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Reichardt C, Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Krause A, Lindquist JA, Weinert S, Geffers R, Franz T, Kahlfuss S, Dudeck A, Mathew A, Rana R, Isermann B, Mertens PR. DNA-binding protein-A promotes kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury and participates in mitochondrial function. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00379-X. [PMID: 38821446 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
DNA-binding protein-A (DbpA; gene: Ybx3) belongs to the cold shock protein family with known functions in cell cycling, transcription, translation, and tight junction communication. In chronic nephritis, DbpA is upregulated. However, its activities in acute injury models, such as kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), are unclear. To study this, mice harboring Ybx3+/+, Ybx3+/- or the Ybx3-/- genotype were characterized over 24 months and following experimental kidney IRI. Mitochondrial function, number and integrity were analyzed by mitochondrial stress tests, MitoTracker staining and electron microscopy. Western Blot, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to quantify tubular cell damage and immune cell infiltration. DbpA was found to be dispensable for kidney development and tissue homeostasis under healthy conditions. Furthermore, endogenous DbpA protein localizes within mitochondria in primary tubular epithelial cells. Genetic deletion of Ybx3 elevates the mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid uptake and metabolism, oxygen consumption rates and glycolytic activities of tubular epithelial cells. Ybx3-/- mice demonstrated protection from IRI with less immune cell infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress and tubular cell damage. A presumed protective mechanism was identified via upregulated antioxidant activities and reduced ferroptosis, when Ybx3 was deleted. Thus, our studies reveal DbpA acts as a mitochondrial protein with profound adverse effects on cell metabolism and highlights a protective effect against IRI when Ybx3 is genetically deleted. Hence, preemptive DbpA targeting in situations with expected IRI, such as kidney transplantation or cardiac surgery, may preserve post-procedure kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Reichardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bernhardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krause
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Weinert
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Clinic of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Franz
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Gu C, Liu Y, Lv J, Zhang C, Huang Z, Jiang Q, Gao Y, Tao T, Su Y, Chen B, Jia R, Liu X, Su W. Kurarinone regulates Th17/Treg balance and ameliorates autoimmune uveitis via Rac1 inhibition. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00113-9. [PMID: 38522752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune uveitis (AU) is a severe intraocular autoimmune disorder with a chronic disease course and a high rate of blindness. Kurarinone (KU), a major component of the traditional Chinese medicine Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, possesses a wide spectrum of activities and has been used to treat several inflammation-related diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of KU on AU and its modulatory mechanisms. METHODS We used an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) animal model and characterized the comprehensive immune landscape of KU-treated EAU mice using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The retina and lymph nodes were analyzed. The siRNAs and selective inhibitors were used to study the signaling pathway. The effect of KU on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from uveitis patients was also examined. RESULTS We found that KU relieved chorioretinal lesions and immune cell infiltration in EAU model mice. Subsequent single-cell analysis revealed that KU downregulated the EAU-upregulated expression of inflammatory and autoimmune-related genes and suppressed pathways associated with immune cell differentiation, activation, and migration in a cell-specific manner. KU was implicated in restoring T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) cell balance by alleviating inflammatory injury and elevating the expression of modulatory mediators in Tregs, while simultaneously ameliorating excessive inflammation by Th17 cells. Furthermore, Rac1 and the Id2/Pim1 axis potentiated the pathogenicity of Th17 cells during EAU, which was inhibited by KU treatment, contributing to the amelioration of EAU-induced inflammation and treatment of AU. In addition, KU suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in activated human PBMCs by inhibiting Rac1. Integration of the glucocorticoid-treated transcriptome suggests that KU has immunomodulatory effects on lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Our study constructed a high-resolution atlas of the immunoregulatory effects of KU treatment on EAU and identified its potential therapeutic mechanisms, which hold great promise in treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yidan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jianjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhaohao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuehan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tianyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuhan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Binyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Häberer S, Wolters K, Gehringer F, Reichardt C, Krause A, Geffers R, Kahlfuß S, Jeron A, Bruder D, Lindquist JA, Isermann B, Mertens PR. Comparative Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury Models and Related Fibrogenic Responses: Convergence on Methylation Patterns Regulated by Cold Shock Protein. Cells 2024; 13:367. [PMID: 38474331 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix formation in solid organs, disrupting tissue architecture and function. The Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) regulates fibrosis-related genes (e.g., Col1a1, Mmp2, and Tgfβ1) and contributes significantly to disease progression. This study aims to identify fibrogenic signatures and the underlying signaling pathways modulated by YB-1. METHODS Transcriptomic changes associated with matrix gene patterns in human chronic kidney diseases and murine acute injury models were analyzed with a focus on known YB-1 targets. Ybx1-knockout mouse strains (Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX and Ybx1ΔLysM) were subjected to various kidney injury models. Fibrosis patterns were characterized by histopathological staining, transcriptome analysis, qRT-PCR, methylation analysis, zymography, and Western blotting. RESULTS Integrative transcriptomic analyses revealed that YB-1 is involved in several fibrogenic signatures related to the matrisome, the WNT, YAP/TAZ, and TGFß pathways, and regulates Klotho expression. Changes in the methylation status of the Klotho promoter by specific methyltransferases (DNMT) are linked to YB-1 expression, extending to other fibrogenic genes. Notably, kidney-resident cells play a significant role in YB-1-modulated fibrogenic signaling, whereas infiltrating myeloid immune cells have a minimal impact. CONCLUSIONS YB-1 emerges as a master regulator of fibrogenesis, guiding DNMT1 to fibrosis-related genes. This highlights YB-1 as a potential target for epigenetic therapies interfering in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brandt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bernhardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Häberer
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolters
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Gehringer
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Reichardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krause
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Ke B, Shen W, Liao Y, Hu J, Tu W, Fang X. APC ameliorates idiopathic membranous nephropathy by affecting podocyte apoptosis through the ERK1/2/YB-1/PLA2R1 axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:1999-2011. [PMID: 36588134 PMCID: PMC10359206 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) belongs to an important pathogenic category of adult nephrotic syndrome. PLA2R1 exposure is critical for triggering the pathogenesis of PLA2R1-related IMN. However, the pathogenesis of IMN and the molecular mechanism of treatment remain to be further clarified. The expression changes of activated protein C (APC) and PLA2R1 in IMN patients were quantified by qPCR. A zymosan activated serum (ZAS)-induced IMN podocyte model was established in vitro. Podocyte apoptosis was detected via flow cytometry and caspase‑3 assay. The expression levels of APC, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, YB-1 and PLA2R1 were detected by western blotting. The regulation relationship between YB-1 and PLA2R1 was detected by dual fluorescent reporter system. In IMN patients, the expression level of PLA2R1 was increased, whereas the expression level of APC was decreased. When APC was added to podocytes in vitro, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased, which could promote the translocation of YB-1 to the nucleus that reduces the expression of PLA2R1 at the cellular transcriptional level, thereby inhibiting podocyte apoptosis. Our study is the first to report that APC can improve membranous nephropathy by affecting podocyte apoptosis through the ERK1/2/YB-1/PLA2R1 axis. This study will provide a new targeted therapy for IMN patients with high PLA2R1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Tu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Bernhardt A, Krause A, Reichardt C, Steffen H, Isermann B, Völker U, Hammer E, Geffers R, Philipsen L, Dhjamandi K, Ahmad S, Brandt S, Lindquist JA, Mertens PR. Excessive sodium chloride ingestion promotes inflammation and kidney fibrosis in aging mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C456-C470. [PMID: 37399499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00230.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In aging kidneys, a decline of function resulting from extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and organ fibrosis is regarded as "physiological." Whether a direct link between high salt intake and fibrosis in aging kidney exists autonomously from arterial hypertension is unclear. This study explores kidney intrinsic changes (inflammation, ECM derangement) induced by a high-salt diet (HSD) in a murine model lacking arterial hypertension. The contribution of cold shock Y-box binding protein (YB-1) as a key orchestrator of organ fibrosis to the observed differences is determined by comparison with a knockout strain (Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX). Comparisons of tissue from mice fed with normal-salt diet (NSD, standard chow) or high-salt diet (HSD, 4% NaCl in chow; 1% NaCl in water) for up to 16 mo revealed that with HSD tubular cell numbers decrease and tubulointerstitial scarring [periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome, Sirius red staining] prevails. In Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX animals tubular cell damage, a loss of cell contacts with profound tubulointerstitial alterations, and tubular cell senescence was seen. A distinct tubulointerstitial distribution of fibrinogen, collagen type VI, and tenascin-C was detected under HSD, transcriptome analyses determined patterns of matrisome regulation. Temporal increase of immune cell infiltration was seen under HSD of wild type, but not Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX animals. In vitro Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX bone marrow-derived macrophages exhibited a defect in polarization (IL-4/IL-13) and abrogated response to sodium chloride. Taken together, HSD promotes progressive kidney fibrosis with premature cell aging, ECM deposition, and immune cell recruitment that is exacerbated in Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX animals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term experimental studies link excessive sodium ingestion with extracellular matrix accumulation and inflammatory cell recruitment, yet long-term data are scarce. Our findings with a high-salt diet over 16 mo in aging mice pinpoints to a decisive tipping point after 12 mo with tubular stress response, skewed matrisome transcriptome, and immune cell infiltration. Cell senescence was aggravated in knockout animals for cold shock Y-box binding protein (YB-1), suggesting a novel protective protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bernhardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krause
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Reichardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Steffen
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Dhjamandi
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Wang J, Liu X, Gu Y, Gao Y, Jankowski V, Was N, Leitz A, Reiss LK, Shi Y, Cai J, Fang Y, Song N, Zhao S, Floege J, Ostendorf T, Ding X, Raffetseder U. DNA binding protein YB-1 is a part of the neutrophil extracellular trap mediation of kidney damage and cross-organ effects. Kidney Int 2023; 104:124-138. [PMID: 36963487 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Open-heart surgery is associated with high morbidity, with acute kidney injury (AKI) being one of the most commonly observed postoperative complications. Following open-heart surgery, in an observational study we found significantly higher numbers of blood neutrophils in a group of 13 patients with AKI compared to 25 patients without AKI (AKI: 12.9±5.4 ×109 cells/L; non-AKI: 10.1±2. 9 ×109 cells/L). Elevated serum levels of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) components, such as dsDNA, histone 3, and DNA binding protein Y-box protein (YB)-1, were found within the first 24 hours in patients who later developed AKI. We could demonstrate that NET formation and hypoxia triggered the release of YB-1, which was subsequently shown to act as a mediator of kidney tubular damage. Experimentally, in two models of AKI mimicking kidney hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery (bilateral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration), a neutralizing YB-1 antibody was administered to mice. In both models, prophylactic YB-1 antibody administration significantly reduced the tubular damage (damage score range 1-4, the LPS model: non-specific IgG control, 0.92±0.23; anti-YB-1 0.65±0.18; and in the I/R model: non-specific IgG control 2.42±0.23; anti-YB-1 1.86±0.44). Even in a therapeutic, delayed treatment model, antagonism of YB-1 ameliorated AKI (damage score, non-specific IgG control 3.03±0.31; anti-YB-1 2.58±0.18). Thus, blocking extracellular YB-1 reduced the effects induced by hypoxia and NET formation in the kidney and significantly limited AKI, suggesting that YB-1 is part of the NET formation process and an integral mediator of cross-organ effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulu Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Was
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Leitz
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucy K Reiss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen University, Germany
| | - Yiqin Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieru Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Song
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University (RWTH)-Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are of fundamental importance for post-transcriptional gene regulation and protein synthesis. They are required for pre-mRNA processing and for RNA transport, degradation and translation into protein, and can regulate every step in the life cycle of their RNA targets. In addition, RBP function can be modulated by RNA binding. RBPs also participate in the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes that build up macromolecular machineries such as the ribosome and spliceosome. Although most research has focused on mRNA-binding proteins, non-coding RNAs are also regulated and sequestered by RBPs. Functional defects and changes in the expression levels of RBPs have been implicated in numerous diseases, including neurological disorders, muscular atrophy and cancers. RBPs also contribute to a wide spectrum of kidney disorders. For example, human antigen R has been reported to have a renoprotective function in acute kidney injury (AKI) but might also contribute to the development of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), loss of bicaudal C is associated with cystic kidney diseases and Y-box binding protein 1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI, DKD and glomerular disorders. Increasing data suggest that the modulation of RBPs and their interactions with RNA targets could be promising therapeutic strategies for kidney diseases.
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8
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Hermert D, Martin IV, Reiss LK, Liu X, Breitkopf DM, Reimer KC, Alidousty C, Rauen T, Floege J, Ostendorf T, Weiskirchen R, Raffetseder U. The nucleic acid binding protein YB-1-controlled expression of CXCL-1 modulates kidney damage in liver fibrosis. Kidney Int 2019; 97:741-752. [PMID: 32061437 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a common complication of advanced liver disease and increased mortality of these patients. Here, we analyzed the role of Y-box protein-1 (YB-1), a nucleic acid binding protein, in the bile duct ligation model of liver fibrosis and monitored liver and subsequent kidney damage. Following bile duct ligation, both serum levels of liver enzymes and expression of hepatic extracellular matrix components such as type I collagen were significantly reduced in mice with half-maximal YB-1 expression (Yb1+/-) as compared to their wild-type littermates. By contrast, expression of the chemokine CXCL1 was significantly augmented in these Yb1+/- mice. YB-1 was identified as a potent transcriptional repressor of the Cxcl1 gene. Precision-cut kidney slices from Yb1+/- mice revealed higher expression of the CXCL1 receptor CXCR2 as well as enhanced responsivity to CXCL1 compared to those from wild-type mice. Increased CXCL1 content in Yb1+/- mice led to pronounced bile duct ligation-induced damage of the kidneys monitored as parameters of tubular epithelial injury and immune cell infiltration. Pharmacological blockade of CXCR2 as well as application of an inhibitory anti-CXCL1 antibody significantly mitigated early systemic effects on the kidneys following bile duct ligation whereas it had only a modest impact on hepatic inflammation and function. Thus, our analyses provide direct evidence that YB-1 crucially contributes to hepatic fibrosis and modulates liver-kidney crosstalk by maintaining tight control over chemokine CXCL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hermert
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ina V Martin
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucy K Reiss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel M Breitkopf
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina C Reimer
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Rauen
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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9
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Breitkopf DM, Jankowski V, Ohl K, Hermann J, Hermert D, Tenbrock K, Liu X, Martin IV, Wang J, Groll F, Gröne E, Floege J, Ostendorf T, Rauen T, Raffetseder U. The YB-1:Notch-3 axis modulates immune cell responses and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 2019; 97:289-303. [PMID: 31882173 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease and lupus nephritis is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Notch-3 signaling induced by membrane-bound or soluble ligands such as YB-1 constitutes an evolutionarily conserved pathway that determines major decisions in cell fate. Mass spectrometry of extracellular YB-1 in sera from patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice revealed specific post-translational guanidinylation of two lysine residues within the highly conserved cold-shock domain of YB-1 (YB-1-G). These modifications highly correlated with SLE disease activity, especially in patients with lupus nephritis and resulted in enhanced activation of Notch-3 signaling in T lymphocytes. The importance of YB-1:Notch-3 interaction in T cells was further evidenced by increased interleukin (Il)10 expression following YB-1-G stimulation and detection of both, YB-1-G and Notch-3, in kidneys of MRL.lpr mice by mass spectrometry imaging. Notch-3 expression and activation was significantly up-regulated in kidneys of 20-week-old MRL.lpr mice. Notably, lupus-prone mice with constitutional Notch-3 depletion (B6.Faslpr/lprNotch3-/-) exhibited an aggravated lupus phenotype with significantly increased mortality, enlarged lymphoid organs and aggravated nephritis. Additionally, these mice displayed fewer regulatory T cells and reduced amounts of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Thus, our results indicate that the YB-1:Notch-3 axis exerts protective effects in SLE and that Notch-3 deficiency exacerbates the SLE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Breitkopf
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Ohl
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hermann
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Hermert
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ina V Martin
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabian Groll
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rauen
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Wang Y, Su J, Wang Y, Fu D, Ideozu JE, Geng H, Cui Q, Wang C, Chen R, Yu Y, Niu Y, Yue D. The interaction of YBX1 with G3BP1 promotes renal cell carcinoma cell metastasis via YBX1/G3BP1-SPP1- NF-κB signaling axis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:386. [PMID: 31481087 PMCID: PMC6720408 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a deadly urological tumor that remains largely incurable. Our limited understanding of key molecular mechanisms underlying RCC invasion and metastasis has hampered efforts to identify molecular drivers with therapeutic potential. With evidence from our previous study revealing that nuclear overexpression of YBX1 is associated with RCC T stage and metastasis, we investigated the effects of YBX1 in RCC migration, invasion, and adhesion, and then characterized its interaction with RCC-associated proteins G3BP1 and SPP1. Methods Renal cancer cell lines, human embryonic kidney cells, and clinical samples were analyzed to investigate the functional role of YBX1 in RCC metastasis. YBX1 knockdown cells were established via lentiviral infection and subjected to adhesion, transwell migration, and invasion assay. Microarray, immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and classical biochemical assays were applied to characterize the mechanism of YBX1 interaction with RCC-associated proteins G3BP1 and SPP1. Results Knockdown of YBX1 in RCC cells dramatically inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Mechanistic investigations revealed that YBX1 interaction with G3BP1 upregulated their downstream target SPP1 in vitro and in vivo, which led to an activated NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, knockdown of SPP1 rescued the YBX1/G3BP1-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and RCC cell migration and invasion. We further showed that YBX1 expression was positively correlated with G3BP1 and SPP1 expression levels in clinical RCC samples. Conclusions YBX1 interacts with G3BP1 to promote metastasis of RCC by activating the YBX1/G3BP1–SPP1–NF-κB signaling axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1347-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing Su
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Donghe Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Justin E Ideozu
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hua Geng
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Qiqi Cui
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yixi Yu
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Dan Yue
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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11
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Zhu X, Ye Y, Xu C, Gao C, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Lin W, Mao J. Protein phosphatase 2A modulates podocyte maturation and glomerular functional integrity in mice. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:91. [PMID: 31387591 PMCID: PMC6685276 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein phosphorylation & dephosphorylation are ubiquitous cellular processes that allow for the nuanced and reversible regulation of protein activity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a multifunction phosphatase that is well expressed in all cell types of kidney during early renal development, though its functions in kidney remains to be elucidated. Methods PP2A conditional knock-out mice was generated with PP2A fl/fl mice that were crossed with Podocin-Cre mice. The phenotype of Pod-PP2A–KO mice (homozygous for the floxed PP2A allele with Podocin-Cre) and littermate PP2A fl/fl controls (homozygous for the PP2A allele but lacking Podocin-Cre) were further studied. Primary podocytes isolated from the Pod-PP2A-KO mice were cultured and they were then employed with sing label-free nano-LC − MS/MS technology on a Q-exactive followed by SIEVE processing to identify possible target molecular entities for the dephosphorylation effect of PP2A, in which Western blot and immunofluorescent staining were used to analyze further. Results Pod-PP2A–KO mice were developed with weight loss, growth retardation, proteinuria, glomerulopathy and foot process effacement, together with reduced expression of some slit diaphragm molecules and cytoskeleton rearrangement of podocytes. Y box protein 1 (YB-1) was identified to be the target molecule for dephosphorylation effect of PP2A. Furthermore, YB-1 phosphorylation was up-regulated in the Pod-PP2A–KO mice in contrast to the wild type controls, while total and un-phosphorylated YB-1 both was moderately down-regulated in podocytes from the Pod-PP2A-KO mice. Conclusion Our study revealed the important role of PP2A in regulating the development of foot processes and fully differentiated podocytes whereas fine-tuning of YB-1 via a post-translational modification by PP2A regulating its activity might be crucial for the functional integrity of podocytes and glomerular filtration barrier. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0402-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxian Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunji Gao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Harvard Center for Polycystic Kidney Disease Research and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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