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Yin W, Wan K, Zhu W, Zhou X, Tang Y, Zheng W, Cao J, Song Y, Zhao H, Zhu X, Sun Z. Bilateral Hippocampal Volume Mediated the Relationship Between Plasma BACE1 Concentration and Memory Function in the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1001-1013. [PMID: 36847009 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key enzyme in the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. Increasing evidence suggests that BACE1 concentration is a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlations between plasma BACE1 concentration, cognition, and hippocampal volume at different stages of the AD continuum. METHODS Plasma BACE1 concentrations were measured in 32 patients with probable dementia due to AD (ADD), 48 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, and 40 cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals. Memory function was evaluated using the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), and voxel-based morphometry was used to analyze bilateral hippocampal volumes. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed to investigate the associations between plasma BACE1 concentration, cognition, and hippocampal atrophy. RESULTS The MCI and ADD groups exhibited elevated BACE1 concentrations compared with the CU group after adjusting for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Increased BACE1 concentration was found in AD continuum patients who were APOE ɛ4 carriers (p < 0.05). BACE1 concentration was negatively associated with the scores of the subitems of the AVLT and hippocampal volume (p < 0.05, false discovery rate correction) in the MCI group. Moreover, bilateral hippocampal volume mediated the relationship between BACE1 concentration and recognition in the MCI group. CONCLUSION BACE1 expression increased in the AD continuum, and bilateral hippocampal volume mediated the effect of BACE1 concentration on memory function in patients with MCI. Research has indicated that the plasma BACE1 concentration might be a biomarker at the early stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yating Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Hampel H, Vassar R, De Strooper B, Hardy J, Willem M, Singh N, Zhou J, Yan R, Vanmechelen E, De Vos A, Nisticò R, Corbo M, Imbimbo BP, Streffer J, Voytyuk I, Timmers M, Tahami Monfared AA, Irizarry M, Albala B, Koyama A, Watanabe N, Kimura T, Yarenis L, Lista S, Kramer L, Vergallo A. The β-Secretase BACE1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:745-756. [PMID: 32223911 PMCID: PMC7533042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) was initially cloned and characterized in 1999. It is required for the generation of all monomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ), including Aβ42, which aggregates into bioactive conformational species and likely initiates toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 concentrations and rates of activity are increased in AD brains and body fluids, thereby supporting the hypothesis that BACE1 plays a critical role in AD pathophysiology. Therefore, BACE1 is a prime drug target for slowing down Aβ production in early AD. Besides the amyloidogenic pathway, BACE1 has other substrates that may be important for synaptic plasticity and synaptic homeostasis. Indeed, germline and adult conditional BACE1 knockout mice display complex neurological phenotypes. Despite BACE1 inhibitor clinical trials conducted so far being discontinued for futility or safety reasons, BACE1 remains a well-validated therapeutic target for AD. A safe and efficacious compound with high substrate selectivity as well as a more accurate dose regimen, patient population, and disease stage may yet be found. Further research should focus on the role of Aβ and BACE1 in physiological processes and key pathophysiological mechanisms of AD. The functions of BACE1 and the homologue BACE2, as well as the biology of Aβ in neurons and glia, deserve further investigation. Cellular and molecular studies of BACE1 and BACE2 knockout mice coupled with biomarker-based human research will help elucidate the biological functions of these important enzymes and identify their substrates and downstream effects. Such studies will have critical implications for BACE1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey; Sorbonne University, GRC No. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurology, Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Brain and Disease Research, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lilla Weston Laboratories, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Willem
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy; School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Johannes Streffer
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Brain and Disease Research, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Leuven, Belgium; ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Amir Abbas Tahami Monfared
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Irizarry
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
| | - Bruce Albala
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
| | - Akihiko Koyama
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Lisa Yarenis
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC No. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Lynn Kramer
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey; Sorbonne University, GRC No. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.
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Wu G, Cheney C, Huang Q, Hazuda DJ, Howell BJ, Zuck P. Improved Detection of HIV Gag p24 Protein Using a Combined Immunoprecipitation and Digital ELISA Method. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636703. [PMID: 33796087 PMCID: PMC8007784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater than 90% of HIV-1 proviruses are thought to be defective and incapable of viral replication. While replication competent proviruses are of primary concern with respect to disease progression or transmission, studies have shown that even defective proviruses are not silent and can produce viral proteins, which may contribute to inflammation and immune responses. Viral protein expression also has implications for immune-based HIV-1 clearance strategies, which rely on antigen recognition. Thus, sensitive assays aimed at quantifying both replication-competent proviruses and defective, yet translationally competent proviruses are needed to understand the contribution of viral protein to HIV-1 pathogenesis and determine the effectiveness of HIV-1 cure interventions. Previously, we reported a modified HIV-1 gag p24 digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with single molecule array (Simoa) detection of cell-associated viral protein. Here we report a novel p24 protein enrichment method coupled with the digital immunoassay to further extend the sensitivity and specificity of viral protein detection. Immunocapture of HIV gag p24 followed by elution in a Simoa-compatible format resulted in higher protein recovery and lower background from various biological matrices and sample volumes. Quantification of as little as 1 fg of p24 protein from cell lysates from cells isolated from peripheral blood or tissues from ART-suppressed HIV participants, as well as simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected non-human primates (NHPs), with high recovery and reproducibility is demonstrated here. The application of these enhanced methods to patient-derived samples has potential to further the study of the persistent HIV state and examine in vitro response to therapies, as well as ex vivo study of translationally competent cells from a variety of donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
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4
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Vaz K, Nwokocha C, Wilson-Clarke C, Anderson-Cross M, Brown J, Anderson-Jackson L, Williams L, Latore L, Thompson R, Alexander-Lindo R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33578866 PMCID: PMC7916561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer's disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer's disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Melisa Anderson-Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lowen Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lyndon Latore
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
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Lopez-Font I, Boix CP, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid BACE1 Species. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8603-8616. [PMID: 31290061 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the main brain β-secretase responsible for the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Previous studies have suggested that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-secretase activity may be a candidate diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but biochemical characterization of BACE1 protein in CSF is needed. CSF samples from 19 AD patients and 19 age-matched non-AD controls (n = 19) were classified according to their Aβ42, total tau, and P-tau CSF biomarker levels. We found that β-secretase activity was higher in the CSF of AD subjects than in that of the controls. We found that the majority of the β-secretase activity in the CSF, measured using a peptide substrate homologous to the BACE1 cleavage site, was not inhibited by specific BACE1 inhibitors. We defined enzymatic activity attributable specifically to BACE1 as the activity that was blocked by the specific inhibitors, which is still higher in AD subjects. BACE1 protein levels were characterized by lectin binding, immunoprecipitation, blue native-PAGE, and western blotting using antibodies against specific protein domains. BACE1 was found to be present in human CSF as a mature form of ~ 70 kDa that probably comprised truncated and full-length species, and also as an immature form of ~ 50 kDa that retains the prodomain. CSF-BACE1 was found to assemble into hetero-complexes containing distinct species. Immunoblotting with an antibody against the C-terminus of BACE1 revealed significantly higher levels of the 70-kDa full-length BACE1, while the 50 kDa immature form remained unaltered. When the 70-kDa species was probed with an antibody against the N-terminus of BACE1 (which does not discriminate between truncated and full-length forms), no increase in immunoreactivity was observed, suggesting that truncated forms of BACE1 do not increase in AD. In conclusion, the complexity of BACE1 species in CSF has to be taken into consideration when determining BACE1 activity and protein levels in CSF as biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Claudia P Boix
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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6
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The standardization of cerebrospinal fluid markers and neuropathological diagnoses brings to light the frequent complexity of concomitant pathology in Alzheimer's disease: The next challenge for biochemical markers? Clin Biochem 2019; 72:15-23. [PMID: 31194969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, neuropathological examination of the brain has evolved both technically and scientifically. The increasing use of immunohistochemistry to detect protein aggregates paralleled a better understanding of neuroanatomical progression of protein deposition. As a consequence, an international effort was achieved to standardize hyperphosphorylated-Tau (phospho-TAU), ßAmyloid (Aß), alpha syncuclein (alpha-syn), phosphorylated transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (phospho-TDP43) and vascular pathology detection. Meanwhile harmonized staging systems emerged in order to increase inter rater reproducibility. Therefore, a refined definition of Alzheimer's disease was recommended., a clearer picture of the neuropathological lesions diversity emerged secondarily to the systematic assessment of concomitant pathology highlighting finally a low rate of pure AD pathology. This brings new challenges to laboratory medicine in the field of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of Alzheimer's disease: how to further validate total Tau, phospho-TAU, Aß40 and Aß42 and new marker level cut-offs while autopsy rates are declining?
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7
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Ba F, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Chen X. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protects mice against 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson’s disease symptoms by regulating brain amyloid β1–42 level. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 458:71-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Hrubešová K, Fousková M, Habartová L, Fišar Z, Jirák R, Raboch J, Setnička V. Search for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: Recent insights, current challenges and future prospects. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:39-51. [PMID: 30953619 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the trend of prolonged lifespan leading to higher incidence of age-related diseases, the demand for reliable biomarkers of dementia rises. In this review, we present novel biomarkers of high potential, especially those found in blood, urine or saliva, which could lead to a more comfortable patient experience and better time- and cost-effectivity, compared to the currently used diagnostic methods. We focus on biomarkers that might allow for the detection of Alzheimer's disease before its clinical manifestations. Such biomarkers might be helpful for better understanding the etiology of the disease and identifying its risk factors. Moreover, it could be a base for developing new treatment or at least help to prolong the presymptomatic stage in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. As potential candidates, we present, for instance, neurofilament light in both cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma or amyloid β in plasma. Above all, we provide an overview of different approaches to the diagnostics, analyzing patient's biofluids as a whole using molecular spectroscopy. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy and especially chiroptical methods provide information not only on the chemical composition, but also on molecular structure. Therefore, these techniques are promising for the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease, as the accumulation of amyloid β in abnormal conformation is one of the hallmarks of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrubešová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Fousková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Habartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jirák
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Raboch
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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9
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Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, Bednar MM, Bittner T, Cummings J, Fagan AM, Hampel H, Mielke MM, Mikulskis A, O'Bryant S, Scheltens P, Sevigny J, Shaw LM, Soares HD, Tong G, Trojanowski JQ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Current state of Alzheimer's fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:821-853. [PMID: 30488277 PMCID: PMC6280827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. The number of people living with AD is predicted to increase; however, there are no disease-modifying therapies currently available and none have been successful in late-stage clinical trials. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood hold promise for enabling more effective drug development and establishing a more personalized medicine approach for AD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarkers used in drug development programmes should be qualified for a specific context of use (COU). These COUs include, but are not limited to, subject/patient selection, assessment of disease state and/or prognosis, assessment of mechanism of action, dose optimization, drug response monitoring, efficacy maximization, and toxicity/adverse reactions identification and minimization. The core AD CSF biomarkers Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau are recognized by research guidelines for their diagnostic utility and are being considered for qualification for subject selection in clinical trials. However, there is a need to better understand their potential for other COUs, as well as identify additional fluid biomarkers reflecting other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Several novel fluid biomarkers have been proposed, but their role in AD pathology and their use as AD biomarkers have yet to be validated. In this review, we summarize some of the pathological mechanisms implicated in the sporadic AD and highlight the data for several established and novel fluid biomarkers (including BACE1, TREM2, YKL-40, IP-10, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, α-synuclein, TDP-43, ferritin, VILIP-1, and NF-L) associated with each mechanism. We discuss the potential COUs for each biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Fundació Pasqual Maragall, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Alzheimer y otros trastornos cognitivos, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Batrla
- Roche Centralised and Point of Care Solutions, Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Bednar
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Centre Americas Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Bittner
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC No 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sid O'Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sevigny
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly D Soares
- Clinical Development Neurology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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10
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Alexopoulos P, Thierjung N, Grimmer T, Ortner M, Economou P, Assimakopoulos K, Gourzis P, Politis A, Perneczky R. Cerebrospinal Fluid BACE1 Activity and sAβPPβ as Biomarker Candidates of Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:152-161. [PMID: 29788013 DOI: 10.1159/000488481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The utility of β-site amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity and soluble AβPP β (sAβPPβ) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still elusive. METHODS BACE1 activity and sAβPPβ concentration were measured in patients with AD dementia (n = 56) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n = 76) with abnormal routine AD CSF markers, in patients with MCI with normal CSF markers (n = 39), and in controls without preclinical AD (n = 48). In a subsample with available 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) data, ordinal regression models were employed to compare the contribution of BACE1 and sAβPPβ to correct diagnostic classification to that of FDG PET. RESULTS BACE1 activity was significantly higher in patients with MCI due to AD compared to both controls and patients with MCI with normal CSF markers. sAβPPβ did not differ between any of the studied groups. Interestingly, BACE1 activity was not found to be inferior to FDG PET as predictive covariate in differentiating between the diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS Further studies using biomarker-underpinned diagnoses are warranted to shed more light on the potential diagnostic utility of BACE1 activity as AD biomarker candidate in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Polychronis Economou
- Department of Civil Engineering (Statistics), University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonios Politis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, John's Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Tijms BM, Vermunt L, Zwan MD, van Harten AC, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, Visser PJ. Pre-amyloid stage of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1037-1047. [PMID: 30250861 PMCID: PMC6144448 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study risk factors for decreasing aβ1-42 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cognitively unimpaired individuals with initially normal amyloid and tau markers, and to investigate whether such aβ1-42 decreases are associated with subsequent decline in cognition and other biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Cognitively normal subjects (n = 83, 75 ± 5 years, 35(42%) female) with normal CSF aβ1-42 and tau and repeated CSF sampling were selected from ADNI. Subject level slopes of aβ1-42 decreases were estimated with mixed models. We tested associations of baseline APP processing markers (BACE1 activity, aβ1-40, aβ1-38 and sAPP β) and decreasing aβ1-42 levels by including an interaction term between time and APP marker. Associations between decreasing aβ1-42 levels and clinical decline (i.e., progression to mild cognitive impairment or dementia, MMSE, memory functioning) and biological decline (tau, hippocampal volume, glucose processing and amyloid PET) over a time period of 8-10 years were assessed. RESULTS Aβ1-42 levels decreased annually with -4.6 ± 1 pg/mL. Higher baseline BACE1 activity (β(se) = -0.06(0.03), P < 0.05), aβ1-40 (β(se)= -0.11(.03), P < 0.001), and aβ1-38 levels (β(se) = -0.11(0.03), P < 0.001) predicted faster decreasing aβ1-42. The fastest tertile of decreasing aβ1-42 rates was associated with subsequent pathophysiological processes: 11(14%) subjects developed abnormal amyloid levels after 3 ± 1.7 years, showed increased risk for clinical progression (Hazard Ratio[95CI] = 4.8[1.1-21.0]), decreases in MMSE, glucose metabolism and hippocampal volume, and increased CSF tau and amyloid aggregation on PET (all P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION Higher APP processing and fast decreasing aβ1-42 could be among the earliest, pre-amyloid, pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marissa D. Zwan
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Argonde C. van Harten
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry & NeuropsychologySchool for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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12
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Alexopoulos P, Gleixner LS, Werle L, Buhl F, Thierjung N, Giourou E, Kagerbauer SM, Gourzis P, Kübler H, Grimmer T, Yakushev I, Martin J, Kurz A, Perneczky R. Plasma levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein β in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:519-524. [PMID: 28602012 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The established biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) require invasive endeavours or presuppose sophisticated technical equipment. Consequently, new biomarkers are needed. Here, we report that plasma levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ), a protein of the initial phase of the amyloid cascade, were significantly lower in patients with symptomatic AD (21 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD and 44 with AD dementia) with AD-typical cerebral hypometabolic pattern compared with 27 cognitively healthy elderly individuals without preclinical AD. These findings yield further evidence for the potential of sAPPβ in plasma as an AD biomarker candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece.
| | - Lena-Sophie Gleixner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Werle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Buhl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evangelia Giourou
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Simone M Kagerbauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Hubert Kübler
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Martin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.,West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Hu H, Li H, Li J, Yu J, Tan L. Genome-wide association study identified ATP6V1H locus influencing cerebrospinal fluid BACE activity. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:75. [PMID: 29751835 PMCID: PMC5948839 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The activity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) is a potential diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods A total of 340 non-Hispanic Caucasian participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort (ADNI) database were included in this study with quality-controlled CSF BACE and genotype data. Association of CSF BACE with the genetic variants of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was assessed using PLINK under the additive genetic model. The P values of all SNPs for CSF BACE were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results One SNP (rs1481950) in the ATP6V1H gene reached genome-wide significance for associations with CSF BACE (P = 4.88 × 10− 9). The minor allele (G) of rs1481950 was associated with higher CSF BACE activity. Although seven SNPs in SNX31, RORA, CDH23, RGS20, LRRC4C, MAPK6PS1 and LOC105378355 did not reach genome-wide significance (P < 10− 8), they were identified as suggestive loci (P < 10− 5). Conclusion This study identified rs1481950 within ATP6V1H influencing human CSF BACE activity, which indicated that ATP6V1H gene may play some roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0603-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Wei People's Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jintai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China. .,Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, Box 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China. .,Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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14
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Timmers M, Barão S, Van Broeck B, Tesseur I, Slemmon J, De Waepenaert K, Bogert J, Shaw LM, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Mercken M, Van Nueten L, Tritsmans L, de Strooper B, Streffer JR. BACE1 Dynamics Upon Inhibition with a BACE Inhibitor and Correlation to Downstream Alzheimer's Disease Markers in Elderly Healthy Participants. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1437-1449. [PMID: 28157093 PMCID: PMC5325057 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The β-site amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting enzyme in the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from AβPP, one of the major pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Increased BACE1 levels and activity have been reported in the brain of patients with sporadic AD. Therefore, changes of BACE1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have also been investigated as a possible biomarker of the disease. We analyzed BACE1 levels in CSF of elderly healthy participants before and after chronic treatment with a BACE inhibitor (BACEi) and evaluated the correlation between BACE1 levels and downstream AD markers. Overall, BACE1 CSF levels showed strong correlations to all downstream AD markers investigated. This is the first reported finding that shows BACE1 levels in CSF were well correlated to its end product Aβ1 - 42. As previously described, BACE1 levels were strongly correlated to total-tau and phosphorylated tau levels in CSF. Generally, chronic BACE inhibition did not influence BACE1 CSF protein levels. Follow-up studies including early-stage AD pathophysiology and prodromal AD patients will help to understand the importance of measuring BACE1 routinely in daily clinical practice and AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Soraia Barão
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB-Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ina Tesseur
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - John Slemmon
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katja De Waepenaert
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart de Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB-Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Johannes Rolf Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Manzine PR, Souza MDS, Cominetti MR. BACE1 levels are increased in plasma of Alzheimer's disease patients compared with matched cognitively healthy controls. Per Med 2016; 13:531-540. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aim: BACE1 is the secretase that acts in Aβ production in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Materials & methods: We investigated mRNA expression in total blood and the levels of plasma protein BACE1 in AD patients compared with cognitively healthy subjects. Probable AD (n = 47) and non-AD control group (n = 32) were evaluated for mRNA expression for BACE1 using reverse transcription-qPCR. A subsample of n = 21 AD and n = 20 non-AD had plasma BACE1 levels analyzed, using ELISA. Results: No differences were found on BACE1 mRNA between groups. However, higher levels of BACE1 were detected in plasma of AD patients. Discussion: Blood-based diagnostic tools are desired to improve AD diagnosis. BACE1 plasma levels could provide an additional diagnostic tool for AD in association with neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regina Manzine
- Departamento de Gerontologia, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Souza
- Departamento de Gerontologia, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Cominetti
- Departamento de Gerontologia, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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16
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BACE1 Physiological Functions May Limit Its Use as Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Alcolea D, Martínez-Lage P, Sánchez-Juan P, Olazarán J, Antúnez C, Izagirre A, Ecay-Torres M, Estanga A, Clerigué M, Guisasola MC, Sánchez Ruiz D, Marín Muñoz J, Calero M, Blesa R, Clarimón J, Carmona-Iragui M, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Vázquez Higuera JL, Fortea J, Lleó A. Amyloid precursor protein metabolism and inflammation markers in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2015; 85:626-33. [PMID: 26180139 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate CSF markers involved in amyloid precursor protein processing, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) and participants with suspected non-Alzheimer pathology (SNAP). METHODS We collected CSF from 266 cognitively normal volunteers participating in a cross-sectional multicenter study (the SIGNAL study) to investigate markers involved in amyloid precursor protein processing (Aβ42, sAPPβ, β-secretase activity), neuronal damage (total-tau [t-tau], phospho-tau [p-tau]), and neuroinflammation (YKL-40). We analyzed the relationship among biomarkers, clinical variables, and the APOE genotype, and compared biomarker levels across the preclinical stages of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association classification: stage 0, 1, 2, 3, and SNAP. RESULTS The median age in the whole cohort was 58.8 years (range 39.8-81.6). Participants in stages 2-3 and SNAP had higher levels of YKL-40 than those in stages 0 and 1. Participants with SNAP had higher levels of sAPPβ than participants in stage 0 and 1. No differences were found between stages 0, 1, and 2-3 in sAPPβ and β-secretase activity in CSF. Age correlated with t-tau, p-tau, and YKL-40. It also correlated with Aβ42, but only in APOE ε4 carriers. Aβ42 correlated positively with t-tau, sAPPβ, and YKL-40 in participants with normal Aβ42. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that inflammation in the CNS increases in normal aging and is intimately related to markers of neurodegeneration in the preclinical stages of AD and SNAP. sAPPβ and β-secretase activity are not useful diagnostic or staging markers in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alcolea
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Lage
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Javier Olazarán
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Carmen Antúnez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Andrea Izagirre
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Mirian Ecay-Torres
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Ainara Estanga
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Montserrat Clerigué
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Maria Concepción Guisasola
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Domingo Sánchez Ruiz
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Juan Marín Muñoz
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - María Carmona-Iragui
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - José Luis Vázquez Higuera
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain.
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Lopez-Font I, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Sogorb-Esteve A, García-Ayllón MS, Sáez-Valero J. Transmembrane Amyloid-Related Proteins in CSF as Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:125. [PMID: 26082753 PMCID: PMC4451586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the continuing search for new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), reasonable candidates are the secretase enzymes involved in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), as well as the large proteolytic cleavage fragments sAPPα and sAPPβ. The enzymatic activities of some of these secretases, such as BACE1 and TACE, have been investigated as potential AD biomarkers, and it has been assumed that these activities present in human CSF result from the soluble truncated forms of the membrane-bound enzymes. However, we and others recently identified soluble forms of BACE1 and APP in CSF containing the intracellular domains, as well as the multi-pass transmembrane presenilin-1 (PS1) and other subunits of γ-secretase. We also review recent findings that suggest that most of these soluble transmembrane proteins could display self-association properties based on hydrophobic and/or ionic interactions leading to the formation of heteromeric complexes. The oligomerization state of these potential new biomarkers needs to be taken into consideration for assessing their real potential as CSF biomarkers for AD by adequate molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche , Elche , Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
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Wu G, Wu Z, Na S, Hershey JC. Quantitative assessment of Aβ peptide in brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma following oral administration of γ-secretase inhibitor MRK-560 in rats. Int J Neurosci 2015; 125:616-24. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.952730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bekris LM, Tsuang DW, Peskind ER, Yu CE, Montine TJ, Zhang J, Zabetian CP, Leverenz JB. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 levels and APP processing pathway genes in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:936-44. [PMID: 25808939 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of recent interest is the finding that certain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers traditionally linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), specifically amyloid beta protein (Aβ), are abnormal in PD CSF. The aim of this exploratory investigation was to determine whether genetic variation within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway genes correlates with CSF Aβ42 levels in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Parkinson's disease (n = 86) and control (n = 161) DNA were genotyped for 19 regulatory region tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within nine genes (APP, ADAM10, BACE1, BACE2, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, NCSTN, and APH1B) involved in the cleavage of APP. The SNP genotypes were tested for their association with CSF biomarkers and PD risk while adjusting for age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 status. RESULTS Significant correlation with CSF Aβ42 levels in PD was observed for two SNPs, (APP rs466448 and APH1B rs2068143). Conversely, significant correlation with CSF Aβ42 levels in controls was observed for three SNPs (APP rs214484, rs2040273, and PSEN1 rs362344). CONCLUSIONS In addition, results of this exploratory investigation suggest that an APP SNP and an APH1B SNP are marginally associated with PD CSF Aβ42 levels in APOE ɛ4 noncarriers. Further hypotheses generated include that decreased CSF Aβ42 levels are in part driven by genetic variation in APP processing genes. Additional investigation into the relationship between these findings and clinical characteristics of PD, including cognitive impairment, compared with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, are warranted. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chang E Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Northwest Network Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Northwest Network Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Northwest Network Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Savage MJ, Holder DJ, Wu G, Kaplow J, Siuciak JA, Potter WZ. Soluble BACE-1 Activity and sAβPPβ Concentrations in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Matched Healthy Control Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 Baseline Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:431-40. [PMID: 25790831 PMCID: PMC6287641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), freeing the amyloid-β (Aβ) N-terminus from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), the first step in Aβ formation. Increased BACE1 activity in AD brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been reported. Other studies, however, found either no change or a decrease with AD diagnosis in either BACE1 activity or sAβPPβ, the N-terminal secreted product of BACE1 (sBACE1) activity on AβPP. Here, sBACE1 enzymatic activity and secreted AβPPβ (sAβPPβ) were measured in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (ADNI-1) baseline CSF samples and no statistically significant changes were found in either measure comparing healthy control, mild cognitively impaired, or AD individual samples. While CSF sBACE1 activity and sAβPPβ demonstrated a moderate yet significant degree of correlation with each other, there was no correlation of either analyte to CSF Aβ peptide ending at residue 42. Surprisingly, a stronger correlation was demonstrated between CSF sBACE1 activity and tau, which was comparable to that between CSF Aβ₄₂ and tau. Unlike for these latter two analytes, receiver-operator characteristic curves demonstrate that neither CSF sBACE1 activity nor sAβPPβ concentrations can be used to differentiate between healthy elderly and AD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck and Company, West Point, PA, USA
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22
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Perneczky R, Alexopoulos P. Cerebrospinal fluid BACE1 activity and markers of amyloid precursor protein metabolism and axonal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S425-S429.e1. [PMID: 24239250 PMCID: PMC4038661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to correlate the enzyme activity with protein markers of APP metabolism and axonal degeneration. METHODS BACE1 activity and protein concentrations were measured and analyzed in 342 participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, including 99 normal control, 75 stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 87 progressive MCI, and 79 AD dementia cases. All statistical analyses were Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS No significant differences between controls and any of the three patient groups were detected for BACE1 activity and soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) concentrations in CSF. Significant correlations with BACE1 activity were found for CSF APPβ and total tau in all four groups and for CSF phosphorylated tau181 in all groups but the progressive MCI group. There were no correlations for CSF amyloid β (Aβ)1-42 or for plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40. CONCLUSIONS The consistent correlation between BACE1 activity and sAPPβ supports their role as biomarkers of target engagement in clinical trials on BACE1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that causes dementia in a large percentage of the aged population and for which there are only symptomatic treatments. Disease-modifying therapies that are currently being pursued are based on the amyloid cascade theory. This states that accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a cascade of cellular events leading to neurodegeneration. Aβ, which is the major constituent of amyloid plaques, is a peptidic fragment derived from proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential cleavages that involve β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Targeting BACE1 is a rational approach as its cleavage of APP is the rate-limiting step in Aβ production and this enzyme is elevated in the brain of patients with AD. Furthermore, knocking out the BACE1 gene in mice showed little apparent consequences. Ten years of intensive research has led to the design of efficacious BACE1 inhibitors with favorable pharmacological properties. Several drug candidates have shown promising results in animal models, as they reduce amyloid plaque pathology in the brain and rescue cognitive deficits. Phase I clinical trials indicate that these drugs are well tolerated, and the results from further trials in AD patients are now awaited eagerly. Yet, recent novel information on BACE1 biology, and the discovery that BACE1 cleaves a selection of substrates involved in myelination, retinal homeostasis, brain circuitry, and synaptic function, alert us to potential side effects of BACE1 inhibitors that will require further evaluation to provide a safe therapy for AD.
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24
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Evin G, Barakat A. Critical analysis of the use of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:1-19. [PMID: 32669897 PMCID: PMC7337240 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s41056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in the elderly and an unmet clinical challenge. A variety of therapies that are currently under development are directed to the amyloid cascade. Indeed, the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in the etiology of the disease, and thus rational interventions are aimed at reducing the levels of Aβ in the brain. Targeting β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE)-1 represents an attractive strategy, as this enzyme catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ production. Observation of increased levels of BACE1 and enzymatic activity in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and platelets of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment supports the potential benefits of BACE1 inhibition. Numerous potent inhibitors have been generated, and many of these have been proved to lower Aβ levels in the brain of animal models. Over 10 years of intensive research on BACE1 inhibitors has now culminated in advancing half a dozen of these drugs into human trials, yet translating the in vitro and cellular efficacy of BACE1 inhibitors into preclinical and clinical trials represents a challenge. This review addresses the promises and also the potential problems associated with BACE1 inhibitors for AD therapy, as the complex biological function of BACE1 in the brain is becoming unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Evin
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adel Barakat
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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26
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Wu G, Miller RA, Connolly B, Marcus J, Renger J, Savage MJ. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid-� Protein Demonstrates Similar Properties in an Alzheimer's Disease Familial Mutant Knock-In Mouse and Alzheimer's Disease Brain. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:53-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000353634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Millard SP, Lutz F, Li G, Galasko DR, Farlow MR, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Leverenz JB, Tsuang D, Yu CE, Peskind ER, Bekris LM. Association of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 with A2M gene in cognitively normal subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:357-64. [PMID: 24011543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ(42) levels correlate with increased brain Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which suggests a disruption in the degradation and clearance of Aβ from the brain. In addition, APOE ε4 carriers have lower CSF Aβ(42) levels than non-carriers. The hypothesis of this investigation was that CSF Aβ(42) levels would correlate with regulatory region variation in genes that are biologically associated with degradation or clearance of Aβ from the brain. CSF Aβ(42) levels were tested for associations with Aβ degradation and clearance genes and APOE ε4. Twenty-four SNPs located within the 5' and 3' regions of 12 genes were analyzed. The study sample consisted of 99 AD patients and 168 cognitively normal control subjects. CSF Aβ(42) levels were associated with APOE ε4 status in controls but not in AD patients; A2M regulatory region SNPs were also associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels in controls but not in AD patients, even after adjusting for APOE ε4. These results suggest that genetic variation within the A2M gene influences CSF Aβ(42) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Millard
- Northwest Network VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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Wu G, Sankaranarayanan S, Wong J, Tugusheva K, Michener MS, Shi X, Cook JJ, Simon AJ, Savage MJ. Characterization of plasma β-secretase (BACE1) activity and soluble amyloid precursor proteins as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2247-58. [PMID: 22987781 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β42 (Aβ42) and elevation in total tau and phospho-thr181 tau consistently differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched control subjects. In contrast, CSF β-site APP-cleaving enzyme activity (BACE1) and soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β (sAPPα and sAPPβ) are without consistent patterns in AD subjects. Plasma sampling is much easier, with fewer side effects, and is readily applied in primary care centers, so we have developed and validated novel plasma BACE activity, sAPPβ, and sAPPα assays and investigated their ability to distinguish AD from age-matched controls. Plasma BACE activity assay was sensitive and specific, with signal being immunodepleted with a specific BACE1 antibody and inhibited with a BACE1-specific inhibitor. Plasma sAPPβ and sAPPα assays were specific, with signal diluting linearly, immunodepleted with specific antibodies, and at background levels in APP knockout mice. In rhesus monkeys, BACE1 but not γ-secretase inhibitor led to significant lowering of plasma sAPPβ with concurrent elevation of plasma sAPPα. AD subjects showed a significant increase in plasma BACE1 activity, sAPPβ, sAPPα, and Aβ42 (P < 0.001) compared with age-matched controls. In conclusion, plasma BACE activity and sAPP endpoints provide novel investigative biomarkers for AD diagnosis and potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for secretase inhibitor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratory, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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29
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Regulation of alpha-secretase ADAM10 expression and activity. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Decourt B, Sabbagh MN. BACE1 as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 24 Suppl 2:53-9. [PMID: 21403391 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relies principally on clinical criteria for probable and possible AD as defined by the NINCDS-ADRDRA. The field is desperately lacking of biological markers to assist with AD diagnosis and verification of treatment efficacy. According to the Consensus Report of the Working Group on Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer's Disease, in order to qualify as a biomarker the sample in question must adhere to certain basic requirements, including the ability to: reflect AD pathology and differentiate it from other dementia with an 80% sensitivity; be reliable and reproducible; be easy to perform and analyze; remain relatively inexpensive. Beta secretases are crucial enzymes in the pathogenesis of AD. Given its primary role in brain amyloidogenesis and its ubiquitous expression, one may consider measuring peripheral BACE1 levels and activity as biomarkers of AD, like performed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. However, very little is known about the periphery and whether peripheral BACE1 is involved in AD pathogenesis or mirrors AD progression. Moreover, no investigation has focused on the possibility of monitoring peripheral BACE1 to assess the efficiency of BACE1 inhibitors during the course of clinical trials. Part of the problem may be attributed to the lack of sensitive molecular tools which are absolutely necessary to use BACE1 as a biomarker. In this review we evaluate the progress and feasibility of developing BACE1 as a biomarker for AD in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Decourt
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Haldeman Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA.
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31
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Wu G, Sankaranarayanan S, Montgomery DL, Simon AJ, An Z, Savage MJ. Pharmacological applications of a novel neoepitope antibody to a modified amyloid precursor protein-derived beta-secretase product. Protein Cell 2011; 2:573-84. [PMID: 21822802 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described a novel artificial NFEV β-secretase (BACE1) cleavage site, which when introduced into the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), significantly enhances APP cleavage by BACE1 in in vitro and cellular assays. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a single chain fragment of variable region (scFv), specific to the EV neo-epitope derived from BACE1 cleavage of the NFEV-containing peptide, and its conversion to IgG1. Both the scFv displayed on phage and EV-IgG1 show exquisite specificity for binding to the EV neoepitope without cross-reactivity to other NFEV containing peptides or WT-APP KMDA cleavage products. EV-IgG1 can detect as little as 0.3 nmol/L of the EV peptide. EV-IgG1 antibody was purified, conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and utilized in various biological assays. In the BACE1 enzymatic assay using NFEV substrate, a BACE1 inhibitor MRK-3 inhibited cleavage with an IC(50) of 2.4 nmol/L with excellent reproducibility. In an APP_NFEV stable SH-SY5Y cellular assay, the EC(50) for inhibition of EV-Aβ peptide secretion with MRK-3 was 236 nmol/L, consistent with values derived using an EV polyclonal antibody. In an APP_NFEV knock-in mouse model, both Aβ_EV40 and Aβ_EV42 peptides in brain homogenate showed excellent gene dosage dependence. In conclusion, the EV neoepitope specific monoclonal antibody is a novel reagent for BACE1 inhibitor discovery for both in vitro, cellular screening assays and in vivo biochemical studies. The methods described herein are generally applicable to novel synthetic substrates and enzyme targets to enable robust screening platforms for enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Merck Research Laboratory, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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32
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Parnetti L, Chiasserini D. Role of CSF biomarkers in the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Biomark Med 2011; 5:479-84. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) core biomarkers (Aβ1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau) have proven to be useful in the clinical practice to evaluate patients with mild cognitive impairment in order to predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease. Multicenter studies have shown an good overall performance of Aβ1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau in the diagnosis of early AD; however, they also evidenced some possible weakness in terms of variability among centers, which generates some concern about their use in routine clinical practice. Therefore, the need for a joint effort of academia, companies and government agencies is evident. In this article we will provide the state of art of AD biomarkers application for the diagnosis of early AD, also describing some of the most promising new putative biomarkers currently studied. The final aim is to introduce a panel of AD biomarkers that is able to describe the preclinical phases of AD, as fully as possible paving the way to a routine early diagnosis in view of treatment by means of disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Center for Memory Disturbances, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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33
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Wu G, Sankaranarayanan S, Hsieh SHK, Simon AJ, Savage MJ. Decrease in brain soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ) in Alzheimer's disease cortex. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:822-32. [PMID: 21433051 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is generated by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase, or BACE1) and γ-secretase. Several reports demonstrate increased BACE1 enzymatic activity in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, suggesting that an increase in BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP drives amyloid pathophysiology in AD. BACE1 cleavage of APP leads to the generation of a secreted N-terminal fragment of APP (sAPPβ). To relate BACE1 activity better to endogenous APP processing in AD and control brains, we have directly measured brain sAPPβ levels using a novel APP β-site specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We demonstrate a significant reduction in brain cortical sAPPβ levels in AD compared with control subjects. In the same brain samples, BACE1 activity was unchanged, full-length APP and sAPPα levels were significantly reduced, and Aβ peptides were significantly elevated. In conclusion, a reduction in cortical brain sAPPβ together with unchanged BACE1 activity suggests that this is due to reduced full-length APP substrate in late-stage AD subjects. These results highlight the need for multiparameter analysis of the amyloidogenic process to understand better AD pathophysiology in early vs. late-stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Merck Research Laboratory, West Point, Pennsylvania.
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34
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Bekris LM, Galloway NM, Millard S, Lockhart D, Li G, Galasko DR, Farlow MR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Schellenberg GD, Leverenz JB, Seubert P, Tsuang DW, Peskind ER, Yu CE. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing genes and cerebrospinal fluid APP cleavage product levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:556.e13-23. [PMID: 21196064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this exploratory investigation was to determine if genetic variation within amyloid precursor protein (APP) or its processing enzymes correlates with APP cleavage product levels: APPα, APPβ or Aβ42, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cognitively normal subjects or Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Cognitively normal control subjects (n = 170) and AD patients (n = 92) were genotyped for 19 putative regulatory tagging SNPs within 9 genes (APP, ADAM10, BACE1, BACE2, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, NCSTN and APH1B) involved in the APP processing pathway. SNP genotypes were tested for their association with CSF APPα, APPβ, and Aβ42, AD risk and age-at-onset while taking into account age, gender, race and APOE ε4. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, a significant association was found between ADAM10 SNP rs514049 and APPα levels. In controls, the rs514049 CC genotype had higher APPα levels than the CA, AA collapsed genotype, whereas the opposite effect was seen in AD patients. These results suggest that genetic variation within ADAM10, an APP processing gene, influences CSF APPα levels in an AD specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bekris
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Sjölander A, Zetterberg H, Andreasson U, Minthon L, Blennow K. BACE1 gene variants do not influence BACE1 activity, levels of APP or Aβ isoforms in CSF in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:37. [PMID: 20849576 PMCID: PMC2949866 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The BACE1 gene encodes the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 is the most important β-secretase responsible for the generation of Alzheimer-associated amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) and may play a role in the amyloidogenic process in AD. We hypothesized that BACE1 gene variants might influence BACE1 activity or other markers for APP metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and thereby contribute to the development of AD. We genotyped a Swedish sample of 269 AD patients for the rs638405 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BACE1 gene and correlated genotype data to a broad range of amyloid-related biomarkers in CSF, including BACE1 activity, levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, α- and β-cleaved soluble APP (α-sAPP and β-sAPP), as well as markers for Alzheimer-type axonal degeneration, i.e., total-tau and phospho-tau181. Gene variants of BACE1 were neither associated with amyloid-related biomarkers, nor with markers for axonal degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Sjölander
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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36
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Cummings JL. Commentary on "a roadmap for the prevention of dementia II: Leon Thal Symposium 2008." Establishing a national biomarker database: utility and incentives. Alzheimers Dement 2009; 5:108-13. [PMID: 19328437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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37
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Mattsson N, Axelsson M, Haghighi S, Malmeström C, Wu G, Anckarsäter R, Sankaranarayanan S, Andreasson U, Fredrikson S, Gundersen A, Johnsen L, Fladby T, Tarkowski A, Trysberg E, Wallin A, Anckarsäter H, Lycke J, Andersen O, Simon AJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid BACE1 activity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15:448-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458508100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell and animal experiments have shown that β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) may be involved in myelination. Objective Here, we assess the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) BACE1 activity with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods BACE1 activity and levels of secreted amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid-β (Aβ) isoforms were analyzed in CSF from 100 patients with MS and 114 neurologically healthy controls. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 26 with and 41 without cerebral engagement, were also included to enable comparisons with regards to another autoimmune disease. A subset of patients with MS and controls underwent a second lumbar puncture after 10 years. Results MS patients had lower CSF BACE1 activity than controls ( P = 0.03) and patients with cerebral SLE ( P < 0.001). Patients with cerebral SLE had higher BACE1 activity than any other group ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons). BACE1 activity correlated with the different amyloid markers in all study groups. BACE1 activity decreased over 10 years in the MS group ( P = 0.039) and correlated weakly with clinical disease severity scores in an inverse manner. Conclusions These results suggest an involvement of BACE1 in the MS disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mattsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Axelsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Haghighi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Malmeström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Wu
- Alzheimer’s Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - R Anckarsäter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kungälv Hospital, Kungälv, Sweden
| | | | - U Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - S Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Gundersen
- University of Oslo, Department of Neurology at Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - L Johnsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Neurology at Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - T Fladby
- University of Oslo, Department of Neurology at Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - A Tarkowski
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Trysberg
- Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - H Anckarsäter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute for Clinical Sciences, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - J Lycke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Andersen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - AJ Simon
- Alzheimer’s Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - K Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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