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Simonini C, Natali P, Pirotti T, Nasillo V, Riva G, Chester J, Trenti T, Debbia D. SARS-CoV-2 infection is not associated with the emergence of monoclonal gammopathies. Int J Lab Hematol 2024; 46:451-456. [PMID: 38185475 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon infection activated plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies which can lead to the emergence of a monoclonal component (MC), detectable by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP). This study aims to investigate any correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MC development and, if identified, whether it persists during follow-up. METHODS SPEPs of 786 patients admitted to hospitals between March 01 2020 and March 31 2022 were evaluated. Positive (SARS-CoV-2+) and negative (SARS-CoV-2-) patients to nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR were included. The persistence/new occurrence of MC was investigated for all patients during follow-up. Patient groups were compared by chi-square analysis. RESULTS MC was identified in 12% of all patients admitted to hospital, of which 28.7% were SARS-CoV-2+. The most common immunoglobulin isotype in both groups was IgG-k. There was no correlation between MC development and SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.173). Furthermore, the risk of MC persistence in SARS-CoV-2-negative patients was revealed to be higher than in the SARS-CoV-2+ at follow-up (HR = 0.591, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the detection of MC during SARS-CoV-2 infection is most likely due to the hyperstimulation of the humoral immune system, as also occurs in other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Simonini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Natali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pirotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nasillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
- Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Riva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
- Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Chester
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
| | - Daria Debbia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL/AOU, Modena, Italy
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Shen Z, Liu X, Fan G, Na J, Liu Q, Lin F, Zhang Z, Zhong L. Improving the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic viruses for cancer: targeting macrophages. J Transl Med 2023; 21:842. [PMID: 37993941 PMCID: PMC10666393 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) for cancer treatment are in a rapid stage of development, and the direct tumor lysis and activation of a comprehensive host immune response are irreplaceable advantages of cancer immunotherapy. However, excessive antiviral immune responses also restrict the spread of OVs in vivo and the infection of tumor cells. Macrophages are functionally diverse innate immune cells that phagocytose tumor cells and present antigens to activate the immune response, while also limiting the delivery of OVs to tumors. Studies have shown that the functional propensity of macrophages between OVs and tumor cells affects the overall therapeutic effect of oncolytic virotherapy. How to effectively avoid the restrictive effect of macrophages on OVs and reshape the function of tumor-associated macrophages in oncolytic virotherapy is an important challenge we are now facing. Here, we review and summarize the complex dual role of macrophages in oncolytic virotherapy, highlighting how the functional characteristics of macrophage plasticity can be utilized to cooperate with OVs to enhance anti-tumor effects, as well as highlighting the importance of designing and optimizing delivery modalities for OVs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Guixiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jintong Na
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Faquan Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Li J, Gao X, Liu X, Wu T, Song H, Gao W, Jia H, Li Y, Zhang Z. The host transcriptome change involved in the inhibitory effect of exogenous interferon-γ on Getah virus replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214281. [PMID: 37448574 PMCID: PMC10337660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Getah virus (GETV) has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry and public health. However, little is known about the viral pathogenesis and immune escape mechanisms, leading to ineffective control measures. Methods In this study, the antiviral activity of exogenous interferons (IFNs) was assessed by using western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The comparative transcriptomics among mock- and GETV-infected (MOI = 0.1) ST cells with or without IFN-γ was performed by RNA-seq, and then the transcriptome profiling of GETV-infected ST cells and key pathways and putative factors involved in inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on GETV replication were analyzed by bioinformatics methods and RT-qPCR. Results The results showed that treatment with IFN-γ could suppress GETV replication, and the inhibitory effect lasted for at least 48 h, while the exogenous IFN-α/ω and IFN-λ3 treatments failed to inhibit the viral infection and early replication in vitro. Furthermore, the blueprint of virus-host interaction was plotted by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, showing systemic activation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and antiviral pathways in response to GETV infection, indicating viral hijacking and inhibition of innate host immunity such as IFN-I/III responses. Last and most importantly, activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades may be a primary driver for IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of GETV replication. Discussion These findings revealed that GETV possessed the capability of viral immune escape and indicated that IFN-γ aided in the prevention and control of GETV, implying the potential molecular mechanism of suppression of GETV by IFN-γ, all of which warrant emphasis or further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhi Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weisong Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wagner N, Shayakhmetov DM, Stewart PL. Structural Model for Factor X Inhibition of IgM and Complement-Mediated Neutralization of Adenovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:1343. [PMID: 37376642 PMCID: PMC10305487 DOI: 10.3390/v15061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus has strong therapeutic potential as an oncolytic virus and gene therapy vector. However, injecting human species C serotype 5 adenovirus, HAdv-C5, into the bloodstream leads to numerous interactions with plasma proteins that affect viral tropism and biodistribution, and can lead to potent immune responses and viral neutralization. The HAdv/factor X (FX) interaction facilitates highly efficient liver transduction and protects virus particles from complement-mediated neutralization after intravenous delivery. Ablating the FX interaction site on the HAdv-C5 capsid leaves the virus susceptible to neutralization by natural IgM followed by activation of the complement cascade and covalent binding of complement components C4b and C3b to the viral capsid. Here we present structural models for IgM and complement components C1, C4b, and C3b in complex with HAdv-C5. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that when C3b binds near the vertex, multiple stabilizing interactions can be formed between C3b, penton base, and fiber. These interactions may stabilize the vertex region of the capsid and prevent release of the virally encoded membrane lytic factor, protein VI, which is packaged inside of the viral capsid, thus effectively neutralizing the virus. In a situation where FX and IgM are competing for binding to the capsid, IgM may not be able to form a bent conformation in which most of its Fab arms interact with the capsid. Our structural modeling of the competitive interaction of FX and IgM with HAdv-C5 allows us to propose a mechanistic model for FX inhibition of IgM-mediated virus neutralization. According to this model, although IgM may bind to the capsid, in the presence of FX it will likely retain a planar conformation and thus be unable to promote activation of the complement cascade at the virus surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Wahyuningtyas R, Wu ML, Chung WB, Chaung HC, Chang KT. Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Immunomodulation of Th1-Type Response Stimulated by Recombinant Antigen of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). Viruses 2023; 15:v15030775. [PMID: 36992483 PMCID: PMC10057405 DOI: 10.3390/v15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV infects CD163-positive macrophages and skews their polarization toward an M2 phenotype, followed by T-cell inactivation. In our previous study, we found that recombinant protein A1 antigen derived from PRRSV-2 was a potential vaccine or adjuvant for immunization against PRRSV-2 infection due to its ability to repolarize macrophages into M1 subtype, thereby reducing CD163 expression for viral entry and promoting immunomodulation for Th1-type responses, except for stimulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of our current study was to evaluate the effects of another two recombinant antigens, A3 (ORF6L5) and A4 (NLNsp10L11), for their ability to trigger innate immune responses including TLR activation. We isolated pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from 8- to 12-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and stimulated them with PRRSV (0.01 MOI and 0.05 MOI) or antigens. We also investigated the T-cell differentiation by immunological synapse activation of PAMs and CD4+ T-cells in the cocultured system. To confirm the infection of PRRSV in PAMs, we checked the expression of TLR3, 7, 8, and 9. Our results showed that the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 were significantly upregulated in PAMs by A3 antigen induction, similar to the extent of PRRSV infection. Gene profile results showed that A3 repolarizes macrophages into the M1 subtype potently, in parallel with A1, as indicated by significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). Upon immunological synapse activation, A3 potentially differentiated CD4 T cells into Th1 cells, determined by the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion. On the contrary, antigen A4 promoted regulatory T cell (T-reg) differentiation by significant upregulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, we concluded that the PRRSV-2 recombinant protein A3 provided better protection against PRRSV infection, suggested by its capability to reeducate immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into proinflammatory M1 cells. As M1 macrophages are prone to be functional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they can call for TLR activation and Th1-type immune response within the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Wahyuningtyas
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hso-Chi Chaung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
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Klimova EM, Bozhkov AI, Lavinska OV, Drozdova LA, Kurhuzova NI. Low molecular weight cytotoxic components (DAMPs) form the post-COVID-19 syndrome. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152316. [PMID: 36565610 PMCID: PMC9764760 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of cytotoxic components (DAMPs) formed in the body of patients with COVID-19 in ensuring the long-term preservation of post-COVID-19 manifestations and the possibility of creating an experimental model by transferring DAMPs to rats. In patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) 2 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection we determined the presence of cytotoxic components in the blood serum (Terasaki test, Dunaliella viridis test and content of DAMPs). In post-COVID-19 syndrome patients with a high content of serum cytotoxic oligopeptide fraction (selective group, n = 16) we determined the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes in the blood, the content of C-reactive protein (CRP), the concentration of C3 and C4 complement components and circulating immune complexes, the serum content of IL-6, IL -10, IL-18, TNF-α, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, presence of neutrophil traps and autoantibodies ANA. It has been shown that in patients with PCS, there are components with cytotoxicity in the blood serum, form specific immunopathological patterns, which are characterized by: an increased content of CRP, complement system components C3 and C4 and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18) activation, the formation of a wide range of autoantibodies ANA, the low efficiency of endocytosis in oxygen-independent phagocytosis; their phagocytic activity reaches its functional limit, and against this background, activation of neutrophil traps occurs, which can contribute to further induction of DAMPs. This self-sustaining cell-killing activation provided long-term preservation of PCS symptoms. The transfer of blood serum components from selective group patients with PCS to rats was accompanied by the appearance of cytotoxic components in them which induced sensitization and immunopathological reactions. Preventive administration of a biologically active substance with polyfunctional properties MF to experimental animals "corrected" the initial functional state of the body's immune-metabolic system and eliminated or facilitated immuno-inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Klimova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, V.N. Karazin National University, 4 Pl. Svobody, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; Diagnostic Laboratory with Enzyme Immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Analysis, State Institution "Zaycev V.T. Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Balakireva vyizd, 1, 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anatoly I Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, V.N. Karazin National University, 4 Pl. Svobody, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Olena V Lavinska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, V.N. Karazin National University, 4 Pl. Svobody, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; Diagnostic Laboratory with Enzyme Immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Analysis, State Institution "Zaycev V.T. Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Balakireva vyizd, 1, 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Larisa A Drozdova
- Diagnostic Laboratory with Enzyme Immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Analysis, State Institution "Zaycev V.T. Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Balakireva vyizd, 1, 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia I Kurhuzova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, V.N. Karazin National University, 4 Pl. Svobody, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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Assem NM, Mohammed AI, Barry HMA, El Sayed IET, Elmadbouh I. Serum cystatin C is an early renal dysfunction biomarker in patients with hepatitis C virus. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2022; 12:67. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-022-00231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may induce extrahepatic manifestations as acute or chronic renal dysfunction. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic role of some biomarkers as cystatin C, cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor (RF), and complement C3 for extrahepatic renal affection in newly diagnosed patients with HCV infection.
Methods
Blood and urine were collected from randomized individuals screened for new HCV infection (n=400). The studied populations were divided into 3 groups: control group I: thirty healthy individuals not suffering from either liver or kidney diseases, group IIa: thirty HCV patients who have positive HCV antibody test but showed negative PCR test, and group IIb: thirty HCV patients who showed positive results for both HCV antibody and PCR tests.
Results
In HCV group IIb, levels of serum total bilirubin, AST and ALT, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio were increased whereas serum albumin and creatinine clearance were decreased versus other groups. However, the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were still within the normal range in all groups. In HCV group IIb, cystatin C, cryoglobulins, and RF levels were increased; meanwhile, serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio and complement 3 levels were decreased compared to the other groups. HCV-infected patients significantly had higher serum cystatin C (>1.24 mg/L, P<0.001) and lower creatinine/cystatin C ratio (<70.1μMol/mg, P=0.002), and cystatin C was significantly correlated with liver and kidney parameters.
Conclusion
High serum cystatin C and low creatinine/cystatin C ratio may be early indicators of mild renal dysfunction with normal serum levels of creatinine in HCV-infected individuals.
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Wang J, Du L, Chen X. Oncolytic virus: A catalyst for the treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017692. [PMID: 36505792 PMCID: PMC9731121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading contributor to global cancer incidence and mortality. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), GC ranks fifth and fourth, respectively, and seriously threatens the survival and health of people all over the world. Therefore, how to effectively treat GC has become an urgent problem for medical personnel and scientific workers at this stage. Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). At the end of the article, some prospects are put forward to determine the developmental directions of OVTs for GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
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Cheng J, Wang Q, Hu Y, Mou T, Wang J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li Q. Understanding global changes of the mouse brain proteome after vaginal infection with HSV-2 using a label-free shotgun approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:942334. [PMID: 36061859 PMCID: PMC9433710 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.942334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in neurons of the nervous system. The number of severe central nervous system infections caused by the virus has increased recently. However, the pathogenesis of HSV-2 infection in the nervous system is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated global proteomic changes in the brain tissue in BALB/c mice vaginally infected with HSV-2. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034186. A total of 249 differentially expressed proteins were identified in infected brain tissue. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these proteins indicated that they were mainly involved in the regulation of synapse formation and synaptic excitability. In addition, genes affecting autophagy, the development of other neurodegenerative diseases, and signaling pathways relevant to other neurologic diseases were identified. Additional experiments, comparing the brain tissue of asymptomatic and symptomatic mice showed a differential expression of proteins involved in synapse formation and synaptic transmission. Others were involved in autophagy, addiction, and signaling pathways of other neurologic diseases. These results suggest that changes in synaptic structure and function, as well as autophagy, may be related to the development of neurologic abnormalities that follow HSV-2 infection. We also identified a protein GluN2A encoded by Grin2a was continuously expressed at high levels after infection. We propose that GluN2A may be a key molecule in the pathogenesis of HSV-2-induced neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishuai Cheng
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qingzhen Wang
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tangwei Mou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Tinghua Wang, ; Qihan Li,
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Tinghua Wang, ; Qihan Li,
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Gómez-Carballa A, Rivero-Calle I, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez-Rial J, Rivero-Velasco C, Rodríguez-Núñez N, Barbeito-Castiñeiras G, Pérez-Freixo H, Cebey-López M, Barral-Arca R, Rodriguez-Tenreiro C, Dacosta-Urbieta A, Bello X, Pischedda S, Currás-Tuala MJ, Viz-Lasheras S, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A. A multi-tissue study of immune gene expression profiling highlights the key role of the nasal epithelium in COVID-19 severity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112890. [PMID: 35202626 PMCID: PMC8861187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) symptoms range from mild to severe illness; the cause for this differential response to infection remains unknown. Unravelling the immune mechanisms acting at different levels of the colonization process might be key to understand these differences. We carried out a multi-tissue (nasal, buccal and blood; n = 156) gene expression analysis of immune-related genes from patients affected by different COVID-19 severities, and healthy controls through the nCounter technology. Mild and asymptomatic cases showed a powerful innate antiviral response in nasal epithelium, characterized by activation of interferon (IFN) pathway and downstream cascades, successfully controlling the infection at local level. In contrast, weak macrophage/monocyte driven innate antiviral response and lack of IFN signalling activity were present in severe cases. Consequently, oral mucosa from severe patients showed signals of viral activity, cell arresting and viral dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately could explain the exacerbated innate immune response and impaired adaptative immune responses observed at systemic level. Results from saliva transcriptome suggest that the buccal cavity might play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and dissemination in patients with worse prognosis. Co-expression network analysis adds further support to these findings, by detecting modules specifically correlated with severity involved in the abovementioned biological routes; this analysis also provides new candidate genes that might be tested as biomarkers in future studies. We also found tissue specific severity-related signatures mainly represented by genes involved in the innate immune system and cytokine/chemokine signalling. Local immune response could be key to determine the course of the systemic response and thus COVID-19 severity. Our findings provide a framework to investigate severity host gene biomarkers and pathways that might be relevant to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Inmunología. Servicio de Análisis Clínicos. Hospital Clínico Universitario (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivero-Velasco
- Intensive Medicine Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez-Núñez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gema Barbeito-Castiñeiras
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hugo Pérez-Freixo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Barral-Arca
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Tenreiro
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Dacosta-Urbieta
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Currás-Tuala
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Viz-Lasheras
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Zhang Z, Cai J, Hao S, Li C, Chen J, Li T, Feng X. Transcriptomic analysis of spleen B cell revealed the molecular basis of bursopentin on B cell differentiation. Vet Res 2022; 53:109. [PMID: 36517897 PMCID: PMC9753308 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius, the acknowledged humoral immune organ unique to birds, plays a vital role in B cell development. Bursopentin (BP5) derived from the bursa is reported to induce the development and formation of B cells. However, the mechanism of BP5 on B cell differentiation is still unclear. In this paper, total B lymphocytes from mice immunized with H9N2 subtype AIV vaccine were stimulated with BP5. The results show that BP5 at the experimental dosages promoted B cell differentiation, including the total B cells, activated B cells, differentiated B cells, mature B cells and plasma cells. Then, the in vivo immune experiment proved that the percentages of activated and differentiated B cells from mice immunized with AIV vaccine and 0.25 mg/mL BP5 were increased. To investigate the molecular mechanism of BP5 on B cell differentiation, the gene expression profiles of B cells purified from the spleen cells of mice immunized with AIV vaccine and BP5 were detected following RNA sequencing technology. The results show that BP5 at 0.05 and 0.25 mg/mL induced the enrichment of various biological functions, and stimulated five common significant enrichment pathways in B cells from the immunized mice. Additionally, 120 and 59 differentially expressed genes (DEG) represented transcriptional factors in B cells following 0.05 and 0.25 mg/mL BP5 immunization, respectively. In summary, these results suggest that BP5 regulates various gene expression involved in regulation of B cell development, which provides the knowledge required for additional studies on B cell differentiation in response to bursal-derived peptides and also provides an important experimental basis for improving vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiaxi Cai
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shanshan Hao
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chenfei Li
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tongtong Li
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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12
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Mihaescu G, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Constantin M, Filip R, Popescu MR, Burlibasa L, Nicoara AC, Bolocan A, Iliescu C, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G. Antiviral Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Protective to Deleterious Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2578. [PMID: 34946179 PMCID: PMC8703918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After two previous episodes, in 2002 and 2012, when two highly pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) with a zoonotic origin emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, we are today experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. The main question of the year 2021 is if naturally- or artificially-acquired active immunity will be effective against the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review starts with the presentation of the two compartments of antiviral immunity-humoral and cellular, innate and adaptive-underlining how the involved cellular and molecular actors are intrinsically connected in the development of the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology, as well as the derived diagnosis and therapeutic approaches, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigore Mihaescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- The Romanian Academy, 25 Calea Victoriei, Sector 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, 720284 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihaela Roxana Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Elias Emergency University Hospital “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Liliana Burlibasa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Anca Cecilia Nicoara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Atasheva S, Emerson CC, Yao J, Young C, Stewart PL, Shayakhmetov DM. Systemic cancer therapy with engineered adenovirus that evades innate immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/571/eabc6659. [PMID: 33239388 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy is a cancer treatment modality that has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with currently incurable malignancies. Although intravascular delivery of therapeutic viruses provides access to disseminated tumors, this delivery route exposes the virus to opsonizing and inactivating factors in the blood, which limit the effective therapeutic virus dose and contribute to activation of systemic toxicities. When human species C adenovirus HAdv-C5 is delivered intravenously, natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and coagulation factor X rapidly opsonize HAdv-C5, leading to virus sequestration in tissue macrophages and promoting infection of liver cells, triggering hepatotoxicity. Here, we showed that natural IgM antibody binds to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the main HAdv-C5 capsid protein hexon. Using compound targeted mutagenesis of hexon HVR1 loop and other functional sites that mediate virus-host interactions, we engineered and obtained a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of an adenovirus vector, Ad5-3M, which resisted inactivation by blood factors, avoided sequestration in liver macrophages, and failed to trigger hepatotoxicity after intravenous delivery. Systemic delivery of Ad5-3M to mice with localized or disseminated lung cancer led to viral replication in tumor cells, suppression of tumor growth, and prolonged survival. Thus, compound targeted mutagenesis of functional sites in the virus capsid represents a generalizable approach to tailor virus interactions with the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system, enabling generation of "designer" viruses with improved therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Atasheva
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Corey C Emerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jia Yao
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cedrick Young
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Emory Center for Transplantation and Immune-mediated Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Willrich MAV, Braun KMP, Moyer AM, Jeffrey DH, Frazer-Abel A. Complement testing in the clinical laboratory. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:447-478. [PMID: 33962553 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1907297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is the human's first line of defense against microbial pathogens because of its important housekeeping and infection/inflammation roles. It is composed of a series of soluble and cell-bound proteins that are activated in a cascade effect, similar to the coagulation pathways. There are different pattern recognizing molecules that activate the complement system in response to stimuli or threats, acting through three initiation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. All three activation pathways converge at the C3 component and share the terminal pathway. The main outputs of the complement system action are lytic killing of microbes, the release of pro-inflammatory anaphylatoxins, and opsonization of targets. Laboratory testing is relevant in the setting of suspected complement deficiencies, as well as in the emerging number of diseases related to dysregulation (over-activation) of complement. Most common assays measure complement lytic activity and the different complement component concentrations. Specialized testing includes the evaluation of autoantibodies against complement components, activation fragments, and genetic studies. In this review, we cover laboratory testing for complement and the conditions with complement involvement, as well as current challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin M P Braun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David H Jeffrey
- Exsera Biolabs, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashley Frazer-Abel
- Exsera Biolabs, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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15
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Zika Virus Pathogenesis: A Battle for Immune Evasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030294. [PMID: 33810028 PMCID: PMC8005041 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated congenital and other neurological disorders, particularly microcephaly and other fetal developmental abnormalities, constitute a World Health Organization (WHO) Zika Virus Research Agenda within the WHO’s R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, and continue to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) today. ZIKV pathogenicity is initiated by viral infection and propagation across multiple placental and fetal tissue barriers, and is critically strengthened by subverting host immunity. ZIKV immune evasion involves viral non-structural proteins, genomic and non-coding RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to modulate interferon (IFN) signaling and production, interfering with intracellular signal pathways and autophagy, and promoting cellular environment changes together with secretion of cellular components to escape innate and adaptive immunity and further infect privileged immune organs/tissues such as the placenta and eyes. This review includes a description of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ZIKV immune modulation and evasion that strongly condition viral pathogenesis, which would certainly contribute to the development of anti-ZIKV strategies, drugs, and vaccines.
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Oyewole AO, Barrass L, Robertson EG, Woltmann J, O’Keefe H, Sarpal H, Dangova K, Richmond C, Craig D. COVID-19 Impact on Diagnostic Innovations: Emerging Trends and Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:182. [PMID: 33513988 PMCID: PMC7912626 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing remains the backbone of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response, supporting containment efforts to mitigate the outbreak. The severity of this crisis and increasing capacity issues associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing, accelerated the development of diagnostic solutions to meet demands for mass testing. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory is the national horizon scanning organization in England. Since March, the Innovation Observatory has applied advanced horizon scanning methodologies and tools to compile a diagnostic landscape, based upon data captured for molecular (MDx) and immunological (IDx) based diagnostics (commercialized/in development), for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In total we identified and tracked 1608 diagnostics, produced by 1045 developers across 54 countries. Our dataset shows the speed and scale in which diagnostics were produced and provides insights into key periods of development and shifts in trends between MDx and IDx solutions as the pandemic progressed. Stakeholders worldwide required timely and detailed intelligence to respond to major challenges, including testing capacity and regulatory issues. Our intelligence assisted UK stakeholders with assessing priorities and mitigation options throughout the pandemic. Here we present the global evolution of diagnostic innovations devised to meet changing needs, their regulation and trends across geographical regions, providing invaluable insights into the complexity of the COVID-19 phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O. Oyewole
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucy Barrass
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Emily G. Robertson
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - James Woltmann
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Hannah O’Keefe
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Harsimran Sarpal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Kim Dangova
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Catherine Richmond
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Dawn Craig
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
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Gembara K, Dąbrowska K. Phage-specific antibodies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:186-192. [PMID: 33388538 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific to phage virions have been observed many times, both in animals and in humans. Phages induce the T-dependent type of immune response, which is fundamental for immunological memory and long retention of abilities to recognize and respond to foreign epitopes. Experimental models have shown that phage-specific antibodies can be devastating for a phage in vivo. Observations from phage treatment in humans demonstrate however that antibodies do not necessarily hinder phage therapy. Controlling effective doses may help in controlling the immune response to phage and to create 'therapeutic windows' for the phage. Phage therapy design may also benefit from understanding phage antigenicity and predicting possible cross-reactions between antibodies specific to different phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gembara
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland.
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Ram Kumar Pandian S, Arunachalam S, Deepak V, Kunjiappan S, Sundar K. Targeting complement cascade: an alternative strategy for COVID-19. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:479. [PMID: 33088671 PMCID: PMC7571295 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a stakeholder of the innate and adaptive immune system and has evolved as a crucial player of defense with multifaceted biological effects. Activation of three complement pathways leads to consecutive enzyme reactions resulting in complement components (C3 and C5), activation of mast cells and neutrophils by anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a), the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) and end up with opsonization. However, the dysregulation of complement cascade leads to unsolicited cytokine storm, inflammation, deterioration of alveolar lining cells, culminating in acquired respiratory destructive syndrome (ARDS). Similar pathogenesis is observed with the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV-2. Activation of the lectin pathway via mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease 2 (MASP2) is witnessed under discrete viral infections including COVID-19. Consequently, the spontaneous activation and deposits of complement components were traced in animal models and autopsy of COVID-19 patients. Pre-clinical and clinical studies evidence that the inhibition of complement components results in reduced complement deposits on target and non-target tissues, and aid in recovery from the pathological conditions of ARDS. Complement inhibitors (monoclonal antibody, protein, peptide, small molecules, etc.) exhibit great promise in blocking the activity of complement components and its downstream effects under various pathological conditions including SARS-CoV. Therefore, we hypothesize that targeting the potential complement inhibitors and complement cascade to counteract lung inflammation would be a better strategy to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Venkataraman Deepak
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Derby, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Krishnan Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
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