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High Concentration of Protein Oxidation Biomarker O-Tyr/Phe Predicts Better Outcome in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030621. [PMID: 36978869 PMCID: PMC10045379 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage in bacterial meningitis (BM) partly stems from the host´s inflammatory response and induced oxidative stress (OS). We studied the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers indicating oxidative damage to proteins with course of illness and outcome in childhood BM in Angola. Ortho-tyrosine/phenylalanine (o-Tyr/Phe), 3-chlorotyrosine/para-tyrosine (3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr), and 3-nitrotyrosine/para-tyrosine (3NO2-Tyr/p-Tyr) concentration ratios were measured in 79 BM admission CSF samples, employing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Besides death, disease outcomes were registered on Day 7 of treatment and one month after discharge (control visit). The outcome was graded according to the modified Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), which considers neurological and audiological sequelae. Children with a o-Tyr/Phe ratio below the median were more likely to present focal convulsions and secondary fever during recovery and suboptimal outcome (GOS < 5) on Day 7 and at control visit (odds ratio (OR) 2.85; 95% CI 1.14–7.14 and OR 5.23; 95% CI 1.66–16.52, respectively). Their most common sequela was ataxia on Day 7 and at control visit (OR 8.55; 95% CI 2.27–32.22 and OR 5.83; 95% CI 1.12–30.4, respectively). The association of a higher admission CSF o-Tyr/Phe ratio with a better course and outcome for pediatric BM points to a beneficial effect of OS.
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Yang R, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang H, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Damage in Bacterial Meningitis: The Underlying Link, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032852. [PMID: 36769171 PMCID: PMC9918147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in supportive care and antimicrobial treatment, bacterial meningitis remains the most serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that poses a serious risk to life. This clinical dilemma is largely due to our insufficient knowledge of the pathology behind this disease. By controlling the entry of molecules into the CNS microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective cellular monolayer that is specific to the CNS's microvasculature, regulates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. A defining feature of the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is the increase in BBB permeability. So far, several contributing factors for BBB disruption have been reported, including direct cellular damage brought on by bacterial virulence factors, as well as host-specific proteins or inflammatory pathways being activated. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting pathological factors contributing to enhanced BBB permeability is an effective therapeutic complement to antimicrobial therapy for treating bacterial meningitis. Hence, understanding how these meningitis-causing pathogens affect the BBB permeability will provide novel perspectives for investigating bacterial meningitis's pathogenesis, prevention, and therapies. Here, we summarized the recent research progress on meningitis-causing pathogens disrupting the barrier function of BBB. This review provides handy information on BBB disruption by meningitis-causing pathogens, and helps design future research as well as develop potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Guleria K, Sehgal A. Additive to Antagonistic Antioxidant Interaction of Black Tea with Three Different Species of Ocimum. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2022.2086512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Guleria
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Amit Sehgal
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Isaiah S, Loots DT, Solomons R, van der Kuip M, Tutu Van Furth AM, Mason S. Overview of Brain-to-Gut Axis Exposed to Chronic CNS Bacterial Infection(s) and a Predictive Urinary Metabolic Profile of a Brain Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:296. [PMID: 32372900 PMCID: PMC7186443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm in neuroscience has recently emerged - the brain-gut axis (BGA). The contemporary focus in this paradigm has been gut → brain ("bottom-up"), in which the gut-microbiome, and its perturbations, affects one's psychological state-of-mind and behavior, and is pivotal in neurodegenerative disorders. The emerging brain → gut ("top-down") concept, the subject of this review, proposes that dysfunctional brain health can alter the gut-microbiome. Feedback of this alternative bidirectional highway subsequently aggravates the neurological pathology. This paradigm shift, however, focuses upon non-communicable neurological diseases (progressive neuroinflammation). What of infectious diseases, in which pathogenic bacteria penetrate the blood-brain barrier and interact with the brain, and what is this effect on the BGA in bacterial infection(s) that cause chronic neuroinflammation? Persistent immune activity in the CNS due to chronic neuroinflammation can lead to irreversible neurodegeneration and neuronal death. The properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as immunological markers, are used to diagnose brain disorders. But what of metabolic markers for such purposes? If a BGA exists, then chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) should theoretically be reflected in the urine. The premise here is that chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) will affect the gut-microbiome and that perturbed metabolism in both the CNS and gut will release metabolites into the blood that are filtered (kidneys) and excreted in the urine. Here we assess the literature on the effects of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases on the gut-microbiome caused by bacterial infection(s) of the CNS, in the context of information attained via metabolomics-based studies of urine. Furthermore, we take a severe chronic neuroinflammatory infectious disease - tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and examine three previously validated CSF immunological biomarkers - vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma and myeloperoxidase - in terms of the expected changes in normal brain metabolism. We then model the downstream metabolic effects expected, predicting pivotal altered metabolic pathways that would be reflected in the urinary profiles of TBM subjects. Our cascading metabolic model should be adjustable to account for other types of CNS bacterial infection(s) associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typically prevalent, and difficult to distinguish from TBM, in the resource-constrained settings of poor communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Isaiah
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Marceline Tutu Van Furth
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Rugemalira E, Roine I, Kuligowski J, Sánchez-Illana Á, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Andersson S, Peltola H, Leite Cruzeiro M, Pelkonen T, Vento M. Protein Oxidation Biomarkers and Myeloperoxidase Activation in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100441. [PMID: 31581487 PMCID: PMC6826731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response in bacterial meningitis (BM) causes the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and activates myeloperoxidase (MPO), an inflammatory enzyme. Thus, structural oxidative and nitrosative damage to proteins and DNA occurs. We aimed to asses these events in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric BM patients. Phenylalanine (Phe), para-tyrosine (p-Tyr), nucleoside 2'-deoxiguanosine (2dG), and biomarkers of ROS/RNS-induced protein and DNA oxidation: ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr), 3-chlorotyrosine (3Cl-Tyr), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NO₂-Tyr) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the initial CSF of 79 children with BM and 10 without BM. All biomarkers, normalized with their corresponding precursors, showed higher median concentrations (p < 0.0001) in BM compared with controls, except 8OHdG/2dG. The ratios o-Tyr/Phe, 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr and 3NO₂-Tyr/p-Tyr were 570, 20 and 4.5 times as high, respectively. A significantly higher 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio was found in BM caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, than by Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Neisseria meningitidis (p = 0.002 for both). In conclusion, biomarkers indicating oxidative damage to proteins distinguished BM patients from non-BM, most clearly the o-Tyr/Phe ratio. The high 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio in pneumococcal meningitis suggests robust inflammation because 3Cl-Tyr is a marker of MPO activation and, indirectly, of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Rugemalira
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Irmeli Roine
- Faculty of Medicine, University Diego Portales, Manuel Rodrigues Sur 333, 8370109 Santiago Region Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Sánchez-Illana
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki Peltola
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Tuula Pelkonen
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino, Rua Amilcar Cabral, Luanda, Angola.
| | - Máximo Vento
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
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Soyocak A, Kurt H, Cosan DT, Saydam F, Calis IU, Kolac UK, Koroglu ZO, Degirmenci I, Mutlu FS, Gunes HV. Tannic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on formalin-induced paw edema model of inflammation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1296-1301. [PMID: 31315458 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119864154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between anti-inflammatory effects of the natural polyphenolic compound tannic acid (CAS number: 1401-55-4) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity in paw edema model. Thirty-five female rats were divided into five groups. The paws of rats were injected subcutaneously in the plantar surface with formalin except for the control group. Indomethacin and tannic acid were intraperitoneally administered 1 h after formalin injection. The paws volume was measured by using vernier caliper. MPO enzyme activity was determined using 4-aminoantipyrine-phenol solution as the substrate for MPO-mediated oxidation by H2O2. About 17% and 13% edema inhibition has detected in the indomethacin-applied group, at the measurements run every other hour right after the treatment. An inhibition of 16% was found at the group treated with 25 mg/kg tannic acid. However, in the group treated with 50 mg/kg tannic acid, 15% and 7% of the edema inhibition was observed. Serum and paw tissue MPO activities were decreased in treated groups with indomethacin and tannic acid according to formalin control group. Our study results suggest that tannic acid may contribute to the treatment of inflammation by decreasing MPO enzyme activity, but the molecular mechanism is still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soyocak
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Kurt
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Turgut Cosan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - F Saydam
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - I U Calis
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - U K Kolac
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Z Ozdemir Koroglu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - I Degirmenci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kütahya Medical Science University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - F Sahin Mutlu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - H V Gunes
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Al-Obaidi MMJ, Desa MNM. Mechanisms of Blood Brain Barrier Disruption by Different Types of Bacteria, and Bacterial-Host Interactions Facilitate the Bacterial Pathogen Invading the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1349-1368. [PMID: 30117097 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to elucidate the different mechanisms of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption that may occur due to invasion by different types of bacteria, as well as to show the bacteria-host interactions that assist the bacterial pathogen in invading the brain. For example, platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is responsible for brain invasion during the adhesion of pneumococci to brain endothelial cells, which might lead to brain invasion. Additionally, the major adhesin of the pneumococcal pilus-1, RrgA is able to bind the BBB endothelial receptors: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), thus leading to invasion of the brain. Moreover, Streptococcus pneumoniae choline binding protein A (CbpA) targets the common carboxy-terminal domain of the laminin receptor (LR) establishing initial contact with brain endothelium that might result in BBB invasion. Furthermore, BBB disruption may occur by S. pneumoniae penetration through increasing in pro-inflammatory markers and endothelial permeability. In contrast, adhesion, invasion, and translocation through or between endothelial cells can be done by S. pneumoniae without any disruption to the vascular endothelium, upon BBB penetration. Internalins (InlA and InlB) of Listeria monocytogenes interact with its cellular receptors E-cadherin and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) to facilitate invading the brain. L. monocytogenes species activate NF-κB in endothelial cells, encouraging the expression of P- and E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), as well as IL-6 and IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), all these markers assist in BBB disruption. Bacillus anthracis species interrupt both adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs), leading to BBB disruption. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) permeability and BBB disruption are induced via interendothelial junction proteins reduction as well as up-regulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1 alpha (MIP1α) markers in Staphylococcus aureus species. Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus toxins (GBS) enhance IL-8 and ICAM-1 as well as nitric oxide (NO) production from endothelial cells via the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enhancement, resulting in BBB disruption. While Gram-negative bacteria, Haemophilus influenza OmpP2 is able to target the common carboxy-terminal domain of LR to start initial interaction with brain endothelium, then invade the brain. H. influenza type b (HiB), can induce BBB permeability through TJ disruption. LR and PAFR binding sites have been recognized as common routes of CNS entrance by Neisseria meningitidis. N. meningitidis species also initiate binding to BMECs and induces AJs deformation, as well as inducing specific cleavage of the TJ component occludin through the release of host MMP-8. Escherichia coli bind to BMECs through LR, resulting in IL-6 and IL-8 release and iNOS production, as well as resulting in disassembly of TJs between endothelial cells, facilitating BBB disruption. Therefore, obtaining knowledge of BBB disruption by different types of bacterial species will provide a picture of how the bacteria enter the central nervous system (CNS) which might support the discovery of therapeutic strategies for each bacteria to control and manage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Jamil Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Santos RCV, Baldisserotto B. Blood-brain barrier breakdown and myeloperoxidase activity in silver catfish experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:209-213. [PMID: 28836668 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and microbial invasion of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered a prerequisite for CNS infections, which contribute to behavioural abnormalities and disease pathogenesis. Based on this information, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes disruption of the BBB, and to investigate the involvement of cerebral myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in this process in experimentally infected silver catfish. The permeability of the BBB to Evans blue dye increased in the infected animals on days three and six post-infection (PI) compared to the control group. Moreover, cerebral MPO activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels also increased in the infected animals on days three and six PI compared to the control group. Based on this evidence, we concluded that P. aaeruginosa causes a disruption of the BBB, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis in the CNS. Moreover, the increase in cerebral MPO activity and ROS levels may be considered a pathway involved in BBB breakdown, allowing the passage of bacteria to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - R C V Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - B Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Bernhart E, Kogelnik N, Prasch J, Gottschalk B, Goeritzer M, Depaoli MR, Reicher H, Nusshold C, Plastira I, Hammer A, Fauler G, Malli R, Graier WF, Malle E, Sattler W. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid induces ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2018; 15:441-451. [PMID: 29413957 PMCID: PMC5975063 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through the release of cytotoxic mediators. These include hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system of activated phagocytes. HOCl targets the endogenous pool of ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) generating chlorinated inflammatory mediators like e.g. 2-chlorohexadecanal and its conversion product 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA). In the cerebrovasculature these compounds inflict damage to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that form the morphological basis of the BBB. To follow subcellular trafficking of 2-ClHA we synthesized a ‘clickable’ alkyne derivative (2-ClHyA) that phenocopied the biological activity of the parent compound. Confocal and superresolution structured illumination microscopy revealed accumulation of 2-ClHyA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of human BMVEC (hCMEC/D3 cell line). 2-ClHA and its alkyne analogue interfered with protein palmitoylation, induced ER-stress markers, reduced the ER ATP content, and activated transcription and secretion of interleukin (IL)−6 as well as IL-8. 2-ClHA disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) inhibitor GSK2606414 suppressed 2-ClHA-mediated activating transcription factor 4 synthesis and IL-6/8 secretion, but showed no effect on endothelial barrier dysfunction and cleavage of procaspase-3. Our data indicate that 2-ClHA induces potent lipotoxic responses in brain endothelial cells and could have implications in inflammation-induced BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Jürgen Prasch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Maria Rosa Depaoli
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Roland Malli
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
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Mason S, Reinecke CJ, Solomons R, Wevers RA, Engelke UFH. 1H NMR spectral identification of medication in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric meningitis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:56-61. [PMID: 28570955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exploratory metabolomics studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, hold major potential application in neurodiagnostics. Such studies, however, rely upon established databases of known metabolites. Here we address the 'unknowns' in the 1H NMR spectra of CSF from treated pediatric meningitis cases. Through knowledge of the clinical information given by the pediatrician and analytical application of 1H NMR spectroscopy on pure reference compounds of the medication used, we identified four of the previously unknown compounds in the 1H NMR CSF spectra - the drugs pyrazinamide, isoniazid, acyclovir, and sulfamethoxazole. We report on the one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectral data and chemical information of these four compounds. By expanding our knowledge of 1H NMR CSF spectra from treated meningitis cases, we are able to bring 1H NMR closer to the forefront of neurodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Mason
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Carolus J Reinecke
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Udo F H Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ray RS, Katyal A. Myeloperoxidase: Bridging the gap in neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:611-620. [PMID: 27343997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative conditions present a group of complex disease pathologies mostly due to unknown aetiology resulting in neuronal death and permanent neurological disability. Any undesirable stress to the brain, disrupts homeostatic balance, through a remarkable convergence of pathophysiological changes and immune dysregulation. The crosstalk between inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms results in the release of neurotoxic mediators apparently spearheaded by myeloperoxidase derived from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons as well as peripheral inflammatory cells. These isolated entities combinedly have the potential to flare up and contribute significantly to neuropathology and disease progression. Recent, clinicopathological evidence support the association of myeloperoxidase and its cytotoxic product, hypochlorous acid in a plethora of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, Stroke, Epilepsy etc. But the biochemical and mechanistic insights into myeloperoxidase mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal death is still an uncharted territory. The current review outlines the emerging recognition of myeloperoxidase in neurodegeneration, which may offer novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ray
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
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12
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Nusshold C, Üllen A, Kogelnik N, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Plastira I, Glasnov T, Zangger K, Rechberger G, Kollroser M, Fauler G, Wolinski H, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Kohlwein SD, Couraud PO, Malle E, Sattler W. Assessment of electrophile damage in a human brain endothelial cell line utilizing a clickable alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanal. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:59-74. [PMID: 26577177 PMCID: PMC6392177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes aggravate brain damage by releasing cytotoxic mediators that compromise blood-brain barrier function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system. The reaction of HOCl with the endogenous plasmalogen pool of brain endothelial cells results in the generation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a toxic, lipid-derived electrophile that induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vivo. Here, we synthesized an alkynyl-analog of 2-ClHDA, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA) to identify potential protein targets in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Similar to 2-ClHDA, 2-ClHDyA administration reduced cell viability/metabolic activity, induced processing of pro-caspase-3 and PARP, and led to endothelial barrier dysfunction at low micromolar concentrations. Protein-2-ClHDyA adducts were fluorescently labeled with tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in situ, which unveiled a preferential accumulation of 2-ClHDyA adducts in mitochondria, the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomes. Thirty-three proteins that are subject to 2-ClHDyA-modification in hCMEC/D3 cells were identified by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins include cytoskeletal components that are central to tight junction patterning, metabolic enzymes, induction of the oxidative stress response, and electrophile damage to the caveolar/endosomal Rab machinery. A subset of the targets was validated by a combination of N3-TAMRA click chemistry and specific antibodies by fluorescence microscopy. This novel alkyne analog is a valuable chemical tool to identify cellular organelles and protein targets of 2-ClHDA-mediated damage in settings where myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants may play a disease-propagating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Rechberger
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria; OMICS-Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | | | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
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13
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Üllen A, Nusshold C, Glasnov T, Saf R, Cantillo D, Eibinger G, Reicher H, Fauler G, Bernhart E, Hallstrom S, Kogelnik N, Zangger K, Oliver Kappe C, Malle E, Sattler W. Covalent adduct formation between the plasmalogen-derived modification product 2-chlorohexadecanal and phloretin. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:470-81. [PMID: 25576489 PMCID: PMC4321883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid added as reagent or generated by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl− system oxidatively modifies brain ether-phospholipids (plasmalogens). This reaction generates a sn2-acyl-lysophospholipid and chlorinated fatty aldehydes. 2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a prototypic member of chlorinated long-chain fatty aldehydes, has potent neurotoxic potential by inflicting blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. During earlier studies we could show that the dihydrochalcone-type polyphenol phloretin attenuated 2-ClHDA-induced BBB dysfunction. To clarify the underlying mechanism(s) we now investigated the possibility of covalent adduct formation between 2-ClHDA and phloretin. Coincubation of 2-ClHDA and phloretin in phosphatidylcholine liposomes revealed a half-life of 2-ClHDA of approx. 120 min, decaying at a rate of 5.9 × 10−3 min−1. NMR studies and enthalpy calculations suggested that 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct formation occurs via electrophilic aromatic substitution followed by hemiacetal formation on the A-ring of phloretin. Adduct characterization by high-resolution mass spectroscopy confirmed these results. In contrast to 2-ClHDA, the covalent 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct was without adverse effects on MTT reduction (an indicator for metabolic activity), cellular adenine nucleotide content, and barrier function of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC). Of note, 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct formation was also observed in BMVEC cultures. Intraperitoneal application and subsequent GC–MS analysis of brain lipid extracts revealed that phloretin is able to penetrate the BBB of C57BL/6J mice. Data of the present study indicate that phloretin scavenges 2-ClHDA, thereby attenuating 2-ClHDA-mediated brain endothelial cell dysfunction. We here identify a detoxification pathway for a prototypic chlorinated fatty aldehyde (generated via the MPO axis) that compromises BBB function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Eibinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Seth Hallstrom
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Sequential analysis of oxidative stress markers and vitamin C status in acute bacterial osteomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:975061. [PMID: 25180026 PMCID: PMC4142778 DOI: 10.1155/2014/975061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacterial bone infections, excessively formed oxidants may result in local and systemic oxidative stress. Vitamin C is the major extracellular nonenzymatic antioxidant, also implicated in bone cells metabolism and viability. The physiological functions of vitamin C largely depend on its redox status. We sequentially assessed oxidative stress markers, hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant activity (AOA), total vitamin C, ascorbic acid (Asc), and oxidized/reduced vitamin C ratio in 137 patients with acute osteomyelitis (OM). Compared to 52 healthy controls, in OM group baseline serum hydroperoxides, MDA and oxidized/reduced vitamin C ratio were higher whilst Asc and AOA were lower (P < 0.05, resp.). On the other side, total vitamin C levels in patients and controls were similar (P > 0.05), thereby suggesting a relative rather than absolute vitamin C deficiency in OM. During the follow-up, oxidative stress markers, AOA, and oxidizedreduced vitamin C ratio were gradually returned to normal, while there was no apparent change of total vitamin C concentrations. Persistently high values of oxidized/reduced vitamin C ratio and serum MDA were found in subacute OM. In conclusion, acute OM was associated with enhanced systemic oxidative stress and the shift of vitamin C redox status towards oxidized forms.
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15
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Üllen A, Singewald E, Konya V, Fauler G, Reicher H, Nusshold C, Hammer A, Kratky D, Heinemann A, Holzer P, Malle E, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants induce blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64034. [PMID: 23691142 PMCID: PMC3653856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes can exacerbate brain damage by release of cytotoxic mediators that disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formed via the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-) system. In the present study we examined the role of leukocyte activation, leukocyte-derived MPO and MPO-generated oxidants on BBB function in vitro and in vivo. In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation, neutrophils that had become adherent released MPO into the cerebrovasculature. In vivo, LPS-induced BBB dysfunction was significantly lower in MPO-deficient mice as compared to wild-type littermates. Both, fMLP-activated leukocytes and the MPO-H2O2-Cl(-) system inflicted barrier dysfunction of primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that was partially rescued with the MPO inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide. BMVEC treatment with the MPO-H2O2-Cl(-) system or activated neutrophils resulted in the formation of plasmalogen-derived chlorinated fatty aldehydes. 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) severely compromised BMVEC barrier function and induced morphological alterations in tight and adherens junctions. In situ perfusion of rat brain with 2-ClHDA increased BBB permeability in vivo. 2-ClHDA potently activated the MAPK cascade at physiological concentrations. An ERK1/2 and JNK antagonist (PD098059 and SP600125, respectively) protected against 2-ClHDA-induced barrier dysfunction in vitro. The current data provide evidence that interference with the MPO pathway could protect against BBB dysfunction under (neuro)inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Evelin Singewald
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:371465. [PMID: 23766853 PMCID: PMC3665263 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is a life-threatening disease characterized by an acute purulent infection affecting the pia mater, the arachnoid, and the subarachnoid spaces. Streptococcus pneumoniae crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by both transcellular traversal and disruption of the intraepithelial tight junctions to allow intercellular traversal. During multiplication, pneumococci release their bacterial products, which are highly immunogenic and may lead to an increased inflammatory response in the host. Thus, these compounds are recognized by antigen-presenting cells through the binding of toll-like receptors. These receptors induce the activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which interacts with various protein kinases, including IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4), which is phosphorylated and dissociated from MyD88. These products also interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 dependent signaling pathway (TRAF6). This cascade provides a link to NF-κB-inducing kinase, resulting in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory molecules in response to bacterial stimuli. Consequently, polymorphonuclear cells are attracted from the bloodstream and then activated, releasing large amounts of NO•, O2•, and H2O2. This formation generates oxidative and nitrosative stress, subsequently, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, and BBB breakdown, which contributes to cell injury during pneumococcal meningitis.
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Huang SH, Wang L, Chi F, Wu CH, Cao H, Zhang A, Jong A. Circulating brain microvascular endothelial cells (cBMECs) as potential biomarkers of the blood-brain barrier disorders caused by microbial and non-microbial factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62164. [PMID: 23637989 PMCID: PMC3637435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive research, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury caused by microbial infection, stroke, abused drugs [e.g., methamphetamine (METH) and nicotine], and other pathogenic insults, remain the world's leading cause of disabilities. In our previous work, we found that dysfunction of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), which are a major component of the BBB, could be caused by nicotine, meningitic pathogens and microbial factors, including HIV-1 virulence factors gp41 and gp120. One of the most challenging issues in this area is that there are no available cell-based biomarkers in peripheral blood for BBB disorders caused by microbial and non-microbial insults. To identify such cellular biomarkers for BBB injuries, our studies have shown that mice treated with nicotine, METH and gp120 resulted in increased blood levels of CD146+(endothelial marker)/S100B+ (brain marker) circulating BMECs (cBMECs) and CD133+[progenitor cell (PC) marker]/CD146+ endothelial PCs (EPCs), along with enhanced Evans blue and albumin extravasation into the brain. Nicotine and gp120 were able to significantly increase the serum levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) (a new BBB marker) as well as S100B in mice, which are correlated with the changes in cBMECs and EPCs. Nicotine- and meningitic E. coli K1-induced enhancement of cBMEC levels, leukocyte migration across the BBB and albumin extravasation into the brain were significantly reduced in alpha7 nAChR knockout mice, suggesting that this inflammatory regulator plays an important role in CNS inflammation and BBB disorders caused by microbial and non-microbial factors. These results demonstrated that cBMECs as well as EPCs may be used as potential cell-based biomarkers for indexing of BBB injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-He Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Abstract
Abstract
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Barichello T, Lemos JC, Generoso JS, Cipriano AL, Milioli GL, Marcelino DM, Vuolo F, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F, Vilela MC, Teixeira AL. Oxidative stress, cytokine/chemokine and disruption of blood-brain barrier in neonate rats after meningitis by Streptococcus agalactiae. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1922-30. [PMID: 21633926 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We verify the levels of cytokine/chemokine, myeloperoxidase activity, oxidative stress and disruption of BBB in hippocampus and cortex of the neonate Wistar rats after meningitis by S. agalactiae. In the hippocampus the levels were increased of CINC-1 at 6 h and 12 h, IL-1β at 6, 12 and 24 h, IL-6 at 6, 24 and 96 h, IL-10 at 24, 48 and 96 h and TNF-α at 24 h and 96 h. In the cortex the CINC-1 and IL-1β levels were found increased at 6 h. The MPO activity was significantly elevated at 24, 48 and 98 h in hippocampus and at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h in the cortex. The breakdown of BBB started at 12 h.TBARS levels were elevated in the hippocampus at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and cortex at 72 and 96 h. Protein carbonyls were elevated in the hippocampus and cortex at 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. There was a decrease of SOD activity in hippocampus and in cortex. Catalase activity was elevated in hippocampus at 6 h and in the cortex at 12 and 96 h. Neonatal bacterial infections of the CNS are severe, the interference with the complex network of cytokines/chemokine, other inflammatory mediators and oxidants tend to aggravate the illness and can be involved in the breakdown of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Unusual cause of cerebral vasospasm after pituitary surgery. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:673-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Significance of the Oxidative Stress Parameters in ChildrenPharmacotherapy of pediatric diseases represents a major challenge considering that the majority of medicines in everyday practice have not been pediatrically evaluated. The efficacy of therapy depends to a large extent on the knowledge of pathophysiological processes in the children organism at different ages. Therefore, research in that direction is of the utmost importance. An imbalance in the production of free oxygen/nitrogen species and parameters of antioxidative protection is a significant factor in many diseases (e.g. heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, neonatal sepsis, cancer etc.) in children of different age groups. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species serve as cell signaling molecules for normal biologic processes. An increase in their generation can cause damages which can disrupt normal physiological cellular processes and eventually cause cell death. This review outlines the previous assessments of oxidative stress parameters in children of different ages for some diseases. Also, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for the oxydative stress parameters in children have been considered.
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