1
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Egbertson M, McGaughey GB, Pitzenberger SM, Stauffer SR, Coburn CA, Stachel SJ, Yang W, Barrow JC, Neilson LA, McWherter M, Perlow D, Fahr B, Munshi S, Allison TJ, Holloway K, Selnick HG, Yang Z, Swestock J, Simon AJ, Sankaranarayanan S, Colussi D, Tugusheva K, Lai MT, Pietrak B, Haugabook S, Jin L, Chen IW, Holahan M, Stranieri-Michener M, Cook JJ, Vacca J, Graham SL. Methyl-substitution of an iminohydantoin spiropiperidine β-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitor has a profound effect on its potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [PMID: 26195137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The IC50 of a beta-secretase (BACE-1) lead compound was improved ∼200-fold from 11 μM to 55 nM through the addition of a single methyl group. Computational chemistry, small molecule NMR, and protein crystallography capabilities were used to compare the solution conformation of the ligand under varying pH conditions to its conformation when bound in the active site. Chemical modification then explored available binding pockets adjacent to the ligand. A strategically placed methyl group not only maintained the required pKa of the piperidine nitrogen and filled a small hydrophobic pocket, but more importantly, stabilized the conformation best suited for optimized binding to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Egbertson
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Steven M Pitzenberger
- NMR Structure Elucidation, Process and Analytical Chemistry, WP14-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Shawn J Stachel
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, 395 Oyster Point Blvd. Ste. 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James C Barrow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Lou Anne Neilson
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Melody McWherter
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Debra Perlow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Bruce Fahr
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, 395 Oyster Point Blvd. Ste. 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sanjeev Munshi
- Structural Biology, WP 14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Timothy J Allison
- Structural Biology, WP 14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Harold G Selnick
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - ZhiQiang Yang
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - John Swestock
- Process Chemistry, WP 14-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Adam J Simon
- Pharmacology, WP 26-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Dennis Colussi
- Pharmacology, WP 26-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Ming-Tain Lai
- Pharmacology, WP 26-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Beth Pietrak
- Pharmacology, WP 26-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Shari Haugabook
- Pharmacology, WP 26-1 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Lixia Jin
- Drug Metabolism, WP 75-B Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - I-W Chen
- Drug Metabolism, WP 75-B Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Marie Holahan
- Imaging Research, WP 44c Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Vacca
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Samuel L Graham
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, WP14-2 Merck and Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
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2
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Wu G, Sankaranarayanan S, Wong J, Tugusheva K, Michener MS, Shi X, Cook JJ, Simon AJ, Savage MJ. Characterization of plasma β-secretase (BACE1) activity and soluble amyloid precursor proteins as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2247-58. [PMID: 22987781 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β42 (Aβ42) and elevation in total tau and phospho-thr181 tau consistently differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched control subjects. In contrast, CSF β-site APP-cleaving enzyme activity (BACE1) and soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β (sAPPα and sAPPβ) are without consistent patterns in AD subjects. Plasma sampling is much easier, with fewer side effects, and is readily applied in primary care centers, so we have developed and validated novel plasma BACE activity, sAPPβ, and sAPPα assays and investigated their ability to distinguish AD from age-matched controls. Plasma BACE activity assay was sensitive and specific, with signal being immunodepleted with a specific BACE1 antibody and inhibited with a BACE1-specific inhibitor. Plasma sAPPβ and sAPPα assays were specific, with signal diluting linearly, immunodepleted with specific antibodies, and at background levels in APP knockout mice. In rhesus monkeys, BACE1 but not γ-secretase inhibitor led to significant lowering of plasma sAPPβ with concurrent elevation of plasma sAPPα. AD subjects showed a significant increase in plasma BACE1 activity, sAPPβ, sAPPα, and Aβ42 (P < 0.001) compared with age-matched controls. In conclusion, plasma BACE activity and sAPP endpoints provide novel investigative biomarkers for AD diagnosis and potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for secretase inhibitor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratory, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Hayashi I, Wong J, Tugusheva K, Hargreaves R, Renger J, Zerbinatti C. P4‐075: Cholesterol ester transfer protein–deficient polymorphisms alter cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and reduce Alzheimer's disease–related cognitive impairment in apolipoprotein E‐ε4 carriers. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Hayashi
- Merck & Co., Inc.West PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - Jacky Wong
- Merck & Co., Inc.West PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | | | | | - John Renger
- Merck & Co., Inc.West PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
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4
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Hayashi I, Hayashi I, Tugusheva K, Szczerba P, Hasselschwert D, Petrose P, Goetzmann J, Renger J, Zerbinatti C. P4‐304: Effects of elevated plasma cholesterol on CSF lipids and Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers in African green monkeys. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Hayashi
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Dana Hasselschwert
- University of Louisiana, LafayetteNew Iberia Research CenterNew IberiaLouisianaUnited States
| | - Phyllis Petrose
- University of Louisiana, LafayetteNew Iberia Research CenterNew IberiaLouisianaUnited States
| | - Jason Goetzmann
- University of Louisiana, LafayetteNew Iberia Research CenterNew IberiaLouisianaUnited States
| | - John Renger
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
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5
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Wolfe A, McCampbell A, Hatcher N, Tugusheva K, Haugabook S, Maxwell J, Wu G, Howell B, Renger J, Shughrue P, Savage M. P2‐043: A quantitative assay selective for amyloid oligomer species differentiates cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's disease and age‐matched normal. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Wolfe
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | | | - Nate Hatcher
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | | | | | - Jill Maxwell
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - John Renger
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - Paul Shughrue
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
| | - Mary Savage
- Merck and CompanyWest PointPennsylvaniaUnited States
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6
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Rajapakse HA, Nantermet PG, Selnick HG, Barrow JC, McGaughey GB, Munshi S, Lindsley SR, Young MB, Ngo PL, Katherine Holloway M, Lai MT, Espeseth AS, Shi XP, Colussi D, Pietrak B, Crouthamel MC, Tugusheva K, Huang Q, Xu M, Simon AJ, Kuo L, Hazuda DJ, Graham S, Vacca JP. SAR of tertiary carbinamine derived BACE1 inhibitors: Role of aspartate ligand amine pKa in enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1885-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Steele TG, Hills ID, Nomland AA, de León P, Allison T, McGaughey G, Colussi D, Tugusheva K, Haugabook SJ, Espeseth AS, Zuck P, Graham SL, Stachel SJ. Identification of a small molecule β-secretase inhibitor that binds without catalytic aspartate engagement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:17-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Sankaranarayanan S, Holahan MA, Colussi D, Crouthamel MC, Devanarayan V, Ellis J, Espeseth A, Gates AT, Graham SL, Gregro AR, Hazuda D, Hochman JH, Holloway K, Jin L, Kahana J, Lai MT, Lineberger J, McGaughey G, Moore KP, Nantermet P, Pietrak B, Price EA, Rajapakse H, Stauffer S, Steinbeiser MA, Seabrook G, Selnick HG, Shi XP, Stanton MG, Swestock J, Tugusheva K, Tyler KX, Vacca JP, Wong J, Wu G, Xu M, Cook JJ, Simon AJ. First Demonstration of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Aβ Lowering with Oral Administration of a β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:131-40. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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9
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Barrow JC, Stauffer SR, Rittle KE, Ngo PL, Yang Z, Selnick HG, Graham SL, Munshi S, McGaughey GB, Holloway MK, Simon AJ, Price EA, Sankaranarayanan S, Colussi D, Tugusheva K, Lai MT, Espeseth AS, Xu M, Huang Q, Wolfe A, Pietrak B, Zuck P, Levorse DA, Hazuda D, Vacca JP. Discovery and X-ray crystallographic analysis of a spiropiperidine iminohydantoin inhibitor of beta-secretase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6259-62. [PMID: 18811140 DOI: 10.1021/jm800914n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screen at 100 microM inhibitor concentration for the BACE-1 enzyme revealed a novel spiropiperidine iminohydantoin aspartyl protease inhibitor template. An X-ray cocrystal structure with BACE-1 revealed a novel mode of binding whereby the inhibitor interacts with the catalytic aspartates via bridging water molecules. Using the crystal structure as a guide, potent compounds with good brain penetration were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Barrow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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10
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Sankaranarayanan S, Price EA, Wu G, Crouthamel MC, Shi XP, Tugusheva K, Tyler KX, Kahana J, Ellis J, Jin L, Steele T, Stachel S, Coburn C, Simon AJ. In Vivo β-Secretase 1 Inhibition Leads to Brain Aβ Lowering and Increased α-Secretase Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein without Effect on Neuregulin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:957-69. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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11
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Barrow J, Rittle K, Ngo P, Selnick H, Graham S, Pitzenberger S, McGaughey G, Colussi D, Lai MT, Huang Q, Tugusheva K, Espeseth A, Simon A, Munshi S, Vacca J. Cover Picture: Design and Synthesis of 2,3,5-Substituted Imidazolidin-4-one Inhibitors of BACE-1 (ChemMedChem 7/2007). ChemMedChem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200790022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Barrow JC, Rittle KE, Ngo PL, Selnick HG, Graham SL, Pitzenberger SM, McGaughey GB, Colussi D, Lai MT, Huang Q, Tugusheva K, Espeseth AS, Simon AJ, Munshi SK, Vacca JP. Design and Synthesis of 2,3,5-Substituted Imidazolidin-4-one Inhibitors of BACE-1. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:995-9. [PMID: 17458843 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Barrow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O Box 4, WP14-1, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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Rajapakse HA, Nantermet PG, Selnick HG, Munshi S, McGaughey GB, Lindsley SR, Young MB, Lai MT, Espeseth AS, Shi XP, Colussi D, Pietrak B, Crouthamel MC, Tugusheva K, Huang Q, Xu M, Simon AJ, Kuo L, Hazuda DJ, Graham S, Vacca JP. Discovery of Oxadiazoyl Tertiary Carbinamine Inhibitors of β-Secretase (BACE-1). J Med Chem 2006; 49:7270-3. [PMID: 17149856 DOI: 10.1021/jm061046r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the discovery and optimization of tertiary carbinamine derived inhibitors of the enzyme beta-secretase (BACE-1). These novel non-transition-state-derived ligands incorporate a single primary amine to interact with the catalytic aspartates of the target enzyme. Optimization of this series provided inhibitors with intrinsic and functional potency comparable to evolved transition state isostere derived inhibitors of BACE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaka A Rajapakse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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14
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Shi XP, Tugusheva K, Bruce JE, Lucka A, Chen-Dodson E, Hu B, Wu GX, Price E, Register RB, Lineberger J, Miller R, Tang MJ, Espeseth A, Kahana J, Wolfe A, Crouthamel MC, Sankaranarayanan S, Simon A, Chen L, Lai MT, Pietrak B, DiMuzio J, Li Y, Xu M, Huang Q, Garsky V, Sardana MK, Hazuda DJ. Novel mutations introduced at the beta-site of amyloid beta protein precursor enhance the production of amyloid beta peptide by BACE1 in vitro and in cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2005; 7:139-48; discussion 173-80. [PMID: 15851852 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2005-7207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal production and accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). beta-secretase (BACE1) is responsible for the cleavage at thebeta-site in amyloid beta protein precursor (AbetaPP/APP) to generate the N-terminus of Abeta. Here we report the stepwise identification and characterization of a novel APP-beta-site mutant, "NFEV" (APP_NFEV) in vitro and in cells. In vitro, the APP_NFEV exhibits 100-fold enhanced cleavage rate relative to the "wild-type" substrate (APPwt) and 10-fold increase relative to the Swedish-type mutation variant (APPsw). In cells, it was preferably cleaved among 24 APP beta-site mutations tested. More importantly, the APP_NFEV mutant failed to generate any detectable Abeta peptides in BACE1-KO mouse fibroblast cells. The production of Abeta peptides was restored by co-transfecting human BACE1, demonstrating that BACE1 is the only enzyme responsible for the processing of APP_NFEV in these cells. Analysis of APP_NFEV cleavage products secreted in the media revealed that in cells BACE1 cleaves APP_NFEV at the position between NF and EV, identical to that observed in vitro. A BACE inhibitor blocked the processing of the APP_NFEV beta-site in vitro and in cells. Our data indicates that the "NFEV" mutant is not only an enhanced substrate for BACE1 in vitro, but also a specific substrate for BACE1 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Shi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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15
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Pietrak BL, Crouthamel MC, Tugusheva K, Lineberger JE, Xu M, DiMuzio JM, Steele T, Espeseth AS, Stachel SJ, Coburn CA, Graham SL, Vacca JP, Shi XP, Simon AJ, Hazuda DJ, Lai MT. Biochemical and cell-based assays for characterization of BACE-1 inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:144-51. [PMID: 15958191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of beta-amyloid peptides (A beta42 and A beta40) in neuritic plaques is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A beta peptides are derived from sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases. BACE-1 has been shown to be the major beta-secretase and is a primary therapeutic target for AD. In this article, two novel assays for the characterization of BACE-1 inhibitors are reported. The first is a sensitive 96-well HPLC biochemical assay that uses a unique substrate containing an optimized peptide cleavage sequence, NFEV, spanning from the P2-P2' positions This substrate was processed by BACE-1 approximately 10 times more efficiently than was the widely used substrate containing the Swedish (NLDA) sequence. As a result, the concentration of the enzyme required for the assay can be as low as 100 pM, permitting the evaluation of inhibitors with subnanomolar potency. The assay has also been applied to related aspartyl proteases such as cathepsin D (Cat D) and BACE-2. The second assay is a homogeneous electrochemiluminescence assay for the evaluation of BACE-1 inhibition in cultured cells that assesses the level of secreted amyloid EV40_NF from HEK293T cells stably transfected with APP containing the novel NFEV sequence. To illustrate the use of these assays, the properties of a potent, cell-active BACE-1 inhibitor are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Pietrak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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16
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Espeseth AS, Xu M, Huang Q, Coburn CA, Jones KLG, Ferrer M, Zuck PD, Strulovici B, Price EA, Wu G, Wolfe AL, Lineberger JE, Sardana M, Tugusheva K, Pietrak BL, Crouthamel MC, Lai MT, Dodson EC, Bazzo R, Shi XP, Simon AJ, Li Y, Hazuda DJ. Compounds that bind APP and inhibit Abeta processing in vitro suggest a novel approach to Alzheimer disease therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17792-7. [PMID: 15737955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414331200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular deposits of aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides are a hallmark of Alzheimer disease; thus, inhibition of Abeta production and/or aggregation is an appealing strategy to thwart the onset and progression of this disease. The release of Abeta requires processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by both beta- and gamma-secretase. Using an assay that incorporates full-length recombinant APP as a substrate for beta-secretase (BACE), we have identified a series of compounds that inhibit APP processing, but do not affect the cleavage of peptide substrates by BACE1. These molecules also inhibit the processing of APP and Abeta by BACE2 and selectively inhibit the production of Abeta(42) species by gamma-secretase in assays using CTF99. The compounds bind directly to APP, likely within the Abeta domain, and therefore, unlike previously described inhibitors of the secretase enzymes, their mechanism of action is mediated through APP. These studies demonstrate that APP binding agents can affect its processing through multiple pathways, providing proof of concept for novel strategies aimed at selectively modulating Abeta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Espeseth
- Biological Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, and Automated Biotechnology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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17
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Stachel SJ, Coburn CA, Steele TG, Jones KG, Loutzenhiser EF, Gregro AR, Rajapakse HA, Lai MT, Crouthamel MC, Xu M, Tugusheva K, Lineberger JE, Pietrak BL, Espeseth AS, Shi XP, Chen-Dodson E, Holloway MK, Munshi S, Simon AJ, Kuo L, Vacca JP. Structure-based design of potent and selective cell-permeable inhibitors of human beta-secretase (BACE-1). J Med Chem 2005; 47:6447-50. [PMID: 15588077 DOI: 10.1021/jm049379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of cell-permeable beta-secretase inhibitors that demonstratively inhibit the production of the secreted amino terminal fragment of an artificial amyloid precursor protein in cell culture. In addition to potent inhibition in a cell-based assay (IC50 < 100 nM), these inhibitors display impressive selectivity against other biologically relevant aspartyl proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Stachel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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18
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Shi XP, Tugusheva K, Bruce JE, Lucka A, Wu GX, Chen-Dodson E, Price E, Li Y, Xu M, Huang Q, Sardana MK, Hazuda DJ. Beta-secretase cleavage at amino acid residue 34 in the amyloid beta peptide is dependent upon gamma-secretase activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21286-94. [PMID: 12665519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209859200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta peptides (Abeta) are the major components of the senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta peptides are generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases. Beta-secretase (BACE), a type-I transmembrane aspartyl protease, cleaves APP first to generate a 99-amino acid membrane-associated fragment (CT99) containing the N terminus of Abeta peptides. Gamma-secretase, a multi-protein complex, then cleaves within the transmembrane region of CT99 to generate the C termini of Abeta peptides. The production of Abeta peptides is, therefore, dependent on the activities of both BACE and gamma-secretase. The cleavage of APP by BACE is believed to be a prerequisite for gamma-secretase-mediated processing. In the present study, we provide evidence both in vitro and in cells that BACE-mediated cleavage between amino acid residues 34 and 35 (Abeta-34 site) in the Abeta region is dependent on gamma-secretase activity. In vitro, the Abeta-34 site is processed specifically by BACE1 and BACE2, but not by cathepsin D, a closely related aspartyl protease. Moreover, the cleavage of the Abeta-34 site by BACE1 or BACE2 occurred only when Abeta 1- 40 peptide, a gamma-secretase cleavage product, was used as substrate, not the non-cleaved CT99. In cells, overexpression of BACE1 or BACE2 dramatically increased the production of the Abeta 1-34 species. More importantly, the cellular production of Abeta 1-34 species induced by overexpression of BACE1 or BACE2 was blocked by a number of known gamma-secretase inhibitors in a concentration-dependent manner. These gamma-secretase inhibitors had no effect on enzymatic activity of BACE1 or BACE2 in vitro. Our data thus suggest that gamma-secretase cleavage of CT99 is a prerequisite for BACE-mediated processing at Abeta-34 site. Therefore, BACE and gamma-secretase activity can be mutually dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Shi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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