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Bayranj Z, Fotros D, Sohouli MH, Rohani P, Eslahi M, Ferdosi S, Khodadadi N, Hosseinzadeh M. The relation between MIND diet with odds of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Iranian children: a case-control study. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38975687 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2375493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association between the MIND index (Mediterranean- Dietary approaches to Stop Hypertension diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Iranian children. It builds upon existing research that highlights the role of dietary antioxidants in alleviating psychological disorders, cognitive impairments, and memory deficits. Additionally, previous studies have separately explored the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean and DASH diets on these issues. A case-control study was undertaken in Iran, involving a sample of 360 children and adolescents aged 7-13 years. Participants were divided into two groups, namely the case group (n = 120) and the control group (n = 240), with age and sex being matched between the groups. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR) was employed for the diagnosis of ADHD. The MIND diet score was computed using the food intake data acquired from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) completed by the subjects. The mean ± SD for the age and BMI of the study population was 8.76 ± 1.64 years and 16.90 ± 3.58 kg/m2, respectively. The mean score of MIND in this study was 27.93. After adjustment for potential confounder in the final model, subjects in highest compared to the lowest quartile of MIND diet score had significantly lower odds of ADHD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.83; P-trend = 0.019). This study provides valuable evidence suggesting that adherence to the MIND diet is associated with decreased odds of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bayranj
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Danial Fotros
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Eslahi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samira Ferdosi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navideh Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, Sipos R. Metabolomic Markers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4385. [PMID: 38673970 PMCID: PMC11050195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by clinical diversity, poses diagnostic challenges often reliant on subjective assessments. Metabolomics presents an objective approach, seeking biomarkers for precise diagnosis and targeted interventions. This review synthesizes existing metabolomic insights into ADHD, aiming to reveal biological mechanisms and diagnostic potentials. A thorough PubMed and Web of Knowledge search identified studies exploring blood/urine metabolites in ADHD-diagnosed or psychometrically assessed children and adolescents. Synthesis revealed intricate links between ADHD and altered amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter dysregulation (especially dopamine and serotonin), oxidative stress, and the kynurenine pathway impacting neurotransmitter homeostasis. Sleep disturbance markers, notably in melatonin metabolism, and stress-induced kynurenine pathway activation emerged. Distinct metabolic signatures, notably in the kynurenine pathway, show promise as potential diagnostic markers. Despite limitations like participant heterogeneity, this review underscores the significance of integrated therapeutic approaches targeting amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and stress pathways. While guiding future research, this overview of the metabolomic findings in ADHD suggests directions for precision diagnostics and personalized ADHD interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Tudor Vaidean
- Clinic of Pediatric Psychiatry and Addiction, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Marlena Rapciuc
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Sipos
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Kılıçoğlu AG, Zadehgan Afshord T, Derin S, Ertas E, Coskun P, Aktas S, Guler EM. Comparison of Possible Changes in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammatory Markers in Children/Adolescents Diagnosed with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Children/Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2023; 33:325-331. [PMID: 37590480 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: There has been a debate on whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) differs from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there have been many studies on metabolic parameters in relation to ADHD, no similar studies have been conducted on patients with SCT. We investigated whether there are differences between SCT and ADHD in terms of these factors. Subjects and Methods: Sixty-two participants with ages ranging from 11 to 18 who have diagnosis of ADHD (33 subjects) and SCT (29 subjects) were included in this study. The parents of all participants completed the 48-item Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Barkley Child Attention Scale (BCAS) forms, and all participants' blood was taken to compare metabolic, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status of the SCT and ADHD groups. A child and adolescent psychiatrist interviewed the parents and children to assess the diagnosis of SCT and ADHD using standard diagnostic procedures. Results: In the comparison between the SCT and ADHD groups in terms of metabolic parameters, statistically significant differences were found in terms of total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, Oxidative Stress Index, total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and DNA damage (p < 0.05), but not in terms of tumor necrosis factor-α (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our data showed that these two disorders may be different, but we believe that the data that indicate their differences remain inconclusive overall, but this study may be a potential pathway for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Güven Kılıçoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Songul Derin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Pınar Coskun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selman Aktas
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Clinic of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Thiol disulfide homeostasis in psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110719. [PMID: 36634809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide couple maintains an intracellular redox status. Dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis acts crucial parts in metabolic processes involving signal mechanisms, inflammation, antioxidant defense. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis have been implicated in numerous diseases. In this comprehensive review we identified the studies that examined the thiol-disulfide homeostasis in psychiatric disorders. Most cases demonstrated alterations in thiol-disulfide homeostasis and in most of them the thiol-disulfide balance tended to change direction to the disulfide side, that is, to the oxidative side. Currently, the fact that N-acetylcysteine, a thiol-containing compound, is of great interest as a new treatment approach in psychiatric disorders and the role of glutathione, the most abundant thiol, in the brain highlights the importance of evaluating the thiol-disulfide balance in psychiatric disorders.
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Miniksar DY, Cansız MA, Göçmen AY, Kılıç M, Miniksar ÖH. The Effect of Drug Use, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure on Oxidative Stress Levels in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:88-98. [PMID: 36700315 PMCID: PMC9889889 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2023.21.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between clinical variables such as body mass index, blood pressure, drug use and oxidative stress level in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the serum of 51 patients (38 male, 13 female) diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 32 control subjects (12 male, 20 female). The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version was applied to all participants. Results The mean TOS, OSI, MDA values were determined to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the mean SOD value was lower in the ADHD group (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis indicated significantly lower SOD and diastolic blood pressure values and significantly higher MDA in the ADHD group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Low SOD (sensitivity 90.2%, specificity 78.0%) and high MDA (sensitivity 86.3%, specificity 81.2%) were determined to be predictive parameters for diagnosing ADHD. In univariate analysis, the mean TOS, OSI and SOD values were higher in ADHD patients under medication, while the mean TAS was higher in patients not using medication (p < 0.01). Only TOS was significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that impaired oxidative balance may play a role in the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Atatürk Road 7. Km Azizli/Yozgat 66100, Turkey, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-4377
| | - Mehmet Akif Cansız
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Mahmut Kılıç
- Department of Public Health, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ökkeş Hakan Miniksar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Clinical Investigation of French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as compared to Methylphenidate and Placebo: Part 2: Oxidative Stress and Immunological Modulation. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kilany A, Nashaat NH, Zeidan HM, Hashish AF, El-Saied MM, Abdelraouf ER. Kynurenine and oxidative stress in children having learning disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: possible role and involvement. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:356. [PMID: 36127656 PMCID: PMC9487051 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiological and pathophysiological factors of learning disorder (LD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are currently not well understood. These disorders disrupt some cognitive abilities. Identifying biomarkers for these disorders is a cornerstone to their proper management. Kynurenine (KYN) and oxidative stress markers have been reported to influence some cognitive abilities. Therefore, the aim was to measure the level of KYN and some oxidative stress indicators in children with LD with and without ADHD and to investigate their correlations with the abilities of children with LD. Methods The study included 154 participants who were divided into 3 groups: one for children who have LD (N = 69); another for children with LD and ADHD (N = 31); and a group for neurotypical (NT) children (N = 54). IQ testing, reading, writing, and other ability performance evaluation was performed for children with LD. Measuring plasma levels of KYN, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for all participants. Results Some IQ measures and learning skills differed between the first two groups. The biochemical measures differed between children with LD (with and without ADHD) and NT children (p < 0.001). However, the biochemical measures did not show a significant statistical difference between the first two groups. KYN and glutathione peroxidase levels were correlated with one-minute writing and at-risk quotient, respectively (p = 0.03;0.04). KYN and malondialdehyde showed the highest sensitivity and specificity values. Conclusion These biochemical measures could be involved or have a role in the abilities’ performance of children with specific learning disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Kilany
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.,Pediatric Neurology Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen Hassan Nashaat
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt. .,Learning Disability and Neurorehabilitation Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hala M Zeidan
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Adel F Hashish
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M El-Saied
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.,Learning Disability and Neurorehabilitation Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Ragaa Abdelraouf
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Children with Special Needs Research Department, National Research Centre, Elbuhouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.,Learning Disability and Neurorehabilitation Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Doneray E, Yazici KU, Yazici IP, Ustundag B. Altered Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway in Children Diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Effect of 10 Weeks Methylphenidate Treatment. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:350-363. [PMID: 35466106 PMCID: PMC9048004 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.2.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, we investigated the levels of arginine, nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and adrenomedullin that are presumed to play a role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) etiology, and to compare the findings with healthy controls. Methods Thirty ADHD patients and thirty healthy control subjects aged 6−12 years were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version; Conners’ Parent/Teacher Rating Scale-Revised Long Form; Children’s Depression Inventory; and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were applied to all cases. All participants included in the study were evaluated in terms of their serum arginine, NO, ADMA, and adrenomedullin levels. Subsequently, methylphenidate treatment was started in ADHD patients and blood parameters were tested again in the tenth week of treatment. Results At the start of the study, arginine and ADMA levels were significantly higher and NO and adrenomedullin levels were significantly lower in the ADHD group compared to the control group. Post-treatment arginine and ADMA levels were found to be significantly lower than in the pre-treatment period. There were no significant differences in NO and adrenomedullin levels before and after treatment. There was no correlation between scale scores and blood parameters. Conclusion These variations in the blood parameters of the ADHD group seem to be worth further investigation. Studies to be conducted with larger sample groups after longer-term treatment may provide new information about the alterations in neurobiological processes related to ADHD etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Doneray
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Kemal Utku Yazici
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ipek Percinel Yazici
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ustundag
- Department of Biochemistry, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
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Darabi Z, Sangouni AA, Darand M, Vasmehjani AA, Hosseinzadeh M. Dietary phytochemical index and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Iranian children: a case control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:456-461. [PMID: 34112986 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder among children. Based on literature, it has been hypothesized that the higher intake of rich sources of phytochemicals may be inversely related to the risk of ADHD. We investigated the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with odds of ADHD. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 360 children and adolescents 7-13 years old in Yazd, Iran. Subjects were categorized into the case (n = 120) and control groups (n = 240) based on matching age and sex. To diagnose ADHD, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSMIV-TR) was used. Food frequency questionnaire was used to measure food intake. DPI was calculated by percent of daily energy intake from phytochemical-rich foods. The association of DPI with the odds ratio of ADHD was examined by logistic regression. RESULTS Subjects in the highest quartile of DPI have higher intake of macronutrient, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid compared to lowest quartile. After adjusting for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of DPI compared with subjects in the lowest quartile showed a lower risk of ADHD (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.18-0.90). There was a significant decreasing trend in the odds of ADHD across increasing quartile of DPI (P for trend: 0.02). CONCLUSION We found that higher DPI score is associated with lower risk of ADHD in children. Cohort and clinical studies are necessary to approve our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Darabi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mina Darand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azam Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Ashok A, Andrabi SS, Mansoor S, Kuang Y, Kwon BK, Labhasetwar V. Antioxidant Therapy in Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Clinical Translation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020408. [PMID: 35204290 PMCID: PMC8869281 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are formed as a part of normal metabolic activities but are neutralized by the endogenous antioxidants present in cells/tissue, thus maintaining the redox balance. This redox balance is disrupted in certain neuropathophysiological conditions, causing oxidative stress, which is implicated in several progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Following neuronal injury, secondary injury progression is also caused by excessive production of free radicals. Highly reactive free radicals, mainly the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), damage the cell membrane, proteins, and DNA, which triggers a self-propagating inflammatory cascade of degenerative events. Dysfunctional mitochondria under oxidative stress conditions are considered a key mediator in progressive neurodegeneration. Exogenous delivery of antioxidants holds promise to alleviate oxidative stress to regain the redox balance. In this regard, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been evaluated. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, clinical translation of antioxidants as a therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive. The issues could be their low bioavailability, instability, limited transport to the target tissue, and/or poor antioxidant capacity, requiring repeated and high dosing, which cannot be administered to humans because of dose-limiting toxicity. Our laboratory is investigating nanoparticle-mediated delivery of antioxidant enzymes to address some of the above issues. Apart from being endogenous, the main advantage of antioxidant enzymes is their catalytic mechanism of action; hence, they are significantly more effective at lower doses in detoxifying the deleterious effects of free radicals than nonenzymatic antioxidants. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of antioxidant therapy, challenges in their clinical translation, and the role nanoparticles/drug delivery systems could play in addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushruti Ashok
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Syed Suhail Andrabi
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Saffar Mansoor
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youzhi Kuang
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada;
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Darabi Z, Vasmehjani AA, Darand M, Sangouni AA, Hosseinzadeh M. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A case control study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:346-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Waits A, Chang CH, Yu CJ, Du JC, Chiou HC, Hou JW, Yang W, Chen HC, Chen YS, Hwang B, Chen ML. Exposome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese children: exploring risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:169-176. [PMID: 34267309 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed in ~7% of school-aged children. The role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) and oxidative stress in ADHD etiology are not clear. OBJECTIVE Assessment of the associations between simultaneous exposure to multiple compounds and ADHD in children. METHODS The case-control study included 76 clinically diagnosed ADHD cases and 98 controls, aged 4-15 years old. Concentrations quartiles of urinary metabolites of acrylamide, acrolein, nonylphenol, phthalates, and organophosphate pesticides and biomarkers of oxidative stress were used to fit logistic regressions for each compound and weighted quantiles sum (WQS) regression for the mixture. RESULTS Positive dose-response relationships with ADHD were observed for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA) (odds ratio(OR)Q4 = 3.73, 95%CI [1.32, 11.04], ptrend = 0.003), dimethyl phosphate (DMP) (ORQ4 = 4.04, 95%CI [1.34, 12.94], ptrend = 0.014) and diethyl phosphate (ORQ4 = 2.61, 95%CI = [0.93, 7.66], ptrend = 0.030), and for the mixture of compounds (ORWQS = 3.82, 95%CI = [1.78, 8.19]) with the main contributions from HNE-MA (28.9%) and DMP (18.4%). CONCLUSIONS The dose-response relationship suggests enhanced susceptibility to EDC burden in children even at lower levels, whereas the main risk is likely from organophosphate pesticides. HNE-MA is recommended as a sensitive biomarker of lipid peroxidation in the further elucidation of the oxidative stress role in ADHD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Waits
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Tao Yuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huang Chang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chieh Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chih Chiou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Woei Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheue Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betau Hwang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kurhan F, Alp HH. Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis and Oxidative DNA Damage in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:731-738. [PMID: 34690128 PMCID: PMC8553522 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.4.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Insufficient number of oxidative stress studies have been conducted in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of the current study is to examine the thiol/disulfide homeostasis as well as oxidative DNA damage levels in adult ADHD patients and to compare them with the results of healthy control subjects. Methods The study was inclusive of forty-nine patients who were diagnosed with adult ADHD, as well as thirty-three healthy volunteers to be used as the control group. The diagnosis of the patients was conducted according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Blood were stored under appropriate laboratory conditions. For the purpose of detecting the oxidative DNA damage level, an extraction of genomic DNA from leukocytes was carried out, and furthermore the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), apart from deoxyguanosine, were measured accordingly. Results Total thiol and the native thiol levels were observed to be statistically lower in adult ADHD patients as compared to the subjects in the healthy control group (p = 0.001). It was observed that the disulfide levels were higher in adult ADHD patients as compared to the healthy control subjects (p = 0.001). In addition, the levels of 8-OHdG, which are considered as a marker for assessing DNA damage, were found to be significantly lower in the control group as compared to the adult ADHD patients (p = 0.001). Conclusion It was observed that the thiol/disulfide homeostasis had shifted towards disulfide, and 8-OHdG levels were increased in adult ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Kurhan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Departments of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Perinatal Acetaminophen Exposure and Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Exploring the Role of Umbilical Cord Plasma Metabolites in Oxidative Stress Pathways. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101302. [PMID: 34679367 PMCID: PMC8533963 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress mechanisms may explain associations between perinatal acetaminophen exposure and childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated whether the changes in umbilical cord plasma amino acids needed to synthesize the antioxidant glutathione and in the oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine may explain the association between cord plasma acetaminophen and ADHD in the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC). Mother–child dyads were followed at the Boston Medical Center between 1998 and 2018. Cord plasma analytes were measured from archived samples collected at birth. Physician diagnoses of childhood ADHD were obtained from medical records. The final sample consisted of 568 participants (child mean age [SD]: 9.3 [3.5] years, 315 (52.8%) male, 248 (43.7%) ADHD, 320 (56.3%) neurotypical development). Cord unmetabolized acetaminophen was positively correlated with methionine (R = 0.33, p < 0.001), serine (R = 0.30, p < 0.001), glycine (R = 0.34, p < 0.001), and glutamate (R = 0.16, p < 0.001). Children with cord acetaminophen levels >50th percentile appeared to have higher risk of ADHD for each increase in cord 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine level. Adjusting for covariates, increasing cord methionine, glycine, serine, and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine were associated with significantly higher odds for childhood ADHD. Cord methionine statistically mediated 22.1% (natural indirect effect logOR = 0.167, SE = 0.071, p = 0.019) and glycine mediated 22.0% (natural indirect effect logOR = 0.166, SE = 0.078, p = 0.032) of the association between cord acetaminophen >50th percentile with ADHD. Our findings provide some clues, but additional investigation into oxidative stress pathways and the association of acetaminophen exposure and childhood ADHD is warranted.
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Gungor M, Kurutas EB, Oner E, Unsal V, Altun H, Yalin AE, Yalin S, Bozkus O, Sahin N. Diagnostic Performance of Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptors Levels in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:530-536. [PMID: 34294622 PMCID: PMC8316662 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous, highly heritable, a common childhood neurobehavioural disorder resulting from complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. The erythropoietin (Epo)/erythropoietin receptors (EpoR) system turned out to have additional important functions in nonhematopoietic tissue. In this study, we aimed to investigate the levels of Epo and and EpoR, and also their diagnostic values in children with ADHD. Methods A total of 70 children were included in the study, 35 drug-naive patients with ADHD (age 6−12 years; male/female 20/15) and 35 healthy controls (age 6−12 years; male/female 22/13). Serum Epo and EpoR levels was determined using a commercial sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results The results indicated that the levels of Epo decreased in patients with ADHD compared to control (p < 0.05). On the other hand, EpoR levels increased in these patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of Epo/EpoR was significantly lower in ADHD patients than controls (p < 0.05). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed high diagnostic performance for Epo and EpoR, areas under curve were 0.980 and 1.000, respectively. Conclusion This is the first report to investigate the association between serum Epo and EpoR levels in ADHD patients. Our results indicated that Epo may play a role in the etiology of ADHD, and Epo therapy may be beneficial in these disorders if given in addition to the routine treatment of children with ADHD. Furthermore, our results reveal possible diagnostic value of Epo and EpoR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Gungor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sanko University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Erkan Oner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Velid Unsal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Central Research Laboratory, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Hatice Altun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ali Erdinc Yalin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serap Yalin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Bozkus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Nilfer Sahin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sitki Koçman University, Mugla, Turkey
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Ozkan Y, Kandemir H, Yalın Sapmaz S, Taneli F, Ozdemir H, Gozaçanlar Ozkan O. Thiol/disulfide homeostasis in medication-naive children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:159-164. [PMID: 34116441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) causes significant psychic distress and affects children's social and academic functioning. Approximately 80% of OCD cases begin in childhood. Earlier onset is associated with more severe OC symptoms, poorer treatment response, and a more unfavorable clinical course. A particular oxidative stress marker, thiol/disulfide homeostasis, using a new, comparatively inexpensive, easily calculated, easily accessible, repeatable, and fully automated method was investigated between pediatric patients diagnosed with OCD and a healthy control group in this study. This study is the first to address this subject in pediatric patients with OCD and aims to contribute to our knowledge of the etiopathogenesis and treatment of pediatric OCD. The study included children with OCD (n = 35, 52.2%) (drug free, comorbidity free) between 11 and 18 years of age and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 32, 47.8%). The total thiol (p = 0.025) and disulfide (p = 0.001) levels and the disulfide/native thiol (p = 0.001) and disulfide/total thiol ratios (p = 0.001) were significantly different between the groups. Also, in the patient group, biochemical analysis revealed that the disulfide level (p = 0.05) and the disulfide/native thiol (p = 0.034) and disulfide/total thiol ratios (p = 0.039) differed significantly according to the presence of a family history of psychiatric disorders. Consequently, the results of our study show that thiol/disulfide homeostasis may affect the etiopathogenesis of pediatric OCD and can be utilized as a new method when evaluating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekta Ozkan
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cankiri State Hospital, Cankiri, 18100, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, 45030, Turkey.
| | - Sermin Yalın Sapmaz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, 45030, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, 45030, Turkey.
| | - Habib Ozdemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, 34480, Turkey.
| | - Ozge Gozaçanlar Ozkan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, 45030, Turkey.
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Potential Novel Therapies for Neurodevelopmental Diseases Targeting Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6640206. [PMID: 34336109 PMCID: PMC8321748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a category of diseases that is not yet fully understood. Due to their common traits and pathways, often it is difficult to differentiate between them based on their symptoms only. A series of hypotheses are trying to define their etiology, such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunology, but none have managed to explain their multifactorial manifestation. One feature that may link all theories is that of oxidative stress, with a redox imbalance as well as several other markers of oxidative damage (on lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) being observed in both postmortem samples of the brain of patients with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. However, the implication of oxidative stress in pathology is still distrustfully looked upon. For this purpose, in the current paper, we were interested in reviewing the implications of oxidative stress in these disorders as well as the impact of N-acetylcysteine on the oxidative status with a focus on the glutathione level and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. We were also interested in finding papers targeting the use of antioxidant properties of different plant extracts.
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Jamshidnia A, Tavallaei M, Hosseinzadeh M. Food intake and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A case_control study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:342-347. [PMID: 34330488 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of present study was to determine and compare food intake in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 110 hyperactive children who had referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Clinic and Imam Hussein Psychological Center in Yazd were selected. In addition, for each case, two healthy controls homogenized in terms of age and sexes were enrolled from primary schools in Yazd, from the same urban region of the cases. After completing the general information questionnaires, height and weight were measured. The food intake of individuals was evaluated through a validated food frequency questionnaire comprising 186 items. As for quantitative and categorical variables, the independent t-test and chi-square test were used respectively, and the values were reported as mean and standard deviation. Independent T-test was used to compare food intake between the two groups. RESULTS No significant difference was identified between body mass index and energy intake of the two groups. Hyperactive children proved to have a higher rate of physical activity than non-hyperactive children (p = 0.001). Vitamin B12 and riboflavin consumption in hyperactive children proved to be significantly lower than that of the healthy group (p = 0.02). Intake of refine grain in the case group was significantly higher compared to the control group (p = 0.02). Healthy children consumed fruits and vegetable (p = 0.02), low fat milk (p = 0.003) and egg (p = 0.01) more than children with ADHD. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that hyperactive children consume less fruit and vegetables, low-fat milk and eggs as well as food sources containing B vitamins while consuming higher levels of refined grains. Future studies such as cohort and interventional types are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Jamshidnia
- Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Imam Javad University College, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavallaei
- Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Imam Javad University College, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Avcil S, Uysal P, Yenisey Ç, Abas BI. Elevated Melatonin Levels in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Relationship to Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:693-703. [PMID: 30819002 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719829816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this article is to measure serum antioxidant melatonin, the oxidants of nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels to calculate the serum oxidant-antioxidant balance based on the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios in children with ADHD. Method: The serum melatonin, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios were calculated and compared between the children with ADHD (n = 103) and healthy control participants (n = 73). Results: Serum melatonin and nitric oxide levels were higher, and the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios were lower in ADHD children than the control group. Melatonin was found to be significantly high, and the malondialdehyde/melatonin ratio was found to be significantly low in children with a positive ADHD family history. Conclusion: The serum oxidant-antioxidant balance was impaired in children with ADHD. Within the ADHD group, higher melatonin levels were determined in the children with a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pınar Uysal
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Piras IS, Gabriele S, Altieri L, Lombardi F, Sacco R, Lintas C, Manzi B, Curatolo P, Nobile M, Rigoletto C, Molteni M, Persico AM. Reevaluation of Serum Arylesterase Activity in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020164. [PMID: 33499329 PMCID: PMC7912005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds (OPs) interfere with neurodevelopment and are neurotoxic for humans and animals. They are first biotransformed to the more toxic oxon form, and then hydrolyzed to specific metabolites by the enzyme paraoxonase/arylesterase, encoded by the gene PON1 located on human chr. 7q21.3. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a correlation between OP exposure and disease onset has been reported. In this case-control study, we aimed to replicate our previous work showing reduced levels of serum PON1 arylesterase activity in Italian and Caucasian-American ASD samples, and to extend our analysis to other neurodevelopmental disorders, namely ADHD and developmental language disorder (DLD), also known as specific language impairment (SLI). The arylesterase activity, measured using standard spectrophotometric methods, is significantly reduced in the ADHD, and not in the ASD sample compared with the controls. Our previous results seemingly stem from spuriously high arylesterase levels in the former control sample. Finally, genotyping SNPs rs705379 and rs662 using TDI-FP, a significant effect of rs705379 alleles on the serum arylesterase activity is observed in all of the subgroups tested, regardless of diagnosis, as well as a lack of association between PON1 gene polymorphisms and ASD/ADHD susceptibility in the Italian population. In summary, the serum arylesterase activity is reduced in children and adolescents with ADHD, and this reduction is not due to the functional PON1 gene variants assessed in this study. Based on previous literature, it may more likely reflect enhanced oxidative stress than specific genetic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Stefano Piras
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85254, USA
| | - Stefano Gabriele
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Laura Altieri
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Federica Lombardi
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lintas
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, I-00128 Rome, Italy; (I.S.P.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (F.L.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Barbara Manzi
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS ‘E. Medea’, I-23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; (M.N.); (C.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Catia Rigoletto
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS ‘E. Medea’, I-23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; (M.N.); (C.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS ‘E. Medea’, I-23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; (M.N.); (C.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- Interdepartmental Program “Autism 0–90”, “G. Martino” University Hospital, University of Messina, I-98122 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Ayaydin H, Akaltun İ, Koyuncu İ, Çelİk H, Kİrmİt A, Takatak H. High KEAP1, NRF2 and Low HO-1 Serum Levels in Children with Autism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 57:274-279. [PMID: 33354117 DOI: 10.29399/npa.24862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of our study was to investigate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) levels in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to reveal their association with the severity of autism. Methods This study measured serum HO-1, KEAP1, and NRF2 levels in 43 patients with ASD (aged 3-12 years) and in 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. ASD severity was rated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). HO-1, KEAP1, and NRF2 levels were determined in the biochemistry laboratory using the ELISA technique. Results HO-1 levels were significantly lower in patients aged 3-12 years compared to controls aged 3-12, while KEAP1 and NRF2 levels were significantly higher (p=0.020, p<0.001, and p=0.017, respectively). No correlation was determined between ASD severity on the basis of total CARS scores and HO-1, KEAP1 or NRF2 (p>0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that oxidative stress is higher in children with ASD and that HO-1 levels are insufficient to achieve oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ayaydin
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - İsmail Akaltun
- Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakim Çelİk
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Adnan Kİrmİt
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hatice Takatak
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Karagöz YS, Doğan Ö, Elgün S, Öztop DB, Kılıç BG. Ubiquinone Levels as a Marker of Antioxidant System in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:2173-2178. [PMID: 33245486 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to compare serum ubiquinone levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with healthy controls and to investigate the correlation between ubiquinone levels of children with ADHD and their ADHD symptoms. Twenty-seven children who are 6-12 years old age with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder having clinically normal intelligence and 23 children with clinically normal intelligence and no psychiatric disorder of similar age and sex who referred to Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry were included in this study. All children were diagnosed by same researcher using the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Scale for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview for School Children-Now and for the Life-Long Version (K-SADS-PL). Parents and teachers of the children completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CPRS-LF) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CTRS-LF). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the age, gender, and sociodemographic data of the groups. Serum ubiquinone levels of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. We did not find any correlation between ubiquinone levels and clinical values. Since ubiquinone levels are lower in children with ADHD compared with controls, we suggest that decreased antioxidant levels may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis by disrupting oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yüksel Sümeyra Karagöz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, 25070, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serenay Elgün
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Behice Öztop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birim Günay Kılıç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Corona JC. Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111039. [PMID: 33114154 PMCID: PMC7690797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. Although abnormalities in several brain regions and disturbances of the catecholaminergic pathway have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely understood, but as a multifactorial disorder, has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review presents an overview of factors that increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and also the treatment with medications are two factors that can increase oxidative damage, whereas the comorbidity between ADHD and inflammatory disorders, altered immune response, genetic and environmental associations, and polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association with these factors has become valuable for research on ADHD. Such evidence opens up new intervention routes for the use of natural products as antioxidants that could have potential as a treatment against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Namjoo I, Alavi Naeini A, Najafi M, Aghaye Ghazvini MR, Hasanzadeh A. The Relationship Between Antioxidants and Inflammation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:313-321. [PMID: 32963724 PMCID: PMC7502190 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have identified Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as an inflammatory condition associated with immunological and oxidative responses. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these processes in these patients. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between the dietary intake of antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and the serum levels of inflammatory factors in ADHD students. Methods This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 64 ADHD children aged 6 - 13 years. The demographic questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire, and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. SOD activity and the serum level of inflammatory factors (homocysteine, interleukin-6, and C-reactive Protein (CRP)) were measured in all patients. According to the CRP values, 32 patients were included in the case group (CRP≥1 mg/L) and 32 patients in the control group (0≤CRP<1 mg/L). Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. In the case group, the mean SOD activity (P=0.034), the physical activity (P=0.04), zinc intake (P=0.02), and homocysteine levels were higher than the control group (P=0.001). Of all studied variables, the best predictors were homocysteine (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.082-1.670, P=0.029) and physical activity (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.761-0.952, P=0.022) respectively, whereas other variables were not significant predictors. Conclusion The present study showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the case group was significantly higher than the control group. Homocysteine and physical activity can predict the inflammation status induced by CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Namjoo
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirmansour Alavi Naeini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Antioxidants as a Potential Target against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020176. [PMID: 32098021 PMCID: PMC7070894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants and non-psychostimulants are the medications prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, several adverse results have been linked with an increased risk of substance use and side effects. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely known, although it has been associated with an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress. This review presents an overview of findings following antioxidant treatment for ADHD and describes the potential amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress using antioxidants that might have a future as multi-target adjuvant therapy in ADHD. The use of antioxidants against inflammation and oxidative conditions is an emerging field in the management of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, antioxidants could be promising as an adjuvant ADHD therapy.
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Sa-Carneiro F, Calhau C, Coelho R, Figueiredo-Braga M. Putative shared mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a systematic review of the role of oxidative stress. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kozłowska A, Wojtacha P, Równiak M, Kolenkiewicz M, Huang ACW. ADHD pathogenesis in the immune, endocrine and nervous systems of juvenile and maturating SHR and WKY rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2937-2958. [PMID: 30737597 PMCID: PMC6820808 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioural disorders with morphological and functional brain abnormalities. However, there is a growing body of evidence that abnormalities in the immune and endocrine systems may also account for the ADHD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To test ADHD pathogenesis in neurological, immune and endocrine systems, this study examined the concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress markers, metabolic parameters, steroid hormones and steroidogenic enzymes in the serum and/or tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs, animal model of ADHD) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs, control animals). Moreover, the volume of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the density of dopamine 2 (D2) receptor-expressing cells and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive nerve fibres in it was also elucidated. METHODS Peripheral blood, spleen and adrenal gland samples, as well as brain sections collected on day 35 (juvenile) and day 70 (maturating) from SHRs and WKYs, were processed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS The results show significant increases of serum and/or tissue concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and oxidative stress markers in juvenile SHRs when compared to the age-matched WKYs. These increases were accompanied by a lowered volume of the mPFC and up-regulation of D2 in this brain region. In maturating SHRs, the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were normalised and accompanied by elevated contents of steroid hormones. CONCLUSIONS Significant elevations of serum and/or tissue contents of cytokines, chemokines and oxidative stress markers as well as volumetric and neurochemical alterations in the mPFC of juvenile SHRs may suggest the cooperation of neurological and immune systems in the ADHD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of steroid hormones in maturating SHRs may be a compensatory effect involved in reducing inflammation and ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojtacha
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Równiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kolenkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
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Guney E, Buyuktaskin D, Tas Torun Y, Arslan B, Gulbahar O, Ozaslan A, Isik Taner Y, Iseri E. Increased serum thioredoxin levels are not correlated with executive functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:118-123. [PMID: 31028843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The first step of this study aims to determine whether thioredoxin (Trx) has a potential role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by measuring serum Trx levels in children with ADHD. In the second step, this study aims to reveal whether there is any relationship between Trx and executive functions. This is the first study investigating the serum levels of Trx in children with ADHD. This study sample included 45 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy controls. Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) are used to evaluate ADHD presentation, severity and executive functions, respectively. Trx levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Significantly higher Trx levels were found in children with ADHD. No significant correlations were found between serum Trx levels and executive functions for controls or ADHD group; although hyperactive/impulsive ADHD presentation showed positive correlations with some subdomains of executive function. Serum Trx levels and disease severity, measured by CTRS, showed non-significant correlations. This study may be the first step in the study of the role played by Trx and oxidative stress in ADHD, further research is needed to support these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Guney
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dicle Buyuktaskin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Tas Torun
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Arslan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Gulbahar
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozaslan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Yildirim Beyazit Univesity Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Isik Taner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan Iseri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:719-729. [PMID: 30350094 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare oxidative stress and immune biomarkers between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and controls without ADHD. A case-control comparison between 57 paediatric (6-12 years) untreated ADHD patients from the Antwerp University Hospital and 69 controls without ADHD from random schools in Flanders, Belgium, was conducted. Erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and plasma lipid-soluble antioxidants (retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene, and co-enzyme Q10) were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) by HPLC with fluorescence detection, plasma cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (INF)-γ) and immunoglobulins (IgE, IgG and IgM) by flow cytometry and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by ELISA assay. Dietary habits were determined by a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma MDA levels were on average 0.031 µM higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher urinary 8-OHdG was observed. Erythrocyte GSH and plasma retinyl palmitate levels, as well as IgG and IgE levels, were higher in patients than in controls as well (on average 93.707 µg/ml, 0.006 µg/ml, 301.555 µg/ml and 125.004 µg/ml, resp., p < 0.05). Finally, a trend for lower plasma IL-5 levels was observed. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the difference in GSH levels remained statistically significant (nominally significant for retinyl palmitate), while significance was lost for MDA, IgG and IgE levels. Dietary habits do not appear to cause the observed differences. These results point at the potential involvement of slight oxidative stress and immune disturbances in ADHD.
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Nasim S, Naeini AA, Najafi M, Ghazvini M, Hassanzadeh A. Relationship between Antioxidant Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 31057726 PMCID: PMC6484508 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_80_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. In general, diagnoses of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Recent studies have reported increased oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, but the results are conflicting. This research aimed to study the relationship between antioxidant status and ADHD in children of 6–13 years old. Methods: From schools, 32 ADHD students whose diseases were diagnosed by child and adolescence psychiatrist based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV index were recruited; moreover, 32 healthy subjects, which according to the medical history questionnaire of psychiatric disorder had not had chronic disease, were selected. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and malondiadehyde (MDA) were measured. General information, health history, and medication history were collected. All participants completed a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary intakes of antioxidants were obtained through this questionnaire. Results: There was no significant difference between mean of energy intake and Zn, Se, vitamin E, C, and β-carotene as antioxidants between the two groups. The mean of serum TAC, GSH level, and CAT level in the patients were significantly lower than the healthy group (P < 0.001), but the mean of MDA was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.18). Conclusions: The result of this study indicates that, in ADHD, the serum levels of GSH, CAT, and TAC decrease; the level of antioxidant in the serum has been compromised to fight oxidative stress. More perspective studies with large sample sizes are essential to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorraya Nasim
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirmansour Alavi Naeini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Ghazvini
- Isfahan Center of Health Research, National Institute of Health Research, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abbasi K, Beigrezai S, Ghiasvand R, Pourmasoumi M, Mahaki B. Dietary Patterns and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Iranian Children: A Case-Control Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:76-83. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1473819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Abbasi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Beigrezai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Makan Pourmasoumi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behzad Mahaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Altun H, Şahin N, Kurutaş EB, Karaaslan U, Sevgen FH, Fındıklı E. Assessment of malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity in children with autism spectrum disorders. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1470360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Altun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Nilfer Şahin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ergül Belge Kurutaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Umut Karaaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Feyza Hatice Sevgen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ebru Fındıklı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Verlaet AAJ, Maasakkers CM, Hermans N, Savelkoul HFJ. Rationale for Dietary Antioxidant Treatment of ADHD. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040405. [PMID: 29587355 PMCID: PMC5946190 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing understanding arises regarding disadvantages of stimulant medication in children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). This review presents scientific findings supporting dietary antioxidant treatment of ADHD and describes substantial alterations in the immune system, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and oxidative stress regulation in ADHD. As a result, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress could develop, which can lead to ADHD symptoms, for example by chronic T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation, as well as by neuronal oxidative damage and loss of normal cerebral functions. Therefore, modulation of immune system activity and oxidant-antioxidant balance using nutritional approaches might have potential in ADHD treatment. The use of natural antioxidants against oxidative conditions is an emerging field in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary polyphenols, for example, have antioxidant capacities as well as immunoregulatory effects and, therefore, appear appropriate in ADHD therapy. This review can stimulate the development and investigation of dietary antioxidant treatment in ADHD, which is highly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies A J Verlaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (A104), 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Carlijn M Maasakkers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (A104), 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1 Building 122, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (A104), 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1 Building 122, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Avcil S, Uysal P, Avcil M, Alışık M, Biçer C. Dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relation with disease subtypes. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 73:53-60. [PMID: 27915219 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel oxidative stress marker (thiol/disulfide homeostasis) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children for the first time in literature. METHODS Ninety children with ADHD diagnosed according to DSM-V and as control group, 65 healthy children were included to the study. Native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol were compared between the groups. RESULTS Total and native thiol levels were significantly higher whereas the disulfide/native thiol ratios were significantly lower in children with ADHD. ADHD combined type appeared to have higher disulfide, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios compared to other subtypes. Disulfide levels of the males with ADHD were significantly higher than those of the females with ADHD. CONCLUSION This study suggests that thiol/disulfide homeostasis is abnormal in children with ADHD. It may be used as a novel OS marker in ADHD children because it is easy, practical, fully automated and relatively inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibelnur Avcil
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Uysal
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mucahit Avcil
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Murat Alışık
- Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemile Biçer
- Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Adolescent GBR12909 exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and leads to hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult mice. Neuroscience 2016; 345:166-175. [PMID: 27890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent period in mammals is a critical period of brain maturation and thus represents a time of susceptibility to environmental insult, e.g. psychosocial stress and/or drugs of abuse, which may cause lasting impairments in brain function and behavior and even precipitate symptoms in at-risk individuals. One likely effect of these environmental insults is to increase oxidative stress in the developing adolescent brain. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that redox dysregulation plays an important role in the development of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders and that GABA interneurons are particularly susceptible to alterations in oxidative stress. The current study sought to model this adolescent neurochemical "stress" by exposing mice to the dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR12909 (5mg/kg; IP) during adolescence (postnatal day 35-44) and measuring the resultant effect on locomotor behavior and probabilistic reversal learning as well as GABAergic interneurons and oxidative stress in adulthood. C57BL6/J mice exposed to GBR12909 showed increased activity in a novel environment and increased impulsivity as measured by premature responding in the probabilistic reversal learning task. Adolescent GBR12909-exposed mice also showed decreased parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex, which was accompanied by increased oxidative stress in PV+ neurons. These findings indicate that adolescent exposure to a dopamine transporter inhibitor results in loss of PV in GABAergic interneurons, elevations in markers of oxidative stress, and alterations in behavior in adulthood.
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Simsek S, Gencoglan S, Ozaner S, Kaplan I, Kaya MC. Antioxidant Status and DNA Damage in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with or without Comorbid Disruptive Behavioral Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20151003063820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seref Simsek
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
| | - Salih Gencoglan
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Van - Turkey
| | - Soner Ozaner
- Batman Maternity and Children's Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, Batman - Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kaplan
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Kaya
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
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Alpak G, Selek S, Bulut M, Bulbul F, Unal A, Virit O, Kilic OHT, Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA. High Catalase and Low Thiol Levels in Adult-ADHD Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20140429091127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokay Alpak
- Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep - Turkey
| | - Salih Selek
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bulut
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
| | - Feridun Bulbul
- Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep - Turkey
| | - Ahmet Unal
- Selcuk University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya - Turkey
| | - Osman Virit
- Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep - Turkey
| | | | | | - Haluk Asuman Savas
- Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep - Turkey
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DNA damage and antioxidants in treatment naïve children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:133-7. [PMID: 26833278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate whether serum antioxidant levels and DNA damage differ between the children and adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and healthy controls. The study included 31 children (Male/Female, 22/9; age range 7-17 years), with treatment naïve OCD diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V) and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Children's Yale Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale (CY-BOC) was applied to the children. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), coenzyme Q (CoQ), and 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were all measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. GPx, CoQ and 8-OHdG levels were found to be significantly higher in the OCD group, compared to the control group (p=0.010, p=0.034, p=0.010, respectively); however, no significant difference was found in the SOD levels between two groups (p=0.10). There were no correlations between the CY-BOC scores, depression scores, duration of the disease and biochemical parameters (p>0.05, for all). Children with OCD were found to have higher antioxidant levels and oxidative DNA damage. The findings of this study support the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of OCD. In this regard, any possible effect of adding antioxidants to conventional treatment can be investigated.
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Sezen H, Kandemir H, Savik E, Basmacı Kandemir S, Kilicaslan F, Bilinc H, Aksoy N. Increased oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Redox Rep 2016; 21:248-53. [PMID: 26886057 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2015.1116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE) activity were measured in 76 children (44 boys, 32 girls) diagnosed with ADHD according to the DSM-IV and 78 healthy children (46 boys, 32 girls). RESULTS Age and sex were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). TOS and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were higher in the patient group than the control group (P < 0.001). PON-1 (P = 0.002), ARE (P = 0.010) activity and TAS (P < 0.001) were lower in the patient group than the control group. DISCUSSION We found decreased PON-1, ARE activity and TAS, and increased TOS and OSI in children with ADHD. Our study showed that there is significantly increased oxidative stress in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Sezen
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Emin Savik
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | | | - Fethiye Kilicaslan
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Hasan Bilinc
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Nurten Aksoy
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in ADHD. METHOD We examined the association of ADHD and oxidative stress by applying random effects meta-analysis to studies of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in medication naive patients with ADHD and controls. RESULTS Six studies of a total of 231 ADHD patients and 207 controls met our selection criteria. The association between ADHD and antioxidant status was not significant. We found a significant association between ADHD and oxidative stress that could not be accounted for by publication bias. The significant association lost significance after correcting for intrastudy clustering. No one observation accounted for the positive result. CONCLUSION These results are preliminary given the small number of studies. They suggest that patients with ADHD have normal levels of antioxidant production, but that their response to oxidative stress is insufficient, leading to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhin Joseph
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
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Guney E, Cetin FH, Alisik M, Tunca H, Tas Torun Y, Iseri E, Isik Taner Y, Cayci B, Erel O. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and oxidative stress: A short term follow up study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:310-7. [PMID: 26188640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate total antioxidative status (TAS) and total oxidative status (TOS) of plasma and antioxidant enzymes such as paraoxonase (PON), stimulated paraoxonase (SPON), arylesterase (ARES) and thiols in plasma of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the second step. this study aimed to reveal the possible effects of ADHD treatment on these parameters. Fifty-six patients with ADHD and 52 healthy controls were involved in this study. Venous blood samples were collected and oxidative and antioxidative parameter's were studied. In the second phase of the study, blood samples were taken from patients using medication. Pre-treatment oxidative stress index (OSI) values and the plasma TOS levels of the patients with ADHD were statistically higher than those of the control group. The plasma thiol levels of the patients with ADHD were significantly lower than the control group. The post-treatment plasma antioxidative parameter's levels were significantly higher than the pre-treatment levels. The post-treatment oxidative stress index value was significantly lower than the pre-treatment value. Therefore, oxidative metabolism was found to be impaired in children and adolescents with ADHD. It was also determined that methylphenidate repairs the oxidative balance by increasing antioxidant defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Guney
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Hilmi Cetin
- Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Alisik
- Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tunca
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Tas Torun
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan Iseri
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Isik Taner
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Cayci
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Kul M, Unal F, Kandemir H, Sarkarati B, Kilinc K, Kandemir SB. Evaluation of Oxidative Metabolism in Child and Adolescent Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12. [PMID: 26207130 PMCID: PMC4504919 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative metabolism is impaired in several medical conditions including psychiatric disorders, and this imbalance may be involved in the etiology of these diseases. The present study evaluated oxidative balance in pediatric and adolescent patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The study included 48 children and adolescents (34 male, 14 female) with ADHD who had no neurological, systemic, or comorbid psychiatric disorders, with the exception of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and 24 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (17 male and seven female). RESULTS TAS was significantly lower, and TOS and OSI were significantly higher in patients with ADHD than in healthy controls. Total antioxidant levels were lower in patients with comorbid ODD than in those with no comorbidity. No difference was found in TOS or OSI among the ADHD subtypes; however, TAS was higher in the attention-deficient subtype. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that oxidative balance is impaired and oxidative stress is increased in children and adolescents with ADHD. This results are consistent with those of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Kul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin Children Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Fatih Unal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Bahram Sarkarati
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Psychiatric Disorders and Polyphenols: Can They Be Helpful in Therapy? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:248529. [PMID: 26180581 PMCID: PMC4477218 DOI: 10.1155/2015/248529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders permanently increases. Polyphenolic compounds can be involved in modulation of mental health including brain plasticity, behaviour, mood, depression, and cognition. In addition to their antioxidant ability other biomodulating properties have been observed. In the pathogenesis of depression disturbance in neurotransmitters, increased inflammatory processes, defects in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and redox imbalance are observed. Ginkgo biloba, green tea, and Quercus robur extracts and curcumin can affect neuronal system in depressive patients. ADHD patients treated with antipsychotic drugs, especially stimulants, report significant adverse effects; therefore, an alternative treatment is searched for. An extract from Ginkgo biloba and from Pinus pinaster bark, Pycnogenol, could become promising complementary supplements in ADHD treatment. Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder, with oxidative stress involved in its pathophysiology. The direct interference of polyphenols with schizophrenia pathophysiology has not been reported yet. However, increased oxidative stress caused by haloperidol was inhibited ex vivo by different polyphenols. Curcumin, extract from green tea and from Ginkgo biloba, may have benefits on serious side effects associated with administration of neuroleptics to patients suffering from schizophrenia. Polyphenols in the diet have the potential to become medicaments in the field of mental health after a thorough study of their mechanism of action.
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ADHD: possible causes and the potential of antioxidant-targeted therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fortenberry GZ, Meeker JD, Sánchez BN, Bellinger D, Peterson K, Schnaas L, Solano-González M, Ettinger AS, Hernandez-Avila M, Hu H, Maria Tellez-Rojo M. RETRACTED: Paraoxonase I polymorphisms and attention/hyperactivity in school-age children from Mexico City, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:342-349. [PMID: 24834831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, organophosphate (OP) pesticide usage and exposure is widespread. Studies have found that fetuses and infants are more sensitive than adults to environmental toxicants and that prenatal exposure to low levels of OPs has been associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Like Phenotypes (ADHD-LP). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme involved in detoxifying some OPs and its polymorphisms influence enzyme activity and quantity. The objective of this study was to examine whether maternal and/or child PON1 genotypes (PON1R192Q and PON1L55M) were associated with ADHD-LP in a Mexico City, Mexico birth cohort. PON1R192Q and PON1L55M genotypes in mothers (PON1R192Q: N=531; PON1L55M: N=458) and children (PON1R192Q: N=532; PON1L55M: N=478) from blood DNA were determined. We assessed ADHD-LP for children between the ages of 6 and 13 using Conners' Parent Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R), Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and the parent scores for Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC2). Multivariable linear regression models were used to test relationships between ADHD-LP and PON1 polymorphisms. In these models, significant associations were observed with maternal genotypes but not with the child genotypes. A higher DSM IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity score (β=3.27 points; 95% CI (0.89, 5.65)) and a 2.17 higher score in child DSM IV Total (95% CI (0.05, 4.29)) were observed for maternal PON155MM in comparison to PON155LM+LL. The childattention problems score was 2.27 points higher (95% CI (0.002, 4.53) for maternal PON1192QQ in comparison to PON1192QR+RR. Because maternal PON1 polymorphisms were associated with child ADHD-LP, this may be a viable biomarker of susceptibility for ADHD-LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamola Z Fortenberry
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - David Bellinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, México
| | - Maritsa Solano-González
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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