hera
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oscar G. Vidaurre
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A. Moy
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Stephanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Konstantina Alexandropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, The Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dilara McCauley
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, 2 Mercer Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Grahame J. Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, 4500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, 2 Mercer Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Klaren RE, Motl RW, Woods JA, Miller SD. Effects of exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of multiple sclerosis). J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:14-9. [PMID: 24999244 PMCID: PMC4404150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training has improved many outcomes in "clinical" research involving persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is limited understanding of the underlying "basic" pathophysiological mechanisms. The animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), seems ideal for examining the effects of exercise training on MS-disease pathophysiology. EAE is an autoimmune T-helper cell-mediated disease characterized by T-cell and monocyte infiltration and inflammation in the CNS. To that end, this paper briefly describes common models of EAE, reviews existing research on exercise and EAE, and then identifies future research directions for understanding the consequences of exercise training using EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Klaren
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Soellner IA, Rabe J, Mauri V, Kaufmann J, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Differential aspects of immune cell infiltration and neurodegeneration in acute and relapse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:519-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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