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Blouin C, Perrier A, Denormandie P, Genêt F. Relationship between care pathway features and use or non-use of orthotic devices by individuals with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a cross-sectional, exploratory study. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:2155-2165. [PMID: 37147931 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2208883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthotic devices may be prescribed for the management of foot and ankle deformities caused by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). However, the actual use of these devices is variable. No studies have evaluated the impact of prescription, delivery and follow-up of orthotic devices on their use.We aimed to describe the relationship between the pathways followed by individuals with CMT and orthotic device use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exploratory, cross-sectional, 35-item survey of orthotic device management. Individuals with CMT were recruited from CMT-France Association. RESULTS Of the 940 respondents, 795 were included, mean age of 52.9 (SD 16.9) years. Rate of orthotic device use was 49.2% (391/795). The most frequent reason for non-use was a poor fit. Non-use was related to the orthotic device type, the health professionals consulted, and the severity of the CMT-related impairments. Follow-up visits (38.7%), re-evaluation of orthotic devices (25.3%) and consultations with the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine physician were infrequent (28.3%). CONCLUSIONS Orthotic devices are massively underused. Follow-up and re-evaluation are infrequent. Care pathways, prescription and delivery of orthotic devices must be optimized to meet the expectations of people with CMT. Device fitting, individual needs, and changes in the clinical state must be re-evaluated regularly by specialists to improve orthotic device use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Blouin
- Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ); UFR Simone Veil - Santé, UR2020 Erphan, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, hôpital de la Croix-Saint-Simon, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses- Croix-Saint-Simon, Paris, France
- ISPC-Synergies (Institut de Santé Parasport Connecté), Paris, France
| | - Antoine Perrier
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, hôpital de la Croix-Saint-Simon, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses- Croix-Saint-Simon, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de recherche translationnelle et d'innovation en médecine et complexité TIMC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Service de diabétologie, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Denormandie
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, France
- Groupe Mutuelle nationale des hospitaliers (MNH), Paris, France
| | - François Genêt
- ISPC-Synergies (Institut de Santé Parasport Connecté), Paris, France
- Unité Péri Opératoire du Handicap, (UPOH- Perioperative Disability Unit), Département PARASPORT- SANTE, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire APHP-Université PARIS SACLAY, Garches, France
- Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ); UFR Simone Veil - Santé, END: ICAP, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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Fiori L, Castiglia SF, Chini G, Draicchio F, Sacco F, Serrao M, Tatarelli A, Varrecchia T, Ranavolo A. The Lower Limb Muscle Co-Activation Map during Human Locomotion: From Slow Walking to Running. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:288. [PMID: 38534562 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) controls movements and regulates joint stiffness with muscle co-activation, but until now, few studies have examined muscle pairs during running. This study aims to investigate differences in lower limb muscle coactivation during gait at different speeds, from walking to running. Nineteen healthy runners walked and ran at speeds ranging from 0.8 km/h to 9.3 km/h. Twelve lower limb muscles' co-activation was calculated using the time-varying multi-muscle co-activation function (TMCf) with global, flexor-extension, and rostro-caudal approaches. Spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters were also measured. We found that TMCf, spatiotemporal, and kinematic parameters were significantly affected by gait speed for all approaches. Significant differences were observed in the main parameters of each co-activation approach and in the spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters at the transition between walking and running. In particular, significant differences were observed in the global co-activation (CIglob, main effect F(1,17) = 641.04, p < 0.001; at the transition p < 0.001), the stride length (main effect F(1,17) = 253.03, p < 0.001; at the transition p < 0.001), the stride frequency (main effect F(1,17) = 714.22, p < 0.001; at the transition p < 0.001) and the Center of Mass displacement in the vertical (CoMy, main effect F(1,17) = 426.2, p < 0.001; at the transition p < 0.001) and medial-lateral (CoMz, main effect F(1,17) = 120.29 p < 0.001; at the transition p < 0.001) directions. Regarding the correlation analysis, the CoMy was positively correlated with a higher CIglob (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHMglob, r = -0.83, p < 0.001), whereas the CoMz was positively correlated with the global Center of Activity (CoAglob, r = 0.97, p < 0.001). Positive and negative strong correlations were found between global co-activation parameters and center of mass displacements, as well as some spatiotemporal parameters, regardless of gait speed. Our findings suggest that walking and running have different co-activation patterns and kinematic characteristics, with the whole-limb stiffness exerted more synchronously and stably during running. The co-activation indexes and kinematic parameters could be the result of global co-activation, which is a sensory-control integration process used by the CNS to deal with more demanding and potentially unstable tasks like running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fiori
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
- Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Via Franco Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Draicchio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Sacco
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Via Franco Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Tatarelli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiwana Varrecchia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ranavolo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
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Fu AQ, Shih AJ, Armstrong TJ. Examination of the prediction of the planar piecewise continuous lumped muscle parameter model for walking gait with ankle-foot orthosis. Med Eng Phys 2023; 121:104068. [PMID: 37985025 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
GOAL This work examines the use of a previously described piecewise continuous lumped muscle parameter (PPCLMP) model for predicting selected gait parameters for walking without and with ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) of varying stiffnesses. METHODS Two AFOs with low (3.4 Nm/deg) and high (6.9 Nm/deg) stiffnesses were tested on the left leg of six healthy subjects to examine the model prediction on the influence of different AFO stiffnesses on gait. RESULTS The model prediction errors ranged from 0 % to 70 % for step lengths with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.15 m and ranged from 0 % to 67 % for swing time with RMSE of 0.07 s. The prediction precision of step length was more consistent among subjects than of swing time. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The model predicts the observed shortened step lengths and swing times, but there were significant differences between predicted and observed swing times and step lengths. The causes of these differences might be differences in the lumped muscle parameters taken from the literature and those of the subjects tested. Also, the model assumption that muscle stiffness is proportional to joint angle may not be corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Qianyi Fu
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Albert J Shih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Armstrong
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Park J, Joo SY, Choi BO, Kim DH, Park JB, Lee JW, Kim DY. Gait Pattern in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A According to Disease Severity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1473. [PMID: 37888085 PMCID: PMC10608009 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of gait patterns in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) patients according to disease severity. Twenty-two CMT1A patients were enrolled and classified into two groups, according to the disease severity. The healthy control group consisted of 22 subjects with no gait impairment. Full barefoot three-dimensional gait analysis with temporospatial, kinematic, and kinetic data was performed among the mild and moderate CMT1A group and the control group. Minimal hip abduction, maximal hip extension generation, peak knee flexion moment at stance, ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact, maximal ankle plantarflexion at push-off and maximal ankle rotation moment at stance in the CMT1A group showed a significant difference compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the moderate group, there were greater maximal hip flexion angles in swing, and smaller dorsiflexion angles at initial contact compared to the control group and mild group. CMT patients had typical gait characteristics and their gait patterns were different according to severity. The analysis of gait patterns in patients with CMT1A will help to understand gait function and provide important information for the treatment of patients with CMT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea;
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong Bum Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong Weon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Borghi C, Sassi S, Pandarese D, Messori S, Faccioli S. Effect of Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Pediatric Patients with Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathy: A Case Series Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1529. [PMID: 37761490 PMCID: PMC10529230 DOI: 10.3390/children10091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) Aims: to evaluate the effect on gait performance and standing stability of ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) in pediatric patients with hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy (HMSN). (2) Methods: a retrospective case-series study including three adolescents (S1, S2, S3, mean age 14 years) with HMSN. The subjects were evaluated barefoot, with carbon AFO (Botter) and with solid AFO (SAFO) by means of: gait analysis, stabilometry and gait functional tests (10 Meter Walk Test, 2 Minute Walk Test). Finally, the CSD-OPUS questionnaire was administered to the assess satisfaction and impact of the orthoses on life quality. (3) Results: orthoses improved gait and stability performance. Botter allowed greater ankle movement than SAFO and provided greater push-off power. This, combined with the carbon elastic energy return, might explain better performances in the 2MWT, with a larger distance traveled compared to SAFO for both S1 (110 m vs. 72 m) and S2 (170 m vs. 155 m) and, compared to barefoot walking, also for S3 (211 m vs. 160 m), for which SAFO analysis was not available. Both orthoses improved performance at the stabilometric analysis. The CSD-OPUS questionnaire showed a significantly higher level of satisfaction with Botter for the subjects (S1, S2) who completed the comparison. (4) Conclusions: Both orthoses improved gait and standing, though Botter proved to be better tolerated and more effective in improving gait endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Borghi
- Children Rehabilitation Unit—UDGEE, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (D.P.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Silvia Sassi
- Children Rehabilitation Unit—UDGEE, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (D.P.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Daniela Pandarese
- Children Rehabilitation Unit—UDGEE, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (D.P.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Samuele Messori
- Children Rehabilitation Unit—UDGEE, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (D.P.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Silvia Faccioli
- Children Rehabilitation Unit—UDGEE, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (D.P.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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de Jong LAF, Kerkum YL, Altmann VC, Geurts ACH, Keijsers NLW. Orthopedic footwear has a positive influence on gait adaptability in individuals with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Gait Posture 2023; 106:18-22. [PMID: 37639960 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) are commonly provided with orthopedic footwear to improve gait. Although orthopedic footwear has shown to improve walking speed and spatiotemporal parameters, its effect on gait adaptability has not been established. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of orthopedic footwear on gait adaptability in individuals with HMSN? METHODS Fifteen individuals with HMSN performed a precision stepping task on an instrumented treadmill projecting visual targets, while wearing either custom-made orthopedic or standardized footwear (i.e. minimally supportive, flexible sneakers). Primary measure of gait adaptability was the absolute Euclidean distance [mm] between the target center and the middle of the foot (absolute error). Secondary outcomes included the relative and variable error [mm] in both anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. Dynamic balance was assessed by the prediction of ML foot placement based on the ML center of mass position and velocity, using linear regression. Dynamic balance was primarily determined by foot placement deviation in terms of root mean square error. Another aspect of dynamic balance was foot placement adherence in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2). Differences between the footwear conditions were analyzed with a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The absolute error, relative error (AP) and variable error (AP and ML) decreased with orthopedic footwear, whereas the relative error in ML-direction slightly increased. As for dynamic balance, no effect on foot placement deviation or adherence was found. SIGNIFICANCE Gait adaptability improved with orthopedic compared to standardized footwear in people with HMSN, as indicated by improved precision stepping. Dynamic balance, as a possible underlying mechanism, was not affected by orthopedic footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysanne A F de Jong
- Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research and Development, OIM Orthopedie, Assen, the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvette L Kerkum
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Viola C Altmann
- Klimmendaal Revalidatie Specialisten, Arnhem, the Netherlands; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alexander C H Geurts
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Noel L W Keijsers
- Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Dinesh K, White N, Baker L, Sowden JE, Behrens-Spraggins S, Wood E, Charles J, Herrmann DN, Sharma G, Eichinger K. Disease-specific wearable sensor algorithms for profiling activity, gait, and balance in individuals with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:368-381. [PMID: 37209301 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, is characterized by progressive sensory loss and weakness, which results in impaired mobility. Increased understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of CMT1A has led to development of potential therapeutic agents, necessitating clinical trial readiness. Wearable sensors may provide useful outcome measures for future trials. METHODS Individuals with CMT1A and unaffected controls were recruited for this 12-month study. Participants wore sensors for in-clinic assessments and at-home, from which activity, gait, and balance metrics were derived. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze group differences for activity, gait, and balance parameters. Test-retest reliability of gait and balance parameters and correlations of these parameters with clinical outcome assessments (COAs) were examined. RESULTS Thirty individuals, 15 CMT1A, and 15 controls, participated. Gait and balance metrics demonstrated moderate to excellent reliability. CMT1A participants had longer step durations (p < .001), shorter step lengths (p = .03), slower gait speeds (p < .001), and greater postural sway (p < .001) than healthy controls. Moderate correlations were found between CMT-Functional Outcome Measure and step length (r = -0.59; p = .02), and gait speed (r = 0.64; p = .01); 11 out of 15 CMT1A participants demonstrated significant increases in stride duration between the first and last quarter of the 6-min walk test, suggesting fatigue. INTERPRETATION In this initial study, gait and balance metrics derived from wearable sensors were reliable and associated with COAs in individuals with CMT1A. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings and evaluate sensitivity and utility of these disease-specific algorithms for clinical trial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dinesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - N White
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - L Baker
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J E Sowden
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - S Behrens-Spraggins
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - E Wood
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J Charles
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - D N Herrmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - G Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - K Eichinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Scherb D, Steck P, Wechsler I, Wartzack S, Miehling J. The Determination of Assistance-as-Needed Support by an Ankle-Foot Orthosis for Patients with Foot Drop. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6687. [PMID: 37681827 PMCID: PMC10487717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients who suffer from foot drop have impaired gait pattern functions and a higher risk of stumbling and falling. Therefore, they are usually treated with an assistive device, a so-called ankle-foot orthosis. The support of the orthosis should be in accordance with the motor requirements of the patient and should only be provided when needed, which is referred to as assistance-as-needed. Thus, in this publication, an approach is presented to determine the assistance-as-needed support using musculoskeletal human models. Based on motion capture recordings of multiple subjects performing gaits at different speeds, a parameter study varying the optimal force of a reserve actuator representing the ankle-foot orthosis added in the musculoskeletal simulation is conducted. The results show the dependency of the simulation results on the selected optimal force of the reserve actuator but with a possible identification of the assistance-as-needed support required from the ankle-foot orthosis. The required increase in support due to the increasing severity of foot drop is especially demonstrated with the approach. With this approach, information for the required support of individual subjects can be gathered, which can further be used to derive the design of an ankle-foot orthosis that optimally assists the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scherb
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (J.M.)
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Manto M, Serrao M, Filippo Castiglia S, Timmann D, Tzvi-Minker E, Pan MK, Kuo SH, Ugawa Y. Neurophysiology of cerebellar ataxias and gait disorders. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2023; 8:143-160. [PMID: 37593693 PMCID: PMC10429746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous forms of cerebellar disorders from sporadic to genetic diseases. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the advances and emerging techniques during these last 2 decades in the neurophysiological tests useful in cerebellar patients for clinical and research purposes. Clinically, patients exhibit various combinations of a vestibulocerebellar syndrome, a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and a cerebellar motor syndrome which will be discussed throughout this chapter. Cerebellar patients show abnormal Bereitschaftpotentials (BPs) and mismatch negativity. Cerebellar EEG is now being applied in cerebellar disorders to unravel impaired electrophysiological patterns associated within disorders of the cerebellar cortex. Eyeblink conditioning is significantly impaired in cerebellar disorders: the ability to acquire conditioned eyeblink responses is reduced in hereditary ataxias, in cerebellar stroke and after tumor surgery of the cerebellum. Furthermore, impaired eyeblink conditioning is an early marker of cerebellar degenerative disease. General rules of motor control suggest that optimal strategies are needed to execute voluntary movements in the complex environment of daily life. A high degree of adaptability is required for learning procedures underlying motor control as sensorimotor adaptation is essential to perform accurate goal-directed movements. Cerebellar patients show impairments during online visuomotor adaptation tasks. Cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI) is a neurophysiological biomarker showing an inverse association between cerebellothalamocortical tract integrity and ataxia severity. Ataxic gait is characterized by increased step width, reduced ankle joint range of motion, increased gait variability, lack of intra-limb inter-joint and inter-segmental coordination, impaired foot ground placement and loss of trunk control. Taken together, these techniques provide a neurophysiological framework for a better appraisal of cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi-Minker
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Syte Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Schmidt S, Böhm H, Dussa CU, Bienias K, Fujak A. Characteristic 3D foot motion patterns during gait of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth identified by cluster analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 104:43-50. [PMID: 37307763 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CMT is a clinically and genetically heterogenous disease with varying degrees of progression. Different foot deformities, gait and movement patterns are observed. In order to achieve an improved, targeted treatment strategy, the participants are divided into characteristic groups using a mathematical cluster analysis based on the data from the three-dimensional foot kinematics during walking. METHODS Outpatients from age 5-64 years (N = 33 participants, 62 feet) with a proven CMT type 1 (N = 16, 31 feet) or CMT without any further type assignment (N = 17, 31 feet) were retrospectively analyzed. After a standard clinical examination, participants underwent 3D gait analysis using the Oxford Foot Model. To classify the movement patterns, a k-means cluster analysis was calculated based on the principal component analysis (PCA) of the foot kinematics data. Gait parameters, clinical parameters and X-ray data were statistically tested. RESULTS The cluster analysis divided the gait data of the participants into two groups. Cluster 1 (N = 21 participants, 34 feet) showed increased dorsiflexion of the hindfoot and increased plantarflexion of the forefoot with cavus position in the sagittal plane, a hindfoot inversion and forefoot pronation with hindfoot varus in the frontal plane and in the transversal plane a forefoot adduction. Cluster 2 (N = 17 participants, 28 feet) deviated significantly from the norm mainly in the frontal plane and were characterized by a strong eversion of the hindfoot with a supination in the forefoot. DISCUSSION Based on the findings, the resultant clusters can be interpreted as cavovarus feet (cluster 1) and pes valgus (cluster 2). The most reliable variables in the 3D gait analysis to classify CMT feet with regard to significance are the ones in the frontal plane. This subdivision of participants goes hand in hand with the various necessary guidelines for orthopedic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Schmidt
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatric and Neuro Orthopaedics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Harald Böhm
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedische Kinderklinik, Bernauerstrasse 18, D-83209 Aschau i. Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Chakravarthy U Dussa
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatric and Neuro Orthopaedics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedische Kinderklinik, Bernauerstrasse 18, D-83209 Aschau i. Chiemgau, Germany
| | | | - Albert Fujak
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatric and Neuro Orthopaedics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Gasq D, Dumas R, Caussé B, Scandella M, Cintas P, Acket B, Arné-Bes MC. Comparison between a novel helical and a posterior ankle-foot orthosis on gait in people with unilateral foot drop: a randomised crossover trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:63. [PMID: 37170277 PMCID: PMC10176820 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular disease and peripheral neuropathy may cause drop foot with or without evertor weakness. We developed a helical-shaped, non-articulated ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) to provide medial-lateral stability while allowing mobility, to improve gait capacity. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the helical AFO (hAFO) on functional gait capacity (6-min walk test) in people with peripheral neuropathy or neuromuscular disease (NMD) causing unilateral drop foot and compare with a posterior leaf spring AFO (plsAFO). Secondary aims were to compare functional mobility, 3D kinematic and kinetic gait variables and satisfaction between the AFOs. METHODS Single centre, randomised crossover trial from January to July 2017 in 20 individuals (14 with peripheral neuropathy and 6 with NMD, 12 females, mean age 55.6 years, SD 15.3); 10 wore the hAFO for the first week and 10 wore the plsAFO before switching for the second week. The 6-min walk test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and 3D gait analysis were evaluated with the hAFO, the plsAFO and shoes only (noAFO) at inclusion and 1 week after wearing each orthosis. Satisfaction was evaluated with the Quebec user evaluation of satisfaction with assistive technology (QUEST). RESULTS Median [interquartile range] 6MWT distance was greater with the hAFO (444 m [79]) than the plsAFO (389 m [135], P < 0.001, Hedge's g = 0.6) and noAFO (337 m [91], P < 0.001, g = 0.88). TUG time was shorter with the hAFO (8.1 s [2.8]) than the plsAFO (9.5 s [2.6], P < 0.001, g = - 0.5) and noAFO (10.0 s [2.6]), P < 0.001, g = - 0.6). The plsAFO limited plantarflexion during the loading response (plsAFO - 7.5 deg [6.0] vs. noAFO -13.0 deg [10.0], P = 0.0007, g = - 1.0) but the hAFO did not (- 11.0 deg [5.1] vs. noAFO, P = 0.05, g = - 0.5). Quasi-stiffness was lower for the hAFO than plsAFO (P = 0.009, g = - 0.7). The dimensionless eversion moment was higher (though not significantly) with the hAFO than noAFO. Neither orthosis reduced ankle power (P = 0.34). Median total QUEST score was higher for the hAFO (4.7 [0.7]) than the plsAFO (3.6 [0.8]) (P < 0.001, g = 1.9). CONCLUSIONS The helical orthosis significantly and considerably improved functional gait performance, did not limit ankle mobility, increased lateral stability, though not significantly, and was associated with greater patient satisfaction than the posterior leaf spring orthosis. Trial registration The trial began before registration was mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gasq
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, CHU de Toulouse Rangueil, 31059, Toulouse, France.
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm (UMR 1214), UPS, 31024, Toulouse, France.
| | - Raphaël Dumas
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T 9406, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Caussé
- Centre d'évaluation et de traitement de la douleur, service de neurochirurgie, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, département de Neurologie, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Marino Scandella
- Laboratoire d'analyse de la marche, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Cintas
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, département de Neurologie, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Blandine Acket
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, département de Neurologie, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Christine Arné-Bes
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, département de Neurologie, CHU de Toulouse Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
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Cohen JC, de Souza Muniz AM, Carvalho Junior RB, de Oliveira HLC, Miranda ST, Gomes MK, da Cunha AJLA, Menegaldo LL. Gait analysis of leprosy patients with foot drop using principal component analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 105:105983. [PMID: 37167843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury caused by leprosy can lead to foot drop, resulting in an altered gait pattern that has not been previously described using 3D gait analysis. METHODS Gait kinematics and dynamics were analyzed in 12 patients with unilateral foot drop caused by leprosy and in 15 healthy controls. Biomechanical data from patients' affected and unaffected limbs were compared with controls using inferential statistics and a standard distance, based on principal components analysis (PCA). FINDINGS Patients walked slower than controls (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 m/s, p = 0.003), with a reduced stance and increased swing percentage. The affected limb increased (p < 0.05) plantar flexion at the initial contact (-16.8o ± 8.3), terminal stance (-29.1o ± 11.5), and swing (-12.4o ± 6.2) in the affected limb compared to unaffected (-6.6o ± 10.3; -14.6o ± 11.6; 2.4o ± 7.6) and controls (-5.4o ± 2.5; -18.8o ± 5.8; -1.4o ± 3.9). Increased pelvic tilt and knee adduction/abduction range, with lower hip adduction, were observed. The second peak of ground reaction force (98.6 ± 5.2 %BW), ankle torque (0.99 ± 0.33 Nm/kg), and net ankle work in stance (-0.03 ± 5.4 J/Kg) decreased in the affected limb compared to controls (104.1 ± 5.5 %BW; 1.24 ± 0.4 Nm/kg; -4.58 ± 5.19 J/kg; p < 0.05). There were decreasing multivariate standard distances in the affected limb compared with the unaffected and controls. PCA loading factors highlighted the major differences between groups. INTERPRETATION Leprosy patients with foot drop presented altered gait patterns in affected and unaffected limbs. There were remarkable differences in ankle kinematics and dynamics. Rehabilitation devices, such as ankle foot orthosis or tendon transfer surgeries to increase ankle dorsiflexion, could benefit these patients and reduce deviations from normal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Cohen
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Adriane Mara de Souza Muniz
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica (PEB/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx) - (Brazilian Army), Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana T Miranda
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Maria Kátia Gomes
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Luciano L Menegaldo
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica (PEB/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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Õunpuu S, Pierz K, Garibay E, Acsadi G, Wren TAL. Stance and swing phase ankle phenotypes in youth with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1: An evaluation using comprehensive gait analysis techniques. Gait Posture 2022; 98:216-225. [PMID: 36179412 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) results in muscle weakness and contracture leading to a wide variety of gait issues including atypical ankle kinematics in both stance and swing. Knowledge of the stance and swing phase kinematic patterns for CMT type 1 (CMT1), the most common CMT type, will improve our understanding of expected gait outcomes and treatment needs to improve gait function. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the stance/swing phase ankle phenotypes in CMT1? METHODS A prospective convenience sample of 25 participants with CMT1, ages 7-19 years, underwent comprehensive gait analysis following standard procedures. Ankle phenotypes based on peak ankle dorsiflexion in terminal stance and mid-swing were defined and compared using linear mixed models. RESULTS Patients with CMT1 presented with three stance phase ankle phenotypes: 21 limbs (42 %) with reduced (mean 5°, SD 2°), 19 limbs (38 %) with typical (mean 11°, SD 1°) and 10 limbs (20 %) with excessive (mean 15°, SD 2°) peak dorsiflexion in terminal stance (p < 0.05). There were two swing phase phenotypes: 19 limbs (38 %) with typical (mean -1.7°, SD 1.5°) and 31 limbs (62 %) with excessive (mean -5.6°, SD 1.4°) plantarflexion in mid-swing (p < 0.002). Eleven patients (44 %) had ankles that were classified into different stance groups, and 9 patients (36 %) had ankles that were classified into different swing groups. The most common combination of stance/swing ankle phenotypes was decreased dorsiflexion in terminal stance with increased plantarflexion in mid-swing (16 sides, 32 %). SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that youth with CMT1 have multiple combinations of combined ankle kinematics for stance and swing. The ankle phenotypes identified in this study reflect contributions of both dorsi/plantarflexor weakness and plantarflexor contracture, which require different treatment approaches. Comprehensive gait analysis can distinguish between multiple ankle phenotypes to assist in determining the most appropriate treatment to improve gait for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Õunpuu
- Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Kristan Pierz
- Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA; Division of Orthopedics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Erin Garibay
- Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Gyula Acsadi
- Division of Neurology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tishya A L Wren
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Favetta M, Romano A, Summa S, Colazza A, Minosse S, Vasco G, Castelli E, Petrarca M. Influence of sagittal pelvic attitude on gait pattern in normally developed people and interactions with neurological pathologies: A pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:797282. [PMID: 35992946 PMCID: PMC9386486 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.797282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait Analysis of healthy people, imitating pathological conditions while walking, has increased our understanding of biomechanical factors. The influence of the pelvis as a biomechanical constraint during gait is not specifically studied. How could mimicking a pelvic attitude influence the dynamic mechanical interaction of the body segments? We proposed an investigation of the pelvic attitude role on the gait pattern of typically developed people when they mimicked pelvic anteversion and posteroversion. Materials and methods Seventeen healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study (mean age 24.4 ± 5.5). They simulated a pelvic anteversion and posteroversion during walking, exaggerating these postures as much as possible. 3D gait analysis was conducted using an optoelectronic system with eight cameras (Vicon MX, Oxford, United Kingdom) and two force plates (AMTI, Or-6, Watertown, MA, United States). The kinematic, kinetic, and spatio-temporal parameters were compared between the three walking conditions (anteversion, posteroversion, and normal gait). Results In Pelvic Anteversion gait (PA) we found: increased hip flexion (p < 0.0001), increased knee flexion during stance (p = 0.02), and reduction of ankle flexion-extension Range of Motion (RoM) compared with Pelvic Normal gait (PN). In Pelvic Posteroversion gait (PP) compared with PN, we found: decreased hip flexion-extension RoM (p < 0.01) with a tendency to hip extension, decreased knee maximum extension in stance (p = 0.033), and increased ankle maximum dorsiflexion in stance (p = 0.002). Conclusion The configuration of PA contains gait similarities and differences when compared with pathologic gait where there is an anteversion as seen in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Similarly, attitudes of PP have been described in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome (CMT) or patients who have undergone Pelvic Osteotomy (PO). Understanding the dynamic biomechanical constraints is essential to the assessment of pathological behavior. The central nervous system adapts motor behavior in interaction with body constraints and available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Favetta
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Romano
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Summa
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Susanna Summa,
| | - Alessandra Colazza
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Minosse
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Vasco
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Castelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petrarca
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Mahmood I, Raza A, Maqbool HF, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Evaluation of an ankle–foot orthosis effect on gait transitional stability during ramp ascent/descent. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2119-2132. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effects of orthopedic footwear on postural stability and walking in individuals with Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 94:105638. [PMID: 35405625 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthopedic footwear is often prescribed to improve postural stability during standing and walking in individuals with Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy. However, supporting evidence in literature is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of orthopedic footwear on quiet standing balance, gait speed, spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, kinetics and dynamic balance in individuals with Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy. METHODS Fifteen individuals with Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy performed a quiet standing task and 2-min walk test on customized orthopedic footwear and standardized footwear. Primary outcome measures were the mean velocity of the center of pressure during quiet standing and gait speed during walking. Secondary outcome measures included center of pressure amplitude and frequency during quiet standing, and spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, kinetics, and dynamic balance during walking. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-tests were performed to identify differences between footwear conditions. FINDINGS Neither quiet standing balance nor dynamic balance differed between orthopedic and standardized footwear, but orthopedic footwear improved spatiotemporal parameters (higher gait speed, longer step length, shorter step time and smaller step width) during walking. Moreover, less sagittal shank-footwear range of motion, more frontal shank-footwear range of motion, more dorsiflexion of the footwear-to-horizontal angle at initial contact and more hip adduction during the stance phase were found. INTERPRETATION Orthopedic footwear improved walking in individuals with Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy, whereas it did not affect postural stability during quiet standing or dynamic balance. Especially gait speed and spatiotemporal parameters improved. An improved heel landing at initial contact for all footwear and reduced foot drop during swing for mid and high orthopedic footwear contributed to the gait improvements wearing orthopedic footwear.
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Counter-movement jump characteristics in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1a disease. Gait Posture 2022; 93:218-224. [PMID: 35183839 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor performance in sports, especially activities that require explosive movements, is a common reason for initial presentation of children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1a (CMT1a) to the paediatric neuromuscular specialist. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this descriptive, retrospective study was to analyse counter-movement jump characteristics in children with CMT1a in comparison to those in typically developing children (TDC). METHODS This retrospective study included seven patients with CMT1a and 44 TDC from our data pool. All the participants performed counter-movement jumps, and jump height, peak force, time to peak force, average and peak rate of force development and net vertical impulse were then calculated. For statistical comparison by means of an independent Student's t-test, children with CMT1a were compared to seven sex- and age-matched TDC. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between the force-time variables and jump height. RESULTS Peak force, net vertical impulse and jump height values in the CMT1a group were significantly lower than those in the TDC group. There were no between-group differences in the time to peak force or average and peak rate of force development. In terms of task symmetry, the correlation between the time-force curve of the left and right leg in the CMT1a group was reduced as compared with that in the TDC group. In both groups, among the parameters measured, there was a significant correlation between jump height and net vertical impulse. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that reduced jump performance in children with CMT1a, as demonstrated by decreased counter-movement jump height, was due to a reduced net impulse during this explosive movement task. This finding is critical for children with CMT1a and has to be considered in clinical management and activities of daily living (e.g. sports lessons in school).
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Ippolito G, Serrao M, Conte C, Castiglia SF, Rucco F, Bonacci E, Miscusi M, Pierelli F, Bini F, Marinozzi F, Zitiello M, Ragona C, De Marinis G. Direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty: Hip biomechanics and muscle activation during three walking tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 89:105454. [PMID: 34482068 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total hip replacement with minimally invasive direct anterior approach using the "Smith Petersen" interval is an alternative technique to conventional surgery aimed at preserving the integrity of the muscles around the hip joint. This study aimed to observe hip biomechanics, gait variables, hip muscle activation and locomotor performance during three locomotor tasks (forward, lateral, and backward walking), in subjects who undergo total hip arthroplasty with direct anterior approach. METHODS Fourteen patients with primary osteoarthritis who underwent direct anterior approach were included in the study. The optoelectronic 3-D motion analysis system integrated with an electromyography surface device was used to acquire the biomechanics of patients before surgery and at 3 and 6 months post-surgery. Spatio-temporal, dynamic, and hip muscle electromyographic parameters were analyzed and compared whit those of healthy controls. FINDINGS Almost all gait parameters improved after surgery. The majority of gait variables neared to the control group at 6 months, while the hip joint range of motion did not. The abnormally increased activation of the muscles around the hip joint was reduced at 6 months post-surgery during all three locomotor tasks. Conversely, the altered gait phase-related electromyographic pattern did not change after the surgery. INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that hip and gait function during several locomotor tasks improved after surgery, while simultaneously either preserve or restore the muscle activation around the hip joint. A full biomechanical evaluation of the hip function during locomotion may aid physicians and surgeons in optimizing the management of patients before and after hip replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ippolito
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668 Latina, Italy
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, Italy; Movement Analysis LAB, Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Conte
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Rucco
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668 Latina, Italy
| | - Enrico Bonacci
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668 Latina, Italy
| | - Massimo Miscusi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, Pozzili, Isernia, Italy
| | - Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical & Thermal Measurement Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical & Thermal Measurement Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Zitiello
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668 Latina, Italy
| | - Chiara Ragona
- Movement Analysis LAB, Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, Rome, Italy; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical & Thermal Measurement Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo De Marinis
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668 Latina, Italy
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Pribble BA, Black CD, Larson DJ, Larson RD. An evaluation of the reliability of the foot-tapping test in a healthy sample. Foot (Edinb) 2021; 48:101851. [PMID: 34385026 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2021.101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The foot-tapping test (FTT) can be used to assess upper motor neuron dysfunction in clinical populations. However, relatively little is known regarding the reliability or normative values of the FTT in either healthy or clinical populations. Although several different FTT methods have been used, no study to date has demonstrated the reliability or validity of FTT by comparing it across several different counting methods in healthy persons. This unfortunately limits its usefulness in medicine and research. OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine the reliability and validity of the FTT in healthy individuals to determine its usefulness and to make recommendations for its implementation in clinical populations. Furthermore, the concurrent validity and reliability of using a force plate as an objective measure of foot-taps was considered. DESIGN Thirty-eight healthy individuals had their foot-tapping assessed using Live, Force Plate, and Video Counting methods over four separate visits. METHODS Participants were seated as per previous FTT recommendations and asked to tap their foot in 10-second intervals while the number of taps was counted via Live, Video, and Force Plate counters. This was done with both legs, with shoes ON and OFF, and repeated over four separate visits. RESULTS Despite significant differences between repeat trials for Force Plate and Video Counts (∼2 foot-taps, p < 0.01), test-retest reliability was high for all three methods (Pearson's R > 0.90). Dominant foot trials were higher (∼2 foot-taps, p < 0.05) than Non-dominant for all three counts. When performed with shoes ON, counts were higher (∼2 foot-taps, p < 0.05) than OFF for the Live and Force Plate counts. Reliability between visits was high (ICC > 0.80) and only the Video count was significantly lower for Visit 1 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Given findings, the authors suggest using a Force Plate counting method and have compiled a list of suggestions for future implementation of the FTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Pribble
- The University of Oklahoma, Department of Health and Exercise Science, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
| | - Christopher D Black
- The University of Oklahoma, Department of Health and Exercise Science, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
| | - Daniel J Larson
- The University of Oklahoma, Department of Health and Exercise Science, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
| | - Rebecca D Larson
- The University of Oklahoma, Department of Health and Exercise Science, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
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Fu AQ, Shih AJ, Martin BJ, Armstrong TJ. A planar piecewise continuous lumped muscle parameter model for prediction of walking gait. Gait Posture 2021; 88:146-154. [PMID: 34044247 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
GOAL This work aims to develop a planar piecewise continuous lumped muscle parameter (PPCLMP) model that can utilize inputs that can be obtained in a clinical or home setting using simple tools (e.g. video cameras and inertial sensors) to predict human walking gait. METHODS The model characterizes the sagittal-plane movement of the lower limbs during the single stance phase as an inverted pendulum, the double stance phase as a kinematic chain, and the swing phase as a double pendulum. The joint angles and angular velocities at the end of one phase are used as the initial conditions of the next phase. The model predicts the gait cycle based on the initial joint angles and angular velocities via forward dynamics. The errors between the initial and end conditions are minimized by changing the input initial joint angles and angular velocities of the gait cycle. RESULTS Sensitivity analysis showed that the errors between the initial and end conditions of a gait cycle were sensitive to the initial joint angles. The step length was sensitive to subject stature. The model only works for a certain range of initial conditions. CONCLUSIONS The model can predict gait cycles based on forward dynamics and selects initial conditions that minimize the errors between the initial and end conditions of the gait cycle. The model utilizes 2-D representations of lower limbs and simplified representations of joint torques to reduce the required inputs for gait prediction and builds the foundation of gait assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Qianyi Fu
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Albert J Shih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bernard J Martin
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Armstrong
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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The impact of orthoses on gait in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Gait Posture 2021; 85:198-204. [PMID: 33610823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) results in distal muscle weakness that leads to gait difficulties in both the stance and swing phases, thus limiting function in the community. A primary purpose of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) is to improve gait function; however, little is known about what AFOs are prescribed and how they benefit children with CMT. RESEARCH QUESTION To determine the impact of previously prescribed AFOs on gait in children with CMT using comprehensive gait analysis techniques. METHODS We examined strength, passive range of motion and gait (kinematics, kinetics and temporal-spatial) for barefoot and AFO walking on 15 children with a diagnosis of CMT. Participants used their prescribed AFOs, the design of which varied depending on the patient. Comparisons between barefoot and AFO walking were completed for selected ankle, knee and hip kinematics and kinetics and temporal-spatial parameters. Subgroups were also evaluated based upon specific ankle kinematics relevant to AFO prescription. RESULTS AFOs resulted in increased walking velocity (0.91, SD 0.31 to 1.13, SD 0.23 m/sec, p = 0.001) and improved ankle kinematics (dorsiflexion in mid-swing: -11, SD 10 to 0, SD 5 degrees, p = 0.0001) and kinetics (peak plantar flexor moment in stance: 0.71, SD 0.30 to 0.85, SD 0.29 Nm/kg, p = 0.001). In patients with increased equinus in swing, AFOs resulted in improved ankle kinematics. In patients with increased dorsiflexion in terminal stance, AFOs did not provide the support that was needed to improve gait function. SIGNIFICANCE AFOs enhance gait function in children with CMT by improving walking velocity and selected ankle kinematics and kinetics. It is important that the AFO design be aligned with the patient's specific joint level impairment and associated gait dysfunction. Comprehensive gait analysis techniques can measure differences between barefoot and AFO function and help to clarify the most appropriate AFO prescription for an individual child.
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Hwang SH, Chang EH, Kwak G, Jeon H, Choi BO, Hong YB. Gait parameters as tools for analyzing phenotypic alterations of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:11-18. [PMID: 33717412 PMCID: PMC7935128 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1880967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases in the peripheral nervous system, is characterized by progressive and symmetrical distal weakness resulting in gait abnormality. The necessity of the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers has been raised for both basic research and clinical practice in CMT. Since biomarkers for animal study of CMT are limited, we evaluated the feasibility of gait parameters as tool for measuring disease phenotype of CMT mouse model. Using a Trembler-J (Tr-J) mouse, a CMT type 1 (CMT1) mouse model, we analyzed kinematic parameters such as angles of hip, knee and ankle (sagittal plane), and spatial parameters including step width and stride length (transverse plane). Regarding of kinematic parameters, Tr-J mice exhibited less plantarflexed ankle during the swing phase and more dorsiflexed ankle at the terminal stance compared to control mice. The range of motion in ankle angle of Tr-J mice was significantly greater than that of control mice. In spatial parameter, Tr-J mice exhibited wider step width compared to control mice. These results are similar to previously reported gait patterns of CMT1 patients. In comparison with other markers such as nerve conduction study and rotarod test, gait parameters dynamically reflected the disease progression of CMT1 mice. Therefore, these data imply that gait parameters can be used as useful tools to analyzed the disease phenotype and progression during preclinical study of peripheral neuropathy such as CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Chang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Alnajjar F, Zaier R, Khalid S, Gochoo M. Trends and Technologies in Rehabilitation of Foot Drop: A Systematic Review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:31-46. [PMID: 33249938 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1857729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot Drop (FD) is a condition, which is very commonly found in post-stoke patients; however it can also be seen in patients with multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. It is a sign of neuromuscular damage caused by the weakness of the muscles. There are various approaches of FD's rehabilitation, such as physiotherapy, surgery, and the use of technological devices. Recently, researchers have worked on developing various technologies to enhance assisting and rehabilitation of FD. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes different types of technologies available for FD. This include devices that are available commercially or still under research. 101 studies published between 2015 and 2020 were identified for the review, many were excluded due to various reasons, e.g., were not robot-based devices, did not include FD as one of the targeted diseases, or was insufficient information. 24 studies that met our inclusion criteria were assessed. These studies were further classified into two different categories: robot-based ankle-foot orthosis (RAFO) and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) devices. EXPERT OPINION Studies included showed that both RAFO and FES showed considerable improvement in the gait cycle of the patients. Future trends are inclining towards integrating FES with other neuro-concepts such as muscle-synergies for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Alnajjar
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
- Intelligent Behavior Control Unit, RIKEN, Centre for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Riadh Zaier
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sumayya Khalid
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Munkhjargal Gochoo
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Changes in walking velocity and stride parameters with age in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:825-832. [PMID: 32928646 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.08.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess how Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a group of inherited peripheral neuropathies that result in distal weakness, affects walking velocity over time in comparison to age-matched controls. Comprehensive gait analysis of 57 children (mean age 12.0, SD 3.7 years) compared to 76 age-matched controls (mean age 10.1, SD 3.4 years) demonstrated slower walking velocity (p<0.001) due to both shorter stride length (p<0.001) and diminished cadence (p=0.01). There was higher walking velocity (p<0.001), stride length (p=0.002) and cadence (p<0.001) in patients with dorsiflexor strength ≥3 and higher walking velocity (p=0.001) and cadence (p=0.03) in patients plantar flexor strength ≥4. Analysis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 and type 2 subgroups showed that walking velocity increased significantly with age in controls (p=0.001) but did not increase in children with either subtype (p>0.54). Stride length increased significantly with age in all groups (p<0.001) but at a slower rate in type 1 and 2 compared to controls. These differences contributed to increasing deficits in walking velocity and stride length with age in type 1 and 2 in comparison to controls, with deficits appearing earlier in type 2. Since the slower walking velocity in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is primarily due to short stride length, treatments that enable improved stride length, such as plantar flexor strengthening and bracing, may improve walking velocity and associated gait function.
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Jiang C, Zheng M, Li Y, Wang X, Li L, Song R. Iterative Adjustment of Stimulation Timing and Intensity During FES-Assisted Treadmill Walking for Patients After Stroke. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:1292-1298. [PMID: 32275602 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.2986295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Functional electric stimulation (FES) is a common intervention to correct foot drop for patients after stroke. Due to the disturbances from internal time-varying muscle characteristics under electrical stimulation and external environmental uncertainties, most of the existing FES system used pre-set stimulation parameters and cannot achieve good gait performances during FES-assisted walking. Therefore, an adaptive FES control system, which used the iterative learning control to adjust the stimulation intensity based on kinematic data and a linear model to modulate the stimulation timing based on walking speed during FES-assisted treadmill walking, was designed and tested on ten patients with foot drop after stroke. In order to examine its orthotic effects, the kinematic data of the patients using the proposed control strategy were collected and compared with the data of the same patients walking using other three FES control strategies, including (1) constant pre-set stimulation intensity and timing, (2) constant pre-set stimulation intensity with speed-adaptive stimulation timing and (3) walking without FES intervention. The error between the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle during swing phase and the target angle using the proposed control strategy was the smallest among the four conditions. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the ankle plantar flexion angle at the toe-off event and the maximum knee flexion angle during swing phase between the proposed control strategy and walking without FES. In summary, the proposed control strategy can improve FES-assisted walking performances through adaptive modulation of stimulation timing and intensity when coping with variation, and may have good potential in clinic.
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Pogemiller K, Garibay E, Pierz K, Acsadi G, Õunpuu S. Comparison of gait patterns and functional measures between Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I and II in children to young adults. Gait Posture 2020; 77:236-242. [PMID: 32062403 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is an inherited peripheral neuropathy that causes progressive distal extremity nerve degeneration and muscle atrophy which can negatively impact function, gait and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist in gait patterns, clinical examination and functional measures between CMT type I (CMT1) and type II (CMT2) in childhood to young adults. It was hypothesized that individuals with CMT2 would present with greater ankle weakness, increased and/or prolonged ankle dorsiflexion in stance during gait and demonstrate greater disease severity on the CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) compared to CMT1. METHODS Twenty-seven individuals diagnosed with CMT1 or CMT2 underwent three-dimensional gait analysis, clinical examination and evaluation of disease severity using the CMTPedS. Subjects groups were divided based on CMT type: CMT1 (n = 20) and CMT2 (n = 7). RESULTS CMT2 group presented with a trend towards increased plantar flexion weakness compared to CMT1 of 61.1 ± 58.1 N to 137.9 ± 51.4 N (p < 0.012), respectively. CMT2 presented with significantly decreased dorsiflexion strength, 31.9 ± 30.9 N, compared to CMT1, 80.4 ± 37.4 N, (p < 0.0052) which negatively influenced gait patterns in CMT2. Associated gait findings demonstrated CMT2 group with significantly decreased peak ankle power generation in stance compared to CMT1 (1.46 ± 0.39 W/kg to 3.13 ± 0.98 W/kg respectively) (p < 0.0001). CMT1 was more likely to demonstrate a dorsiflexion moment in loading response than CMT2. There was a consistent trend of a higher score and therefore greater disease severity for CMT2 based on CMTPedS. CONCLUSION Study results suggest that at a given age, individuals with CMT2 have greater limitations in terms of gait function and disease severity than individuals with CMT1. Overall the CMT2 was shown to have greater gait limitations at the ankle during stance and swing with associated compensatory mechanisms at the knee and hip in swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Pogemiller
- Connecticut Children's, 399 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06032, United States; Univesity of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave, West Harford, CT 06117, United States.
| | - Erin Garibay
- Connecticut Children's, 399 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06032, United States
| | - Kristan Pierz
- Connecticut Children's, 399 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06032, United States
| | - Gyula Acsadi
- Connecticut Children's, 399 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06032, United States
| | - Sylvia Õunpuu
- Connecticut Children's, 399 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06032, United States
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Ong CF, Geijtenbeek T, Hicks JL, Delp SL. Predicting gait adaptations due to ankle plantarflexor muscle weakness and contracture using physics-based musculoskeletal simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006993. [PMID: 31589597 PMCID: PMC6797212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in the ankle plantarflexor muscles, such as weakness and contracture, occur commonly in conditions such as cerebral palsy, stroke, muscular dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and sarcopenia. While these deficits likely contribute to observed gait pathologies, determining cause-effect relationships is difficult due to the often co-occurring biomechanical and neural deficits. To elucidate the effects of weakness and contracture, we systematically introduced isolated deficits into a musculoskeletal model and generated simulations of walking to predict gait adaptations due to these deficits. We trained a planar model containing 9 degrees of freedom and 18 musculotendon actuators to walk using a custom optimization framework through which we imposed simple objectives, such as minimizing cost of transport while avoiding falling and injury, and maintaining head stability. We first generated gaits at prescribed speeds between 0.50 m/s and 2.00 m/s that reproduced experimentally observed kinematic, kinetic, and metabolic trends for walking. We then generated a gait at self-selected walking speed; quantitative comparisons between our simulation and experimental data for joint angles, joint moments, and ground reaction forces showed root-mean-squared errors of less than 1.6 standard deviations and normalized cross-correlations above 0.8 except for knee joint moment trajectories. Finally, we applied mild, moderate, and severe levels of muscle weakness or contracture to either the soleus (SOL) or gastrocnemius (GAS) or both of these major plantarflexors (PF) and retrained the model to walk at a self-selected speed. The model was robust to all deficits, finding a stable gait in all cases. Severe PF weakness caused the model to adopt a slower, "heel-walking" gait. Severe contracture of only SOL or both PF yielded similar results: the model adopted a "toe-walking" gait with excessive hip and knee flexion during stance. These results highlight how plantarflexor weakness and contracture may contribute to observed gait patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmichael F. Ong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Geijtenbeek
- Department of Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L. Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Varrecchia T, Serrao M, Rinaldi M, Ranavolo A, Conforto S, De Marchis C, Simonetti A, Poni I, Castellano S, Silvetti A, Tatarelli A, Fiori L, Conte C, Draicchio F. Common and specific gait patterns in people with varying anatomical levels of lower limb amputation and different prosthetic components. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:9-21. [PMID: 30889496 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study's aim was to identify the kinematic and kinetic gait patterns and to measure the energy consumption in people with amputation according to both the anatomical level of amputation and the type of prosthetic components in comparison with a control group matched for the gait speed. Fifteen subjects with unilateral transtibial amputation (TTA), forty with unilateral transfemoral amputation (TFA) (9 with mechanical, 17 with CLeg and 14 with Genium prosthesis) and forty healthy subjects were recruited. We computed the time-distance gait parameters; the range of angular motion (RoM) at hip, knee and ankle joints, and at the trunk and pelvis; the values of the 2 peaks of vertical force curve; the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and center of activity (CoA) of vertical force; the mechanical behavior in terms of energy recovery (R-step) and energy consumption. The main results were: i) both TTA and TFA show a common gait pattern characterized by a symmetric increase of step length, step width, double support duration, pelvic obliquity, trunk lateral bending and trunk rotation RoMs compared to control groups. They show also an asymmetric increase of stance duration and of Peak1 in non-amputated side and a decrease of ankle RoM in amputated side; ii) only TFA show a specific gait pattern, depending on the level of amputation, characterized by a symmetric reduction of R-step and an asymmetric decrease of stance duration, CoA and FWHM and an increase of Peak1 in the amputated side and of hip and knee RoM, CoA and FWHM in the non-amputated side; iii) people with amputation with Genium prosthesis show a longer step length and increased hip and knee RoMs compared to people with amputation with mechanical prosthesis who conversely show an increased pelvic obliquity: these are specific gait patterns depending of the type of prosthesis. In conclusion, we identified both common and specific gait patterns in people with amputation, either regardless of, or according to their level of amputation and the type of prosthetic component.
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Shorter AL, Finucane S, Rouse EJ. Ankle Mechanical Impedance During Waling in Chronic Stroke: Preliminary Results. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2019; 2019:246-251. [PMID: 31374637 PMCID: PMC6924171 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2019.8779436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic joint mechanics, collectively known as mechanical impedance, are often altered following upper motoneuron disease, which can hinder mobility for these individuals. Typically, assessments of altered limb mechanics are obtained while the patient is at rest, which differs from the dynamic conditions of mobility. The purpose of this study was to quantify ankle impedance during walking in individuals post-stroke, determine differences from the healthy population, and assess the relationship between impedance impairment and clinical outcome measures. Preliminary data were collected in four individuals post-stroke. Displacement perturbations were applied to the ankle during stance phase, and least-squares system identification was performed to estimate ankle impedance. In comparison to the healthy population, the paretic ankle showed reduced variation of stiffness during mid-stance of walking, and damping estimates during early and mid-stance were increased. Clinical measures obtained during dynamic tasks showed strong correlation with changes to the stiffness component of impedance, while clinical measures obtained passively were not correlated to stiffness. Impairment in ankle damping was not correlated with any of the measures tested. This work provides novel, preliminary insight into paretic ankle impedance during walking, differences from healthy data, and elucidates how current clinical metrics correspond to the true values of ankle stiffness and damping during gait.
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Ghaffar A, Dehghani-Sanij AA, Xie SQ. A review of gait disorders in the elderly and neurological patients for robot-assisted training. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 15:256-270. [PMID: 30777472 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1568594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Ambulation is an important objective for people with pathological gaits. Exoskeleton robots can assist these people to complete their activities of daily living. There are exoskeletons that have been presented in literature to assist the elderly and other pathological gait users. This article presents a review of the degree of support required in the elderly and neurological gait disorders found in the human population. This will help to advance the design of robot-assisted devices based on the needs of the end users.Methods: The articles included in this review are collected from different databases including Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, Medline and PubMed and with the purpose to investigate the gait parameters of elderly and neurological patients. Studies were included after considering the full texts and only those which focus on spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic gait parameters were selected as they are most relevant to the scope of this review. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted.Results: The meta-analysis report on the spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic gait parameters of elderly and neurological patients revealed a significant difference based on the type and level of impairment. Healthy elderly population showed deviations in the gait parameters due to age, however, significant difference is observed in the gait parameters of the neurological patients.Conclusion: A level of agreement was observed in most of the studies however the review also noticed some controversies among different studies in the same group. The review on the spatiotemporal, kinematics and kinetic gait parameters will provide a summary of the fundamental needs of the users for the future design and development of robotic assistive devices.Implications for rehabilitationThe support requirements provide the foundation for designing assistive devices.The findings will be crucial in defining the design criteria for robot assistive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ghaffar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | | | - Sheng Quan Xie
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Rinaldi M, D'Anna C, Schmid M, Conforto S. Assessing the influence of SNR and pre-processing filter bandwidth on the extraction of different muscle co-activation indexes from surface EMG data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Coghe G, Pau M, Mamusa E, Pisano C, Corona F, Pilloni G, Porta M, Marrosu G, Vannelli A, Frau J, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Marrosu MG, Cocco E. Quantifying gait impairment in individuals affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: the usefulness of gait profile score and gait variable score. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 42:737-742. [PMID: 30334469 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1506946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gait analysis is a reliable tool to characterise ambulation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth, the obtained are complex data makes its use scarce in clinical practice. The use of synthetic measures may enable the clinician to easily interpret gait kinematics in Charcot-Marie-Tooth.Aims: To test the usefulness of Gait Profile Score as a method to quantify and monitor kinematic gait alterations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth.Methods: A group of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth and a control group underwent Gait Analysis. Neurological impairment was evaluated by means of the Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score in his original form and in the Rasch Analysis revised form. Differences in Kinematics scores induced by the pathology were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between gait parameters and Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score was assessed by means of the Spearman correlation.Results: Twenty patients were enrolled. Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant effect of the pathology on Gait Profile Score (p < 0.001). Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score was positively correlated with Gait Profile Score (Rho = 0.708, p = 0.001).Conclusion: Gait profile score can differentiate Charcot Marie Tooth from unaffected people and to quantify ambulation impairment, also identifying the joints more affected by the disease.Implications for rehabilitationPhysiotherapy and orthotics constitute the sole possible clinical approach for Charcot Marie Tooth, but the clinical scales are scarcely effective for assessing the rehabilitative outcome.Synthetic measures are able to summarize Charcot Marie tooth kinematics in a single score, and Gait Profile Score is able to differentiate patients with Charcot Marie tooth from healthy controls.Gait Profile Score is related to clinical disability as measured by the Charcot Marie tooth neuropathy score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Coghe
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pau
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Mamusa
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Pisano
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Corona
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pilloni
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Porta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Jessica Frau
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Compensations in lower limb joint work during walking in response to unilateral calf muscle weakness. Gait Posture 2018; 66:38-44. [PMID: 30145473 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with calf muscle weakness due to neuromuscular disorders have a reduced ankle push-off work, which leads to increased energy dissipation at contralateral heel-strike. Consequently, compensatory positive work needs to be generated, which is mechanically less efficient. It is unknown whether neuromuscular disorder patients compensate with their ipsilateral hip and/or contralateral leg; and if such compensatory joint work is related to walking energy cost. RESEARCH QUESTION Do patients with calf muscle weakness compensate for the increase in negative joint work by increasing positive ipsilateral hip work and/or positive contralateral leg work? And is the total mechanical work related with walking energy cost? METHODS Seventeen patients with unilateral flaccid calf muscle weakness and 10 healthy individuals performed the following two tests: i) a barefoot 3D gait analysis at comfortable speed and matched control speed (i.e. 0.4 non-dimensional) to assess lower limb joint work and ii) a 6-minute walk test at comfortable speed to assess walking energy cost. RESULTS Patients had a lower comfortable walking speed compared to healthy individuals (1.05 vs 1.36 m/s, p < 0.001) and did not increase positive lower limb joint work at comfortable speed. At matched speed (1.25 m/s), patients showed increased positive work at their ipsilateral hip (0.38 ± 0.08 vs 0.27 ± 0.07, p = 0.001) and/or contralateral leg (0.99 ± 0.14 vs 0.69 ± 0.14, p < 0.001). Patients with weakest plantar flexors used both strategies. No relation between total positive work and walking energy cost was found (r = 0.43, p = 0.122). SIGNIFICANCE Patients with unilateral calf muscle weakness compensated for reduced ankle push-off work by lowering their comfortable walking speed or, at matched speed, by generating additional positive joint work at the ipsilateral hip and/or contralateral leg. The additional positive joint work at matched speed did not explain the elevated walking energy cost at comfortable speed, which needs further exploration.
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Psarakis M, Greene DA, Cole MH, Lord SR, Hoang P, Brodie M. Wearable technology reveals gait compensations, unstable walking patterns and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:075004. [PMID: 29701182 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aac0a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) often experience a decline in gait performance, which can compromise their independence and increase falls. Ankle joint contractures in PwMS are common and often result in compensatory gait patterns to accommodate reduced ankle range of motion (ROM). APPROACH Using advances in wearable technology, the aim of this study was to quantify head and pelvis movement patterns that occur in PwMS with disability and determine how these secondary gait compensations impact on gait stability. Twelve healthy participants and 12 PwMS participated in the study. Head and pelvis movements were measured using two tri-axial accelerometers. Measures of gait compensation, mobility, variability, asymmetry, stability and fatigue were assessed during a 6 min walking test. MAIN RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, PwMS had greater vertical asymmetry in their head and pelvic movements (Cohen's d = 1.85 and 1.60). Lower harmonic ratios indicated that PwMS were more unstable than controls (Cohen's d = -1.61 to -3.06), even after adjusting for their slower walking speeds. In the PwMS, increased compensatory movements were correlated with reduced ankle active ROM (r = -0.71), higher disability (EDSS) scores (r = 0.58), unstable gait (r = -0.76), reduced mobility (r = -0.76) and increased variability (r = 0.83). SIGNIFICANCE Wearable device technology provides an efficient and reliable way to screen for excessive compensatory movements often present in PwMS and provides clinically important information that impacts on mobility, stride time variability and gait stability. This information may help clinicians identify PwMS at high risk of falling and develop better rehabilitation interventions that, in addition to improving mobility, may help target the underlying causes of unstable gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Psarakis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia
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Lim B, Hwang SH, Hyung S, Lee J, Shim Y, Choi BO. Ankle Pathologic Gait Assistance of a Hip Exoskeleton: Simulation and Experiment. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2018.2810863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de França Costa IMP, Nunes PS, de Aquino Neves EL, Lima Santos Barreto LC, Garcez CA, Souza CC, Pereira Oliveira PM, Sales Ferreira LA, Brandão Lima VN, de Souza Araújo AA. Evaluation of muscle strength, balance and functionality of individuals with type 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Gait Posture 2018; 62:463-467. [PMID: 29674285 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is part of a group of genetically determined neuropathies. The intrinsic muscles of the feet and legs are affected early in the disease, impacting balance and mobility. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate individuals with type 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease to understand how motor changes interfere in balance and function. METHODS The sample comprised 15 individuals with CMT2 from the same family (CMT2G) and a control group (CG) of healthy individuals matched for age and gender. The CMT individuals were classified using the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score (CMTNS). Muscle strength of the ankle was assessed using a manual dynamometer. Balance was measured using a stabilometer and Berg's Balance Scale (BBS). Functional performance was measured by the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between the CMT2G and the CG for right side (RS) and left side (LS) muscle strength (dorsiflexors-RS and LS: p < 0,0001; invertors-RS and LS: p < 0.0001; plantarflexors-RS: p < 0.0001; plantarflexors-LS: p = 0.0019; evertors-RS: p = 0.0016; evertors-LS: p<0.0001) in the parameters for the velocity and displacement of center of pressure (CoP) anterior-posterior (AP) in the stabilometry tests with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) (VCoPAP-EO and VCoPAP-EC: p = 0.0123; DCoPAP-OE: p = 0.0183 and DCoPAP-EC: p = 0.0129), the Berg Balance Scale (p = 0.0066) and the TUG test (p = 0.0003). SIGNIFICANCE Thus when the severity of the disease is mild the instability is caused by the weakness of the dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. In patients considered moderate/severe, in addition to weakness of the leg muscles, loss of proprioception will contribute to impaired balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Santos Nunes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue s/n, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luis de Aquino Neves
- Center for Postgraduate Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Claudio Batista Sts/n, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Catarina Andrade Garcez
- Center for Postgraduate Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Claudio Batista Sts/n, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Coelho Souza
- Center for Postgraduate Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Claudio Batista Sts/n, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Márcio Pereira Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Marcelo Deda Governor Avenue 330, 49400-000, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Sales Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue s/n, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo
- Center for Postgraduate Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Claudio Batista Sts/n, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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Abstract
Polyneuropathies are common neurologic disorders affecting the peripheral nerves. There are a number of causes of damage to these structures, such as genetic and metabolic factors, autoimmune disorders, infection, drug or environmental toxicity, and malignancy. Motor and sensory impairments are commonly encountered in these conditions, leading to altered balance and gait with increased risk of falling. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of peripheral nerve disease and extensive investigation of balance and walking function revealed greater postural instability and delayed activation of distal muscles during walking. Although classically thought to be due to sensory impairment, it is now recognized that a motor contribution to balance and gait impairment cannot be ruled out in diabetic neuropathy. Inflammatory and inherited neuropathies have had less investigation. Variations in static and dynamic balance and depend on the sensory afferents affected and the degree of motor impairment. Motor impairment is a major contributor to alterations in gait pattern. Exercise is an effective rehabilitation approach that can improve muscle strength and postural responses. The gains can carry over into improved functional balance and walking. Orthotic interventions are also promising in supporting joints where there is significant muscle weakness, but newer devices are being developed that provide sensory feedback, e.g., vibration, which may be effective where sensory impairment is a key contributor to postural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Ramdharry
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and Queen Square MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Pharmacological validation of voluntary gait and mechanical sensitivity assays associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 130:18-29. [PMID: 29191755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for more effective analgesic treatment options has prompted a re-evaluation of the behavioral tests used to assess pain in pre-clinical research, with an emphasis on inclusion of more voluntary, un-evoked behavioral assessments of pain. In order to validate voluntary gait analysis and a voluntary mechanical conflict-avoidance assay, we tested mouse models of neuropathy (spared nerve injury) and inflammation (complete Freund's adjuvant) alongside reflexive measures of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. To establish whether the observed changes in behavioral responses were pain-related, known analgesics (buprenorphine, gabapentin, carprofen) were also administered. Spared nerve injury persistently altered several gait indices, whereas complete Freund's adjuvant caused only transient changes. Furthermore, known analgesics could not reverse these gait changes, despite demonstrating their previously established efficacy in reflexive measures of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. In contrast, the mechanical conflict-avoidance assay demonstrated aversion in mice with neuropathy and inflammation-induced hypersensitivity, which could both be reversed by analgesics. We conclude that voluntary gait changes in rodent neuropathic and inflammatory pain models are not necessarily indicative of pain-related adaptations. On the other hand, mechanical conflict-avoidance represents a valid operant assay for quantifying pain-related behaviors in mice that can be reversed by known analgesics.
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Conte C, Serrao M, Cuius L, Ranavolo A, Conforto S, Pierelli F, Padua L. Effect of Restraining the Base of Support on the Other Biomechanical Features in Patients with Cerebellar Ataxia. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 17:264-275. [PMID: 29143300 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the biomechanical consequences of reducing the base of support in patients with ataxia. Specifically, we evaluated the spatio-temporal parameters, upper- and lower-body kinematics, muscle co-activation, and energy recovery and expenditure. The gaits of 13 patients were recorded using a motion analysis system in unperturbed and perturbed walking conditions. In the latter condition, patients had to walk using the same step width and speed of healthy controls. The perturbed walking condition featured reduced gait speed, step length, hip and knee range of motion, and energy recovery and increased double support duration, gait variability, trunk oscillation, and ankle joint muscle co-activation. Narrowing the base of support increased gait instability (e.g., gait variability and trunk oscillations) and induced patients to further use alternative compensatory mechanisms to maintain dynamic balance at the expense of a reduced ability to recover mechanical energy. A widened step width gait is a global strategy employed by patients to increase dynamic stability, reduce the need for further compensatory mechanisms, and thus recover mechanical energy. Our findings suggest that rehabilitative treatment should more specifically focus on step width training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Conte
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Piazzale Morandi 6, 20121, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, Polo Pontino, University of Rome, via Franco Faggiana 1668, 04100, Latina, Italy. .,Movement Analysis LAB, Rehabilitation Centre Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, 00162, Rome, Italy.
| | - L Cuius
- Biolab3, Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, ViaVito Volterra 62, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ranavolo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - S Conforto
- Biolab3, Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, ViaVito Volterra 62, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - F Pierelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, Polo Pontino, University of Rome, via Franco Faggiana 1668, 04100, Latina, Italy.,IRCSS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - L Padua
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Piazzale Morandi 6, 20121, Milan, Italy.,Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopaedics, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Falk DJ, Galatas T, Todd AG, Soto EP, Harris AB, Notterpek L. Locomotor and skeletal muscle abnormalities in trembler J neuropathic mice. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:664-671. [PMID: 29023846 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with hereditary peripheral neuropathies exhibit characteristic deformities of the hands and feet and have difficulty ambulating. To examine to what extent neuropathic animals recapitulate these deficits, we studied trembler J (TrJ) mice, which model early-onset demyelinating neuropathy. METHODS A cohort of 4-month-old female wild type and neuropathic mice were evaluated for locomotor measurements, neuromuscular function, and skeletal muscle proteolysis and morphometry. RESULTS Utilizing the DigiGait imaging system, we identified pronounced alterations in forepaw and hindpaw angles and a decrease in hindpaw area on the treadmill in neuropathic rodents. Torque production by the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was significantly weakened and was paralleled by a decrease in myofiber cross-sectional area and an increase in muscle tissue proteolysis. DISCUSSION Our findings in TrJ mice reflect the phenotypic presentation of the human neuropathy in which patients exhibit weakness of the TA muscle resulting in foot drop and locomotor abnormalities. Muscle Nerve 57: 664-671, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Box 100244 Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA
| | - Tori Galatas
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Box 100244 Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA
| | - Adrian G Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA
| | - Elliott P Soto
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Box 100244 Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA
| | - Andrew B Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Box 100244 Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Box 100244 Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0244, USA.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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RANAVOLO A, VARRECCHIA T, RINALDI M, SILVETTI A, SERRAO M, CONFORTO S, DRAICCHIO F. Mechanical lifting energy consumption in work activities designed by means of the "revised NIOSH lifting equation". INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:444-454. [PMID: 28781290 PMCID: PMC5633360 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present work were: to calculate lifting energy consumption (LEC) in work activities designed to have a growing lifting index (LI) by means of revised NIOSH lifting equation; to evaluate the relationship between LEC and forces at the L5-S1 joint. The kinematic and kinetic data of 20 workers were recorded during the execution of lifting tasks in three conditions. We computed kinetic, potential and mechanical energy and the corresponding LEC by considering three different centers of mass of: 1) the load (CoML); 2) the multi-segment upper body model and load together (CoMUpp+L); 3) the whole body and load together (CoMTot). We also estimated compression and shear forces. Results shows that LEC calculated for CoMUpp+L and CoMTot grew significantly with the LI and that all the lifting condition pairs are discriminated. The correlation analysis highlighted a relationship between LEC and forces that determine injuries at the L5-S1 joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto RANAVOLO
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio SILVETTI
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Italy
| | - Mariano SERRAO
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Italy
| | | | - Francesco DRAICCHIO
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Italy
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Rinaldi M, Ranavolo A, Conforto S, Martino G, Draicchio F, Conte C, Varrecchia T, Bini F, Casali C, Pierelli F, Serrao M. Increased lower limb muscle coactivation reduces gait performance and increases metabolic cost in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 48:63-72. [PMID: 28779695 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the lower limb muscle coactivation and its relationship with muscles spasticity, gait performance, and metabolic cost in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis. METHODS Kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic and energetic parameters of 23 patients and 23 controls were evaluated by computerized gait analysis system. We computed ankle and knee antagonist muscle coactivation indexes throughout the gait cycle and during the subphases of gait. Energy consumption and energy recovery were measured as well. In addition to the correlation analysis between coactivation indexes and clinical variables, correlations between coactivation indexes and time-distance, kinematic, kinetic, and energetic parameters were estimated. FINDINGS Increased coactivity indexes of both knee and ankle muscles throughout the gait cycle and during the subphases of gait were observed in patients compared with controls. Energetic parameters were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Both knee and ankle muscle coactivation indexes were positively correlated with knee and ankle spasticity (Ashworth score), respectively. Knee and ankle muscle coactivation indexes were both positively correlated with energy consumption and both negatively correlated with energy recovery. INTERPRETATION Positive correlations between the Ashworth score and lower limb muscle coactivation suggest that abnormal lower limb muscle coactivation in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis reflects a primary deficit linked to lower limb spasticity. Furthermore, these abnormalities influence the energetic mechanisms during walking. Identifying excessive muscle coactivation may be helpful in individuating the rehabilitative treatments and designing specific orthosis to restrain spasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rinaldi
- Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, Via Ostiense 159, 00154 Rome, Italy; Rehabilitation Centre, Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ranavolo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Conforto
- Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, Via Ostiense 159, 00154 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martino
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Orazio Raimondo 18, 00173 Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Draicchio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Conte
- Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Piazzale Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiwana Varrecchia
- Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, Via Ostiense 159, 00154 Rome, Italy; Rehabilitation Centre, Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, 00162 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical & Thermal Measurement Lab, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Faggiana 34, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Faggiana 34, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Rehabilitation Centre, Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, 00162 Rome, Italy; Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Faggiana 34, 04100 Latina, Italy.
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McKay MJ, Baldwin JN, Ferreira P, Simic M, Vanicek N, Wojciechowski E, Mudge A, Burns J. Spatiotemporal and plantar pressure patterns of 1000 healthy individuals aged 3-101 years. Gait Posture 2017; 58:78-87. [PMID: 28763713 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish normative reference values for spatiotemporal and plantar pressure parameters, and to investigate the influence of demographic, anthropometric and physical characteristics. METHODS In 1000 healthy males and females aged 3-101 years, spatiotemporal and plantar pressure data were collected barefoot with the Zeno™ walkway and Emed® platform. Correlograms were developed to visualise the relationships between widely reported spatiotemporal and pressure variables with demographic (age, gender), anthropometric (height, mass, waist circumference) and physical characteristics (ankle strength, ankle range of motion, vibration perception) in children aged 3-9 years, adolescents aged 10-19 years, adults aged 20-59 years and older adults aged over 60 years. RESULTS A comprehensive catalogue of 31 spatiotemporal and pressure variables were generated from 1000 healthy individuals. The key findings were that gait velocity was stable during adolescence and adulthood, while children and older adults walked at a comparable slower speed. Peak pressures increased during childhood to older adulthood. Children demonstrated highest peak pressures beneath the rearfoot whilst adolescents, adults and older adults demonstrated highest pressures at the forefoot. Main factors influencing spatiotemporal and pressure parameters were: increased age, height, body mass and waist circumference, as well as ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength. CONCLUSION This study has established whole of life normative reference values of widely used spatiotemporal and plantar pressure parameters, and revealed changes to be expected across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnee J McKay
- The University of Sydney, Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jennifer N Baldwin
- The University of Sydney, Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Paulo Ferreira
- The University of Sydney, Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Milena Simic
- The University of Sydney, Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Natalie Vanicek
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth Wojciechowski
- Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Anita Mudge
- Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joshua Burns
- The University of Sydney, Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), New South Wales, Australia.
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Serrao M, Chini G, Iosa M, Casali C, Morone G, Conte C, Bini F, Marinozzi F, Coppola G, Pierelli F, Draicchio F, Ranavolo A. Harmony as a convergence attractor that minimizes the energy expenditure and variability in physiological gait and the loss of harmony in cerebellar ataxia. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 48:15-23. [PMID: 28704694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The harmony of the human gait was recently found to be related to the golden ratio value (ϕ). The ratio between the duration of the stance and that of the swing phases of a gait cycle was in fact found to be close to ϕ, which implies that, because of the fractal property of autosimilarity of that number, the gait ratios stride/stance, stance/swing, swing/double support, were not significantly different from one another. We studied a group of patients with cerebellar ataxia to investigate how the differences between their gait ratios and the golden ratio are related to efficiency and stability of their gait, assessed by energy expenditure and stride-to-stride variability, respectively. METHODS The gait of 28 patients who were affected by degenerative cerebellar ataxia and of 28 healthy controls was studied using a stereophotogrammetric system. The above mentioned gait ratios, the energy expenditure estimated using the pelvis reconstructed method and the gait variability in terms of the stride length were computed, and their relationships were analyzed. Matching procedures have also been used to avoid multicollinearity biases. FINDINGS The gait ratio values of the patients were farther from the controls (and hence from ϕ), even in speed matched conditions (P=0.011, Cohen's D=0.76), but not when the variability and energy expenditure were matched between the two groups (Cohen's D=0.49). In patients with cerebellar ataxia, the farther the stance-swing ratio was from ϕ, the larger the total mechanical work (R2adj=0.64). Further, a significant positive correlation was observed between the difference of the gait ratio from the golden ratio and the severity of the disease (R=0.421, P=0.026). INTERPRETATION Harmony of gait appears to be a benchmark of physiological gait leading to physiological energy recovery and gait reliability. Neurorehabilitation of patients with ataxia might benefit from the restoration of harmony of their locomotor patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Faggiana 34, 40100 Latina, Italy; Rehabilitation Centre Policlinico Italia, Piazza del Campidano 6, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Chini
- Biolab3, Department of Engineering, Roma TRE University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00149 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Faggiana 34, 40100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Morone
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Faggiana 34, 40100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Draicchio
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ranavolo
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
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Identification of specific gait patterns in patients with cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, and Parkinson's disease: A non-hierarchical cluster analysis. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 57:267-279. [PMID: 28967438 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with degenerative neurological diseases such as cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, and Parkinson's disease often display progressive gait function decline that inexorably impacts their autonomy and quality of life. Therefore, considering the related social and economic costs, one of the most important areas of intervention in neurorehabilitation should be the treatment of gait abnormalities. This study aims to determine whether an entire dataset of gait parameters recorded in patients with degenerative neurological diseases can be clustered into homogeneous groups distinct from each other and from healthy subjects. Patients affected by three different types of primary degenerative neurological diseases were studied. These diseases were: i) cerebellar ataxia (28 patients), ii) hereditary spastic paraplegia (31 patients), and iii) Parkinson's disease (70 patients). Sixty-five gender-age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. An optoelectronic motion analysis system was used to measure time-distance parameters and lower limb joint kinematics during gait in both patients and healthy controls. When clustering single parameters, step width and ankle joint range of motion (RoM) in the sagittal plane differentiated cerebellar ataxia group from the other groups. When clustering sets of two, three, or four parameters, several pairs, triples, and quadruples of clusters differentiated the cerebellar ataxia group from the other groups. Interestingly, the ankle joint RoM parameter was present in 100% of the clusters and the step width in approximately 50% of clusters. In addition, in almost all clusters, patients with cerebellar ataxia showed the lowest ankle joint RoM and the largest step width values compared to healthy controls, patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia, and Parkinson's disease subjects. This study identified several clusters reflecting specific gait patterns in patients with degenerative neurological diseases. In particular, the specific gait pattern formed by the increased step width, reduced ankle joint RoM, and increased gait variability, can differentiate patients with cerebellar ataxia from healthy subjects and patients with spastic paraplegia or Parkinson's disease. These abnormal parameters may be adopted as sensitive tools for evaluating the effect of pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments.
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Lencioni T, Piscosquito G, Rabuffetti M, Bovi G, Di Sipio E, Diverio M, Moroni I, Padua L, Pagliano E, Schenone A, Pareyson D, Ferrarin M. Responsiveness of gait analysis parameters in a cohort of 71 CMT subjects. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:1029-1037. [PMID: 28844614 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of worsening in the slowly progressive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is difficult. As previous clinical scales showed low responsiveness, novel outcome measures are under study, including innovative approaches such as quantitative muscle MRI and instrumented movement analysis. Since gait analysis proved able to reliably quantify CMT locomotor deficits, we aimed to explore whether it can be a sensitive-to-change outcome measure in CMT studies. Clinical and biomechanical evaluations were performed in 71 CMT subjects at baseline and after a mean (±sd) of 28.9 ± 9.5 months. Locomotor tasks included natural walking, ascending and descending steps. Instrumented analysis of such tasks provided indexes related to muscle strength (kinetic parameters) and joint movement (kinematic parameters). Parameter responsiveness was expressed as Standardized Response Mean (SRM). Considering the whole CMT group, several parameters showed moderate responsiveness; subgrouping subjects according to disease severity allowed reaching high responsiveness (SRM >0.80). CMT Examination Score showed moderate responsiveness (SRM 0.53) in the minimally affected group; kinematic parameters were more responsive in this group, whereas kinetic parameters in the most severely affected one. Biomechanical parameters can represent suitable outcome measures for CMT by showing moderate-to-high responsiveness. These data suggest that appropriate selection of patient population and outcome measures is crucial for clinical trials' design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lencioni
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piscosquito
- Functional Neuromotor Rehabilitation, IRCCS "ICS Maugeri", Scientific Institute of Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bovi
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Di Sipio
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Diverio
- Polo Riabilitativo del Levante Ligure, Foundation Don Gnocchi Onlus, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Isabella Moroni
- Department of Child Neurology, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Padua
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pagliano
- Department of Child Neurology, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurological Disease of Adulthood, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Ferrarin
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
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Ramdharry GM, Pollard AJ, Grant R, Dewar EL, Laurá M, Moore SA, Hallsworth K, Ploetz T, Trenell MI, Reilly MM. A study of physical activity comparing people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease to normal control subjects. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 39:1753-1758. [PMID: 27684376 PMCID: PMC5592965 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1211180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) describes a group of hereditary neuropathies that present with distal weakness, wasting and sensory loss. Small studies indicate that people with CMT have reduced daily activity levels. This raises concerns as physical inactivity increases the risk of a range of co- morbidities, an important consideration in the long-term management of this disease. This study aimed to compare physical activity, patterns of sedentary behavior and overall energy expenditure of people with CMT and healthy matched controls. METHODS We compared 20 people with CMT and 20 matched controls in a comparison of physical activity measurement over seven days, using an activity monitor. Patterns of sedentary behavior were explored through a power law analysis. RESULTS Results showed a decrease in daily steps taken in the CMT group, but somewhat paradoxically, they demonstrate shorter bouts of sedentary activity and more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors. No differences were seen in energy expenditure or time spent in sedentary, moderate or vigorous activity. CONCLUSION The discrepancy between energy expenditure and number of steps could be due to higher energy requirements for walking, but also may be due to an over-estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in the presence of muscle wasting. Alternatively, this finding may indicate that people with CMT engage more in activities or movement not related to walking. Implications for Rehabilitation Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: • People with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease did not show a difference in energy expenditure over seven days compared to healthy controls, but this may be due to higher energy costs of walking, and/or an over estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in a population where there is muscle wasting. This needs to be considered when interpreting activity monitor data in people with neuromuscular diseases. • Compared to healthy controls, people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease had a lower step count over seven days, but exhibited more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors • High Body Mass Index and increased time spent sedentary were related factors that have implications for general health status. • Understanding the profile of physical activity and behavior can allow targeting of rehabilitation interventions to address mobility and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita M Ramdharry
- a Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education , Kingston University and St George's University of London , London , UK
- b MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK
| | - Alexander J Pollard
- b MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK
- c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London, London , UK
| | - Robert Grant
- a Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education , Kingston University and St George's University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth L Dewar
- b MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK
| | - Matilde Laurá
- b MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK
- c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London, London , UK
| | - Sarah A Moore
- d Movelab , Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kate Hallsworth
- d Movelab , Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Thomas Ploetz
- e School of Computing Science, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Michael I Trenell
- d Movelab , Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- b MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK
- c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London, London , UK
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Wojciechowski E, Sman A, Cornett K, Raymond J, Refshauge K, Menezes MP, Burns J. Gait patterns of children and adolescents with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Gait Posture 2017; 56:89-94. [PMID: 28527386 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gait abnormalities reported in childhood Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) include foot-drop, reduced ankle power at push-off and increased knee and hip flexion for swing clearance ('steppage-gait'). The purpose of this study was to describe the gait patterns of 60 children aged 6-17 years with CMT (CMTall) and distinguish differences based on functional weakness using the CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS). Data were captured using Vicon Nexus system and compared to 50 healthy norms. Data were subdivided into three groups denoting increasing severity of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion weakness from the CMTPedS: no difficulty heel or toe walking (CMTND), difficulty heel walking (CMTDH), difficulty toe and heel walking (CMTDTH). Compared to healthy norms, CMTall demonstrated significantly worse gait profile score, reduced ankle dorsiflexion during swing (foot-drop), reduced ankle dorsiflexor moment in loading response and reduced external thigh-foot angle. Contrary to previous studies there were no signs of reduced ankle power or compensation through 'steppage gait' in this mild-moderately affected population. Instead, CMTall demonstrated reduced internal hip rotation and reduced hip abductor moment. When data were sub-grouped and compared to healthy norms, three different gait patterns at the ankle emerged: CMTND had a near-normal gait pattern, CMTDH presented with foot-drop, and CMTDTH had increased peak dorsiflexion and reduced ankle power generation. Several distinct and abnormal gait patterns were identified in children with CMT, with increasing gait abnormalities in more functionally severe cases. Classifying gait patterns based on disease severity might be a valuable tool in clinical decision making, assessing disease progression and phenotype-genotype correlation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wojciechowski
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Amy Sman
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Fysiotherapie Centraal, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kayla Cornett
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Raymond
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Refshauge
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Burns
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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49
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[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with hip dysplasia in an adolescent]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:675-681. [PMID: 28595831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is classified into hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy and can induce severe neuro-orthopaedics deformities, disabling at an early age. Hip dysplasia is present in 6% of CMT patients affecting preferentially CMT1 patients and can appear from the age of 8 years. The pathophysiological is paradoxical because we are confronted with proximal osteoarthritis deformations but genetics research brings use new trail. The main functional complaint is a hip joint pain during walking. Four orthopaedics abnormalities can be revealed by physical and radiological exam: acetabular dysplasia, femoral dysplasia, high femoral antetorsion and excentric head of femur. The natural evolution, in the absence of treatment, is an early secondary osteoarthritis. The therapeutic management should be as early as possible with preventive measures and joint health. During the symptomatic phase, the only treatment is a surgical correction. A systematic clinical examination of the hip all CMT children and a radiograph of the pelvis at the slightest clinical suspicion is recommended.
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50
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Effect of Drop Foot on Spatiotemporal, Kinematic, and Kinetic Parameters during Gait. Appl Bionics Biomech 2017; 2017:3595461. [PMID: 28487621 PMCID: PMC5405572 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3595461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The complexity of the structure and function of a living body can be affected by disorders and can cause various dysfunctions. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine compensatory mechanisms in subjects with drop foot during gait. Methods. The study evaluated 10 subjects with drop foot (DF) whose results were compared to a group of 10 healthy controls (C). Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters during the gait cycle were collected using Vicon system synchronized with Kistler platforms. Results. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were significantly different between the analysed groups. In the DF group, the subjects walked almost 47% slower and performed 60% less steps per minute compared to the C group. The main problem in the DF group was insufficient ankle dorsiflexion in the 0–10% of the gait cycle. Mean values in the groups during the first 10% of the gait cycle were as follows: DF (−10.42 ± 5.7°) and C (−2.37 ± 1.47°), which affected the substantial differences in the values of muscle torque: DF (0.2 ± 0.1 Nm/kg) and C (−0.26 ± 0.06 Nm/kg). Conclusions. Comparative analysis for joint angles and torques demonstrated that the mechanism of compensation is the most noticeable in the knee joint and less in the hip joint.
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