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Ting MYL, Vega-Tapia F, Anguita R, Cuitino L, Valenzuela RA, Salgado F, Valenzuela O, Ibañez S, Marchant R, Urzua CA. Non-Infectious Uveitis and Pregnancy, is There an Optimal Treatment? Uveitis Course and Safety of Uveitis Treatment in Pregnancy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38194442 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2296030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
In pregnancy, a plethora of factors causes changes in maternal immunity. Uveitis flare-ups are more frequent in the first trimester and in undertreated patients. Management of non-infectious uveitis during pregnancy remains understudied. A bibliographic review to consolidate existing evidence was performed by a multidisciplinary group of Ophthalmologists, Gynaecologists and Rheumatologists. Our group recommends initial management with minimum-required doses of corticosteroids, preferably locally, to treat intraocular inflammation whilst ensuring good neonatal outcomes. If ineffective, clinicians should consider addition of Cyclosporine, Azathioprine or Certolizumab pegol, which are seemingly safe in pregnancy. Other therapies (such as Methotrexate, Mycophenolate Mofetil and alkylating agents) are teratogenic or have a detrimental effect on the foetus. Furthermore, careful multidisciplinary preconception discussions and close follow-up are recommended, monitoring for flare-ups and actively tapering medication doses, with a primary endpoint focused on protecting ocular tissues from inflammation, whilst giving minimal risk of poor pregnancy and foetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Vega-Tapia
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Anguita
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Loreto Cuitino
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Valenzuela
- Department of Health Science, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Salgado
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Ibañez
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruben Marchant
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristhian A Urzua
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Wu D, Li X, Wan H, Shami A, Alhassan HH, Al-Enazi MM, Mir Najib Ullah SN, Nashwan AJ, Khan S. Analysis of prevalence of adverse events connected with anti-tuberculosis drugs during pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22786. [PMID: 38046152 PMCID: PMC10687699 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is transmitted among humans via airborne droplets. The drugs used in the initial treatment regimen for tuberculosis (TB) cross the placenta, raising some concerns regarding their safety during pregnancy may provide a more valid approach for evaluating the relative influence of various risk factors. Adverse events of anti-tuberculous (anti-TB) drug during pregnancy remain uncertain and controversial issues. Methods We performed a systematic analysis to study the adverse events connected with anti-TB drugs usage during pregnancy. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed via Cochran's test. Assuming heterogeneity, a random-effects model was applied. Outcomes were pooled using the inverse variance method. Besides, a funnel plot was created to assess publication bias. We used Egger's linear regression test of funnel plot asymmetry, modified to accommodate inter-study heterogeneity. Effect estimates and confidence intervals for all studies were depicted on a forest plot. Results The prevalence of total adverse events for all anti-TB drugs was 25.9 %. According to the drug category, the prevalence of total adverse events was 50 % for ethambutol, 32.6 % for the six-month directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS), 31.4 % for the nine-month DOTS, and 13.7 % for isoniazid. Conclusions There is a high rate of reported adverse events associated with anti-TB drugs usage during pregnancy. We concluded that more high-quality clinical studies and research works are needed to reach a conclusive decision on the safety of the treatment of TB among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaobei Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan H. Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Al-Enazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, 247554, Saharanpur, UP, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, NSW, Australia
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3
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McCombe PA, Greer JM. Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: It's complicated. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059833. [PMID: 36518769 PMCID: PMC9742606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in many animal strains by inoculation with central nervous system antigens and adjuvant or by the passive transfer of lymphocytes reactive with these antigens and is widely used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). There are reports that female sex and pregnancy affect EAE. Here we review the effects of biological sex and the effects of pregnancy on the clinical features (including disease susceptibility) and pathophysiology of EAE. We also review reports of the possible mechanisms underlying these differences. These include sex-related differences in the immune system and in the central nervous system, the effects of hormones and the sex chromosomes and molecules unique to pregnancy. We also review sex differences in the response to factors that can modify the course of EAE. Our conclusion is that the effects of biological sex in EAE vary amongst animal models and should not be widely extrapolated. In EAE, it is therefore essential that studies looking at the effects of biological sex or pregnancy give full information about the model that is used (i.e. animal strain, sex, the inducing antigen, timing of EAE induction in relation to pregnancy, etc.). In addition, it would be preferable if more than one EAE model were used, to show if any observed effects are generalizable. This is clearly a field that requires further work. However, understanding of the mechanisms of sex differences could lead to greater understanding of EAE, and suggest possible therapies for MS.
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4
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Yang Y, Wang W, Weng J, Li H, Ma Y, Liu L, Ma W. Advances in the study of HLA class Ib in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:976289. [PMID: 36105800 PMCID: PMC9465335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.976289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA class Ib molecule is an alloantigen that causes transplant rejection on behalf of individual human and plays an important role in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Early studies on HLA class Ib focused on the mechanism of HLA-G-induced immune escape, but in recent years, studies on the mechanism of HLA-G have deepened and gradually explored the mechanism of HLA-E and HLA-F, which are also HLA class Ib molecules. In the maternal-fetal interface, trophoblast cells express HLA class Ib molecules to protect the fetus from maternal immune cells by binding to inhibitory receptors of decidual immune cells (DICs) and shifting Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 bias. Further studies on the molecular mechanism of HLA class Ib molecules provide a reference for its application in the field of clinical assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Weng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Weng, ; Lingyan Liu,
| | - Huifang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Ma
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Weng, ; Lingyan Liu,
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Nordholm AC, Suppli CH, Norman A, Ekstrøm CT, Ertberg P, Koch A, Lillebaek T, Andersen AB. Pregnancy and post-partum tuberculosis; a nationwide register-based case-control study, Denmark, 1990 to 2018. EURO SURVEILLANCE : BULLETIN EUROPEEN SUR LES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES = EUROPEAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BULLETIN 2022; 27. [PMID: 35332863 PMCID: PMC8950853 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.12.2100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Pregnancy increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB), however, data on TB epidemiology in pregnant women are limited. Aim To guide possible interventions, we analysed risk factors for TB in pregnant and post-partum women. Methods We conducted a nationwide retrospective register-based case–control study from January 1990 to December 2018 in Denmark. Cases were women diagnosed with TB during their pregnancy or in the post-partum period. We selected two control groups: pregnant or post-partum women without TB, and non-pregnant women with TB. Differences were assessed by chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test. Risk factors for TB were identified through logistic regression and estimated by odds ratio (OR). Results We identified 392 cases, including 286 pregnant and 106 post-partum women. Most were migrants (n = 366; 93%) with a shorter median time spent in Denmark (2.74 years; interquartile range (IQR): 1.52–4.64) than non-pregnant TB controls (3.98 years; IQR: 1.43–8.51). Cases less likely had a Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2compared with non-pregnant TB controls (p < 0.0001), and had no increased risk of severe disease (p = 0.847). Migrants from other World Health Organization regions than Europe, especially Africa (OR: 187; 95%CI: 125–281) had persistently higher odds of TB. Conclusions In Denmark, the risk of TB in pregnant and post-partum women is increased in migrant women who have stayed in the country a median time of approximately 3 years. We recommend increased focus on TB risk during pregnancy and suggest evaluating targeted TB screening of selected at-risk pregnant women to promote early case finding and prevent TB among mothers and their newborn children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christine Nordholm
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Hiul Suppli
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Norman
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Thorn Ekstrøm
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Ertberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Lillebaek
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aase Bengaard Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Sørensen NV, Orlovska-Waast S, Jeppesen R, Christensen RH, Benros ME. Neuroimmunological investigations of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with recent onset depression - a study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:35. [PMID: 35022028 PMCID: PMC8756720 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proinflammatory response has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression in a subgroup of patients. However, comprehensive largescale studies on neuroimmunological investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are lacking and no largescale longitudinal CSF studies comparing patients with depression to healthy controls currently exist. METHODS A longitudinal case-control study including at least 100 patients with first time depression (ICD-10: F32) within the past year with ongoing symptoms and at least 100 sex and age matched healthy controls with collection of CSF, blood, and fecal samples. All individuals will be evaluated by neurological examination including neurological soft signs, interviewed for psychopathology assessment and have symptomatology evaluated by relevant rating scales. Level of functioning and quality of life will be evaluated by a panel of interview questions and rating scales, and cognitive function assessed by a relevant test battery. In addition, a large number of potential confounders will be registered (BMI, smoking status, current medication etc.). Primary outcomes: CSF white cell count, CSF/serum albumin ratio, CSF total protein levels, IgG index, CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-8, and the prevalence of any CNS-reactive autoantibody in CSF and/or blood. SECONDARY OUTCOMES exploratory analyses of a wide range of neuroimmunological markers and specific autoantibodies. Power calculations are computed for all primary outcomes based on previous CSF studies including patients with depression and healthy controls. DISCUSSION This study will represent the hitherto largest investigation of CSF in patients with recent onset depression compared to healthy controls. We expect to elucidate neuroimmunological alterations in individuals with depression and characterize an immunological profile paving the way for the development of effective treatments based on biomarkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is approved by The Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics (Capital Region, j.no: H-16030985) and The Danish Data Protection Agency (j.no: RHP-2016-020, I-Suite no.: 04945).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vindegaard Sørensen
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. sal, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja Orlovska-Waast
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. sal, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. sal, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Christensen
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. sal, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to summarize common eye changes that may occur during pregnancy, and how pregnancy may affect preexisting eye conditions such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Challenges and complexities surrounding the treatment of these eye conditions during pregnancy are also highlighted. RECENT FINDINGS Refractive changes are common and may persist in the postpartum in patients with keratoconus. Although new medical and surgical glaucoma treatments are available, their safety in pregnancy is unknown. Limited use of topical and systemic glaucoma therapies is recommended, with a preference for selective laser trabeculoplasty as first line treatment in appropriate cases. The impact of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy remains unclear. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are first-line treatment for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, their effect on the developing foetus remains unknown and are therefore best avoided in the first and second trimesters. Noninfectious uveitis tends to become less active during pregnancy, allowing the potential tapering of systemic therapy and the use of local topical or injected corticosteroid treatment for active disease as required. SUMMARY Significant changes can occur to the eye during pregnancy, wherein the optimal treatment for many ocular conditions remains uncertain, highlighting the need for further research to develop clear recommendations that best balance the need to preserve the mother's sight, and the health of the developing foetus. The need for preconception planning, and collaborative multidisciplinary care between the obstetrician, physician, ophthalmologist and paediatrician is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund W C Khong
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne
| | - Helen H L Chan
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
- Corneal Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyndell L Lim
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital
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8
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Agarwal A, Joy D, Das P, Dash NR, Srivastava DN, Madhusudhan KS. Hemorrhage and Rupture of an Unusual Benign Liver Lesion in Pregnancy: A Case Report. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:260-263. [PMID: 33746452 PMCID: PMC7953012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver rupture in pregnancy is an acute condition with significant risk to the mother and fetus. It is known to occur with tumors such as hepatic adenoma, infective causes such as abscess, granulomatous diseases, and parasitic infections, and rarely spontaneously. Most of these conditions have overlapping clinicoradiological findings, almost always requiring histopathological confirmation. We report a case of a ruptured hepatic lesion, with an unusual diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection causing cat-scratch disease, in a 24-year-old pregnant lady.
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Key Words
- ALFP, Acute liver failure in pregnancy
- CSD, Cat-scratch disease
- CT, Computed tomography
- FNH, Focal nodular hyperplasia
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HELLP, Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet
- IFA, Immunofluorescent assay
- Ig-G, Immunoglobulin-G
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- USG, Ultrasonography
- cat-scratch disease
- hemorrhagic liver lesion
- liver rupture in pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Agarwal
- Departments of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Danny Joy
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nihar R. Dash
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Deep N. Srivastava
- Departments of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kumble S. Madhusudhan
- Departments of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Address for correspondence: Kumble S. Madhusudhan, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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9
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Latifi Z, Nejabati HR, Abroon S, Mihanfar A, Farzadi L, Hakimi P, Hajipour H, Nouri M, Fattahi A. Dual role of TGF-β in early pregnancy: clues from tumor progression. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1417-1430. [PMID: 30772900 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling in the endometrium is active during the implantation period and has a pivotal role in regulating endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. During embryo implantation, both apoptosis and proliferation of endometrial cells happen at the same time and it seems TGF-β is the factor that controls both of these processes. As shown in cancer cells, in special conditions this cytokine can have a dual effect and switch the action from apoptosis to proliferation. Owing to the similarity between embryo implantation and cancer development and also unusual pattern of proliferation and remodeling in the uterus, in this review we suggest the existence of such a switching in endometrium during the early pregnancy. Moreover, we address some potential mechanisms that could regulate the switching. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating TGF-β action and signaling during the implantation period could pave the way for introducing novel therapeutic strategies in order to solve implantation-associated issues such as repeated implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Abroon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aynaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Hakimi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hajipour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Duarte PO, Oshiro LM, Zimmermann NP, Csordas BG, Dourado DM, Barros JC, Andreotti R. Serological and molecular detection of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in human umbilical cord blood and placental tissue samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9043. [PMID: 32493968 PMCID: PMC7271125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neosporosis primarily affects cattle and dogs and is not currently considered a zoonotic disease. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution that is asymptomatic in most cases, but when acquired during pregnancy, it can have serious consequences. The seropositivity rates determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Neospora caninum (N. caninum) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) were 24.3% (49 samples) and 26.8% (54 samples), respectively. PCR positivity for N. caninum was observed in two samples of cord blood (1%) using the Nc5 and ITS1 gene, positivity for T. gondii was observed in 16 samples using the primer for the B1 gene (5.5% positivity in cord blood and 2.5% positivity in placental tissue). None of the samples showed structures characteristic of tissue cysts or inflammatory infiltrate on histopathology. Significant associations were observed only between N. caninum seropositivity and the presence of domestic animals (p = 0.039) and presence of dogs (p = 0.038) and between T. gondii seropositivity and basic sanitation (p = 0.04). This study obtained important findings regarding the seroprevalence and molecular detection of N. caninum and T. gondii in pregnant women; however, more studies are necessary to establish a correlation between risk factors and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmella Oliveira Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Leandra Marla Oshiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Carrapato, Departamento de Sanidade Animal, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Namor Pinheiro Zimmermann
- Professor do Curso de Medicina Veterinária do Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados-UNIGRAN, Dourados, Brasil
| | - Bárbara Guimarães Csordas
- Bolsista de Pós-Doutorado- FUNDAPAM, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Carrapato, Departamento de Sanidade Animal, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Renato Andreotti
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
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11
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Fröberg G, Jansson L, Nyberg K, Obasi B, Westling K, Berggren I, Bruchfeld J. Screening and treatment of tuberculosis among pregnant women in Stockholm, Sweden, 2016-2017. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.00851-2019. [PMID: 31949114 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00851-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Swedish National tuberculosis (TB) guidelines recommend screening of active and latent TB (LTBI) among pregnant women (PW) from high-endemic countries or with previous exposure to possibly improve early detection and treatment.We evaluated cascade of care of a newly introduced TB screening programme of pregnant women in Stockholm county in 2016-2017. The algorithm included clinical data and Quantiferon (QFT) at the Maternal Health Care clinics and referral for specialist care upon positive test or TB symptoms.About 29 000 HIV-negative pregnant women were registered yearly, of whom 11% originated from high-endemic countries. In 2016, 72% of these were screened with QFT, of which 22% were QFT positive and 85% were referred for specialist care. In 2017, corresponding figures were 64%, 19% and 96%, respectively. The LTBI treatment rate among all QFT-positive pregnant women increased from 24% to 37% over time. Treatment completion with mainly rifampicin post-partum was 94%. Of the 69 registered HIV-positive pregnant women, 78% originated from high-endemic countries. Of these, 72% where screened with QFT and 15% were positive, but none was treated for LTBI. 9 HIV-negative active pulmonary TB cases were detected (incidence: 215/100 000). None had been screened for TB prior to pregnancy and only one had sought care due to symptoms.Systematic TB screening of pregnant women in Stockholm was feasible with a high yield of unknown LTBI and mostly asymptomatic active TB. Optimised routines improved referrals to specialist care. Treatment completion of LTBI was very high. Our findings justify TB screening of this risk group for early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fröberg
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Jansson
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Nyberg
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Obasi
- Unit of Maternal Health Care, Dept of Women's Health, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Westling
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Dept of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingela Berggren
- Dept of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cozzani E, De Simone C. Skin diseases in pregnancy: a challenge for dermatologists. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:254-255. [PMID: 31001965 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.19.06315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cozzani
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), San Martino Polyclinic Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Care, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Clara De Simone
- Department of Dermatology, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Fröberg G, Wahren Borgström E, Chryssanthou E, Correia-Neves M, Källenius G, Bruchfeld J. A new mathematical model to identify contacts with recent and remote latent tuberculosis. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00078-2019. [PMID: 31205929 PMCID: PMC6556559 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00078-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) elimination programmes need to target preventive treatment to groups with an increased risk of TB activation, such as individuals with a latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) acquired recently. Current diagnostic tests for LTBI have poor predictive values for TB activation and there is, at present, no reference method to evaluate new LTBI diagnostic and prognostic tools. Thus, our objective was to develop a mathematical model, independent of currently available diagnostic tests, to estimate the individual probability of recent and/or remote LTBI. Estimations of recent LTBI were based on the contagiousness of index case, proximity and time of exposure, and environmental factors. Estimation of remote LTBI was based on country of origin, previous stays in high-risk environments or known exposure to TB. Individual probabilities were calculated and compared with tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay results for 162 contacts of 42 index TB cases. Probabilities of remote LTBI were 16% for European/American contacts and 38% for African/Asian contacts. The probability of recent LTBI was 35% for close contacts to smear microscopy positive index cases. A higher probability of remote LTBI was seen among TST-positive contacts. This model may, with further validation, be used as an independent tool to evaluate new diagnostic markers for recent LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fröberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Wahren Borgström
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erja Chryssanthou
- Dept of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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McCombe PA. The Short and Long-Term Effects of Pregnancy on Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120494. [PMID: 30486504 PMCID: PMC6306813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is of importance because many patients with MS are young women in the childbearing age who require information to inform their reproductive decisions. Pregnancy is now well-known to be associated with fewer relapses of MS and reduced activity of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, in women with multiple sclerosis, this benefit is not always sufficient to protect against a rebound of disease activity if disease-modulating therapy is ceased for pregnancy. There is concern that use of assisted reproductive therapies can be associated with relapses of MS, but more data are required. It is thought that the beneficial effects of pregnancy are due to the pregnancy-associated changes in the maternal immune system. There is some evidence of this in human studies and studies of EAE. There is also evidence that having been pregnant leads to better long-term outcome of MS. The mechanism for this is not fully understood but it could result from epigenetic changes resulting from pregnancy or parenthood. Further studies of the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of pregnancy could provide information that might be used to produce new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A McCombe
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Fatemi Naeini F, Abtahi-Naeini B, Najafian J, Saffaei A, Pourazizi M. Correlation between mycosis fungoides and pregnancy. Saudi Med J 2017; 37:968-72. [PMID: 27570852 PMCID: PMC5039616 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.9.15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of pregnancy on the natural course of Mycosis fungoides (MF) and compare the obtained results with previous reports. Methods: The medical records of 140 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) treated at the University Hospital of Isfahan (the academic referral center for CTCL) Isfahan, Iran. Between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed to retrieve all cases of pregnancy during the course of MF disease. Results: A total of 8 pregnancies were recorded. The median age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 26.7 (range 21-30 years) and pregnancy 29.4 (range 27-31 years). Most of patients had early-stage MF (Ia and Ib). All patients experienced aggravation of disease during pregnancy or immediately postpartum. Mycosis fungoides did not cause any complications during pregnancy. Conclusion: Pregnancy appears to have a negative impact on the course of MF, probably due to immune system deteriorations during the pregnancy. Further studies are needed to clarify the interplay between pregnancy and MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Fatemi Naeini
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail.
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Hongbo L, Li Z. Miliary tuberculosis after in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:701-4. [PMID: 26124822 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of assisted reproductive technology, more patients with infertility prefer to get pregnant by in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation (IVF-ET). But the indications of IVF-ET must be strictly controlled by the clinicians. CASE REPORT We described a case of a 29-year-old pregnant Chinese woman with military tuberculosis. She was admitted to the hospital with complaints of fever and shortness of breath. She received IVF-ET 83 days ago, because of infertility with bilateraltubal occlusion, and was in pregnancy status. We presented the clinical, laboratory and two chest CT scan features of the patient. The second chest CT scan showed randomly distributed, innumerable tiny, military nodules throughout the lungs. The fluorescence quantitative PCR of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The M. tuberculosis was cultured from BALF on Day 29. So we made the diagnosis of military tuberculosis. CONCLUSION It is important to rule out tuberculosis for the infertility patients especially with bilateraltubal occlusion before IVF-ET in order to avoid tuberculosis disseminate during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hongbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China. 110004
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China. 110004
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Hoffman MB, Farhangian M, Feldman SR. Psoriasis during pregnancy: characteristics and important management recommendations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:709-20. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1037742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Recognizing presentations of pemphigoid gestationis: a case study. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2014; 2014:415163. [PMID: 25506008 PMCID: PMC4251881 DOI: 10.1155/2014/415163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is an autoimmune blistering disease that occurs in approximately 1 in 50,000 pregnancies. Failing to recognize PG may lead to inadequate maternal treatment and possible neonatal complications. Case Report. At 18 weeks of gestation, a 36-year-old otherwise healthy Caucasian G4P1 presented with pruritic papules on her anterior thighs, initially treated with topical steroids. At 31 weeks of gestation, she was switched to oral steroids after her rash and pruritus worsened. The patient had an uncomplicated SVD of a healthy female infant at 37 weeks of gestation and was immediately tapered off steroid treatment, resulting in a severe postpartum flare of her disease. Discussion. This case was similar to reported cases of pruritic urticarial papules followed by blisters; however, this patient had palm, sole, and mucous membrane involvement, which is rare. Biopsy for direct immunofluorescence or ELISA is the preferred test for diagnosis. Previous case reports describe severe postdelivery flares that require higher steroid doses. Obstetrical providers need to be familiar with this disease although it is rare, as this condition can be easily confused with other dermatoses of pregnancy. Adequate treatment is imperative for the physical and psychological well-being of the mother and infant.
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Ngo ST, Steyn FJ, McCombe PA. Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:347-69. [PMID: 24793874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic or can affect specific organs or body systems. For most autoimmune diseases there is a clear sex difference in prevalence, whereby females are generally more frequently affected than males. In this review, we consider gender differences in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases, and we summarize human data that outlines the prevalence of common autoimmune diseases specific to adult males and females in countries commonly surveyed. We discuss possible mechanisms for sex specific differences including gender differences in immune response and organ vulnerability, reproductive capacity including pregnancy, sex hormones, genetic predisposition, parental inheritance, and epigenetics. Evidence demonstrates that gender has a significant influence on the development of autoimmune disease. Thus, considerations of gender should be at the forefront of all studies that attempt to define mechanisms that underpin autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ngo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - P A McCombe
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Szukiewicz D, Kochanowski J, Mittal TK, Pyzlak M, Szewczyk G, Cendrowski K. Chorioamnionitis (ChA) modifies CX3CL1 (fractalkine) production by human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24851083 PMCID: PMC4029884 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Chemokine CX3CL1 possesses unique properties, including combined adhesive and chemotactic functions. Human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC) show expression of CX3CL1 receptor (CX3CR1) and produce CX3CL1 in response to both physiologic and pathologic stimuli. Chorioamnionitis (ChA) is a common complication of pregnancy and labour. ChA is often accompanied by local hypoxia because of the high oxygen consumption at the site of inflammation. We examined comparatively (ChA-complicated vs. normal pregnancy) CX3CR1 expression and the effects of hypoxia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CX3CR1 blockade on CX3CL1 production in HAEC cultured in vitro. Methods HAEC have been isolated using trypsinization, and cultured under normoxia (20% O2) vs. hypoxia (5% O2). According to the experimental design, LPS (1 μg/ml) and neutralizing anti-CX3CR1 antibodies were added at respective time points. Mean CX3CL1 concentration in the supernatant samples were determined by ELISA. Expression of immunostained CX3CR1 was analyzed using quantitative morphometry. Results We have found that the mean levels of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 expression were remarkably (p < 0.05) higher in ChA, compared to normal pregnancy. Significantly increased expression of CX3CR1 was observed in ChA during both normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia exposure produced decrease in the mean concentration of CX3CL1 in both groups, however this reduction was stronger in normal pregnancy. In normoxia, LPS-evoked rise in the mean concentration of CX3CL1 was higher (p < 0.05) in normal pregnancy. This response was positively correlated with CX3CR1 expression. Blockade of CX3CR1 canceled the secretory response to LPS in all groups. Conclusions ChA-complicated pregnancy up-regulates CX3CR1 in HAEC cultured in vitro with simultaneous increase in CX3CL1 production. Hypoxia-resistant production of CX3CL1 may be responsible for ChA-related complications of pregnancy and labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General & Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul.Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, Warsaw 00-928, Poland
| | - Jan Kochanowski
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tarun Kumar Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Pyzlak
- Department of General & Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul.Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, Warsaw 00-928, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of General & Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul.Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, Warsaw 00-928, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Dogan S, Celikbilek M, Topaloglu US, Canoz O, Yilmaz I, Yurci A, Ozbakir O. Peripartum genital tuberculosis presenting with ascites. Clin J Gastroenterol 2014; 7:27-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-013-0439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Postpartum Headache as a Manifestation of Cerebral Tuberculoma. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e318281d895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Szukiewicz D, Kochanowski J, Mittal TK, Pyzlak M, Szewczyk G, Cendrowski K. CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and TNFα production by perfused human placental lobules under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro: the importance of CX3CR1 signaling. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:179-89. [PMID: 24270813 PMCID: PMC3921448 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
Inflammation and hypoxia activate the fractalkine (CX3CL1) receptor (CX3CR1)-related signaling pathway. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induces CX3CL1, influencing a mechanism of CX3CL1 autoregulation by CX3CR1 expression. We compared spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CX3CL1 and TNFα production by human placenta under normoxic vs. hypoxic conditions, with respect to CX3CR1 expression and its functional status. Methods Placental lobules of term placentae (N = 24) were perfused extracorporeally. CX3CL1 and TNFα concentrations were measured in the perfusion fluid by ELISA. LPS, anti-CX3CR1 antibodies and pirfenidone were used in respective subgroups. After perfusion, CX3CR1 expression was estimated in placental tissue using quantitative immunohistochemistry, and the final results were adjusted for the mean microvascular density. Results The highest increase in CX3CL1 concentration in response to LPS was observed in hypoxia (p < 0.05). Unlike in normoxia, anti-CX3CR1 administration in hypoxia significantly reduced the LPS-evoked response. CX3CR1 expression was augmented by hypoxia and reached 260.9 ± 41 (% ±SEM) of the reference value in normoxia. Positive immunostaining for CX3CR1 corresponded to the vascular endothelium. Pirfenidone inhibited hypoxia + LPS-related increase in TNFα production and prevented the up-regulation of CX3CR1. Conclusion The modulatory influence of TNFα on CX3CR1 expression in hypoxia and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 interaction may serve as a compensatory mechanism to preserve or augment the pro-inflammatory course of intercellular interactions in placental endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, 00-928 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Kochanowski
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tarun Kumar Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Pyzlak
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, 00-928 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie 26/28, 00-928 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Babalola
- Department of Dermatology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Farmington; Connecticut
| | - Bruce E. Strober
- Department of Dermatology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Farmington; Connecticut
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Leal Gómez E, Vidal Hernández R, Fernández Rial M, Robles Gaitero M. Penfigoide gestacional recidivante en el puerperio. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ogbodo S, Nwagha U, Okaka A, Okeke A, Chukwurah F, Ezeonu P. Low levels of some nutritional parameters of pregnant women in a rural community of South East Nigeria: implications for the attainment of the millennium developmental goal. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2012; 2:49-55. [PMID: 23209992 PMCID: PMC3507133 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.96939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In developing countries, under nutrition is common, and this plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of malaria and anemia. Indeed it has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Unfortunately, published evidence concerning the situation is lacking. Objectives: To evaluate some nutritional function indices of pregnant women in a rural Nigerian community. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross sectional study involving of 171 pregnant women from a rural area in South-eastern Nigeria. They included 72 and 99 women in their second and third trimesters respectively. The control group was of 60 women, matched in age, parity and socioeconomic conditions, non-pregnant, non-menstruating and non lactating apparently healthy women. The parameters measured by standard methods included serum iron, total proteins, albumin, globulin, packed cell volume and hemoglobin. Results: The results obtained from control group, second and third trimesters, recorded as Mean (SEM) were 134.60(3.12) μg/L, 101.20(4.48) μg/L and 91.87(3.42) μg/L respectively for iron; 69.12(0.80) g/L, 63.60(0.71) g/L and 57.74(0.75) g/L for total proteins; 42.95(0.92) g/L, 35.74(1.00) g/L and 35.26(0.64) g/L for albumin; 26.77(1.00) g/L, 27.78(1.07) g/L and 22.93(0.88) g/L for globulin; 32.80(0.36%), 27.92(0.37%) and 27.73(0.34%) for packed cell volume, and 11.25(0.11) g/L, 9.59(0.13) g/L and 9.57(0.14) g/L for hemoglobin respectively. These results showed that all the parameters decreased significantly in pregnancy (P<0.001) except globulin that did not show immediate, significant decrease. Conclusion: There is a general decrease in the nutrition parameters studied among the pregnant women from our study area, indicating under-nutrition. Urgent measures should be taken to improve the nutritional status of rural dwellers especially the antioxidant micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ogbodo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Gender disparity in tuberculosis cases in eastern and western provinces of Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:244. [PMID: 23040242 PMCID: PMC3514287 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although globally, the number of notified TB cases is higher for males, a few countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Afghanistan; Lebanon; Iran and Pakistan) of the World Health Organization have a relatively higher number of female cases. Pakistan ranks fifth amongst the highest TB burden countries and poses a rich ground for exploratory research to address the gender differences in TB cases. It is uniquely neighboured by India on the East, having higher number of cases in males than in females, and by Afghanistan and Iran on the West, having higher number of cases in females than in males. The objective is to see whether these gender differences are evenly distributed across the country or vary by geographies, to enable effective targeting of TB control strategies. Methods Cross-sectional analysis was carried out on secondary data, obtained from National Tuberculosis Program. Disaggregated at the provincial level, the sex-specific case notification rates (CNR) were calculated and trends over a 10-year span (2001–2010) were examined. Sex-specific differences for the four Pakistani provinces were analyzed using chi-square test and odds ratios with corresponding confidence intervals. Cumulative countrywide sex-specific notification rates were used as the reference group. Results The trends for 2001–2010 in the western provinces of Pakistan show higher female CNR as compared to those seen in the eastern provinces having slightly higher male CNR. The proportions of female notified TB cases are approximately twice as high in the western provinces when compared to the eastern provinces and Pakistan over all. Conclusions These findings suggest that females are particularly affected by TB disease burden in the west parts of Pakistan. This gender disparity requires a coordinated regional and international effort to further explore triggers and moderators of increased acquisition and progression of TB disease among females in the region to guarantee effective TB control.
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McPherson T, Venning VV. Management of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases in Pregnancy. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29:585-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Koskela E, Soinne L, Valanne L, Setälä K. Pregnancy Associated Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy. Neuroophthalmology 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2011.593676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Barratt JLN, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:795-836. [PMID: 20930074 PMCID: PMC2952979 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L N Barratt
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia.
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Copeland LB, Haykal-Coates N, Ward MDW. The effects of pregnancy on the exacerbation and development of maternal allergic respiratory disease. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:276-84. [PMID: 19845451 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903264268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-helper 2 (T(H)2) bias associated with pregnancy may predispose the pregnant mother to the development or exacerbation of allergic disease. To determine the effects of pregnancy on pre-existing maternal sensitization, we sensitized BALB/c mice before breeding by two intratracheal aspiration (IA) exposures to the fungal allergen, Metarhizium anisopliae crude antigen (MACA). Some mice also received three IA exposures to MACA on gestational days 11, 15, and 19. After weaning, all mice were challenged IA with MACA before killing. To determine the effects of pregnancy on susceptibility to future sensitization, naïve parous and nulliparous BALB/c mice were sensitized by three IA exposures to MACA or to Hank's buffered salt solution vehicle control. Pregnancy did not have a significant effect on individual inflammatory parameters (airway responsiveness to methacholine, total serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) IgE, BALF total protein, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and total and differential cell counts) following allergen challenge in sensitized mice, regardless of post-breeding allergen exposure. In conclusion there was a weak inhibition of the overall response in mice exposed to allergen during pregnancy compared to identically treated nulliparous mice. In contrast, parous mice that did not encounter allergen post-breeding tended to have exacerbated responses. Parity had no significant impact on future susceptibility to sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M Pucheu-Haston
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27711, USA.
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Diaz-Suárez O, Estevez J. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in women of childbearing age from a marginal community of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:13-7. [PMID: 19229385 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii total and IgM antibodies in women of childbearing age. One hundred serum samples of women were studied with age range from 11 to 45 years old. Samples were chosen by random. The determination of total antibodies was carried out through the indirect hemagglutination technique and IgM antibodies by ELISA's technique. The statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi square and the Spearman correlation tests. The theoretical estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was calculated, according to the annual increment of antibody prevalence among the age groups. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 33%, while only six individuals (18.2%) were positive to IgM. The highest prevalence was observed in the 11-35 year-old age group. The theoretical estimated incidence was 1.5 for 100 pregnancies in women of 21-25 year-old group; it decreased until 0.1% in the 41-45 year-old age group. The findings show a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in this community with a high infection risk in women of the studied age group and the high cat population observed, suggesting that the transmission way by contaminated soils may play a main role in the spreading of toxoplasmosis in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelis Diaz-Suárez
- Institute of Clinical Investigations Dr. Americo Negrette., University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Follow-up of pregnant women with autoimmune hepatitis: the disease behavior along with maternal and fetal outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43:350-6. [PMID: 19077726 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e318176b8c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GOALS To assess maternal and fetal outcomes and clinical management of pregnancy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). BACKGROUND There is a paucity of information about maternal and fetal outcomes, and AIH activity during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. There is no consensus about the administration of azathioprine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. STUDY Retrospective analysis of 54 pregnancies (3 still in progress) in 39 AIH patients. RESULTS The median age at conception was 24 years, and 68.4% of women had liver cirrhosis. Before conception and in early pregnancy, azathioprine and prednisone were administered in 48.1%, but treatment regimen was usually changed further to 20 mg/d prednisone; and 20.4% were off treatment. There were 36 livebirths, and fetal loss rates were 29.4% (13 miscarriages, 1 stillbirth, and 1 ectopic pregnancy). Preterm birth rate was 11.8%. In 2 cases, there was acute fetal distress; and in 2 others congenital malformations (3.9%). The rate of serious maternal complication was 7.8%, with no deaths. There were no flares in 41.2% pregnancies, but aminotransferase elevations occurred in 54.9%, 31.4% of which were true AIH relapses, only registered in the postpartum period. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high fetal miscarriage rate, pregnancy in AIH was safe. Patients needed careful monitoring, especially in the postpartum period because of relapses. There was no evidence of a cause and effect relationship among azathioprine administration and premature births and congenital abnormalities, but more studies are necessary. Higher doses of prednisone may be an alternative option for those who prefer azathioprine withdrawal during pregnancy.
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Cobo MF, Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V. Pemphigoid gestationis: clinical and laboratory evaluation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:1043-7. [PMID: 19936176 PMCID: PMC2780519 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009001100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemphigoid gestationis, also known as herpes gestationis, is a rare autoimmune blistering disease associated with pregnancy. It usually occurs during the second or third trimester, but it may be present at any stage of pregnancy or the puerperium. The clinical, histologic, and immunopathological features of pemphigoid gestationis are similar to those of the pemphigoid group of disorders. METHODS We hereby report seven patients who were diagnosed with pemphigoid gestationis and followed at the Autoimmune Blistering Disease Clinic in the Department of Dermatology of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School between 1996 and 2008. DISCUSSION Demographic and clinical findings, such as median age, sites of involvement, and gestational age of onset or C3 of our patients, coincide with those described in previous reports. The majority of patients (85%) exhibited complement C(3) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition along the basement membrane zone (BMZ) on immunofluorescence. Herpes gestationis factor (HG) factor was postitive in four out of six patients (67%), and three out of five patients recognized the bullous pemphigoid recombinant antigen (BP180) by ELISA. CONCLUSION This study revealed a good outcome of the newborns from pemphigoid gestationis affected mothers, based on the absence of pemphigoid gestationis cutaneous lesions, mean birth weight, and normal Apgar scores and gestational age at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Flangini Cobo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Yeh S, Cunningham MA, Patronas N, Foroozan R. Optic neuropathy and perichiasmal tuberculomas associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis in pregnancy. Can J Ophthalmol 2009; 44:713-5. [DOI: 10.3129/i09-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Meyer KC, Klatte JE, Dinh HV, Harries MJ, Reithmayer K, Meyer W, Sinclair R, Paus R. Evidence that the bulge region is a site of relative immune privilege in human hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:1077-85. [PMID: 18795933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent gene profiling data suggest that, besides the anagen hair bulb, the epithelial stem cell region in the outer root sheath of hair follicles (HFs), termed the bulge, may also represent an area of relative immune privilege (IP). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the human HF bulge is a site of relative IP within anagen VI HFs. METHODS Anagen VI HFs from normal human scalp skin were analysed using immunohistological staining techniques, quantitative histomorphometry and statistical analysis. For functional evidence we performed full-thickness human scalp skin organ cultures to investigate whether interferon (IFN)-gamma, a key inducer of IP collapse in hair bulbs, has a similar effect on the putative bulge IP. RESULTS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia, beta(2)-microglobulin and MHC class II immunoreactivity are downregulated in the human bulge. The immunosuppressants alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, transforming growth factor-beta2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are upregulated in the CD200+, stem cell-rich bulge region. These CD200+ cells also co-express HLA-E. Furthermore, IFN-gamma induces significant ectopic MHC class Ia expression in bulge cells of organ-cultured human scalp skin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the bulge of human anagen HFs represents a hitherto unrecognized site of relative IP in human skin. Simultaneously, we present the first evidence of IDO and HLA-E protein expression in normal human HFs. Bulge IP presumably protects the HF epithelial stem cell reservoir from autoaggressive immune attack whereas a loss of bulge IP may play a central role in the pathogenesis of cicatricial alopecias.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection among the general population and pregnant women in the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:71. [PMID: 17605813 PMCID: PMC1925089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common opportunistic infection among HIV-infected individuals, a major source of serious complications among organ-transplant recipients, and a leading cause of hearing loss, vision loss, and mental retardation among congenitally infected children. Women infected for the first time during pregnancy are especially likely to transmit CMV to their fetuses. More children suffer serious disabilities caused by congenital CMV than by several better-known childhood maladies such as Down syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome Methods Using CMV seroprevalence data from the nationally representative Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we estimated CMV incidence among the general United States population and among pregnant women. We employed catalytic models that used age-specific CMV seroprevalences as cumulative markers of past infections in order to derive estimates of three basic parameters: the force of infection, the basic reproductive rate, and the average age of infection. Our main focus was the force of infection, an instantaneous per capita rate of acquisition of infection that approximates the incidence of infection in the seronegative population. Results Among the United States population ages 12–49 the force of infection was 1.6 infections per 100 susceptible persons per year (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.4). The associated basic reproductive rate of 1.7 indicates that, on average, an infected person transmits CMV to nearly two susceptible people. The average age of CMV infection was 28.6 years. Force of infection was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Blacks (5.7) and Mexican Americans (5.1) than among non-Hispanic Whites (1.4). Force of infection was significantly higher in the low household income group (3.5) than in the middle (2.1) and upper (1.5) household income groups. Based on these CMV incidence estimates, approximately 27,000 new CMV infections occur among seronegative pregnant women in the United States each year. Conclusion These thousands of CMV infections in pregnant women, along with the sharp racial/ethnic disparities in CMV incidence, are compelling reasons for accelerating research on vaccines and other interventions for preventing congenital CMV disease. Nevertheless, the relatively low force of infection provides encouraging evidence that modestly effective vaccines and rates of vaccination could significantly reduce CMV transmission.
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Song JY, Park CW, Kee SY, Choi WS, Kang EY, Sohn JW, Kim WJ, Kim MJ, Cheong HJ. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in an immunocompetent pregnant woman. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:154. [PMID: 17054802 PMCID: PMC1634852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts, which is associated with abnormal cellular immunity. CASE PRESENTATION A 26-year-old pregnant woman presented with fever and general weakness. Miliary lung nodules were noted on chest X-ray. Under the impression of miliary tuberculosis, anti-tuberculosis medication was administered. However, the patient was not improved. Further work-up demonstrated MAC in the sputum and placenta. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin-based combination regimen. CONCLUSION This appears to be the first case of disseminated MAC in an otherwise healthy pregnant woman. Clinicians should be alert for the diagnosis of MAC infection in diverse clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheong Won Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Yoon Kee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Wook Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ja Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tamir E, Wohl Y, Mashiah J, Brenner S. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a retrospective analysis showing a clear predilection for women. Skinmed 2006; 5:186-8. [PMID: 16855410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2006.05019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical reaction pattern acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is increasingly recognized today as drug intake details are more meticulously recorded and diagnostic guidelines are formulated. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and etiology remain unclear. This examination of the clinical and histologic features of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, undertaken in a retrospective study of 13 patients in an urban medical center, was aimed at determining the underlying mechanism of the etiology of the disease. Findings include a female predominance and the overwhelming prevalence of acetaminophen as the culprit agent, adding two more components to what is known about acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. The possible mechanisms of the disease are discussed, enlightened by its appearance in two women in the study who were pregnant when the reaction first erupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Tamir
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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