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Basilicata M, Terrano V, D’Aurelio A, Bruno G, Troiani T, Bollero P, Napolitano S. Oral Adverse Events Associated with BRAF and MEK Inhibitors in Melanoma Treatment: A Narrative Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:105. [PMID: 38201012 PMCID: PMC10778825 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma cancer represents the most lethal type of skin cancer originating from the malignant transformation of melanocyte cells. Almost 50% of melanomas show the activation of BRAF mutations. The identification and characterization of BRAF mutations led to the development of specific drugs that radically changed the therapeutic approach to melanoma. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the literature according to a written protocol before conducting the study. This article is based on previously conducted studies. We identified articles by searching electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar and PubMed). We used a combination of "melanoma", "Braf-Mek inhibitors", " targeted therapy" and "oral side effects". RESULTS Eighteen studies were reported in this article showing the relationship between the use of targeted therapy in melanoma cancer and the development of oral side effects, such as mucositis, hyperkeratosis and cellular proliferation. CONCLUSION Targeted therapy plays an important role in the treatment of melanoma cancer, showing a notable increase in response rate, prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival in BRAF-mutated melanoma patients. Oral side effects represent a common finding over the course of treatment. However, these adverse effects can be easily managed in a multidisciplinary approach involving collaboration between medical oncologists and dental doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Basilicata
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.D.); (P.B.)
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus, International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Terrano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.T.); (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Alessandro D’Aurelio
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.T.); (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Patrizio Bollero
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.T.); (T.T.); (S.N.)
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2
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Franco YA, de Moraes MO, Carvalho LAC, Dohle W, da Silva RO, Noma IHY, Lima K, Potter BVL, Machado-Neto JA, Maria-Engler SS. 2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17- O, O-bis-sulfamate (STX140) Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion via Senescence Pathway Induction in Human BRAFi-Resistant Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11314. [PMID: 37511073 PMCID: PMC10378825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous estradiol derivative 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has shown good and wide anticancer activity but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and extensive metabolic conjugation. However, its sulfamoylated derivative, 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140), has superior potential as a therapeutic agent, acts by disrupting microtubule polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and possesses much better pharmaceutical properties. This study investigated the antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities of STX140 in both SKMEL-28 naïve melanoma (SKMEL28-P) cells and resistant melanoma cells (SKMEL-28R). STX140 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range while having a less pronounced effect on human melanocytes. Additionally, STX140 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and sub-G1, reduced migration, and clonogenic potential in monolayer models, and inhibited invasion in a 3D human skin model with melanoma cells. Furthermore, STX140 induced senescence features in melanoma and activated the senescence machinery by upregulating the expression of senescence genes and proteins related to senescence signaling. These findings suggest that STX140 may hold potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylana Adami Franco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Oliveira de Moraes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa A C Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Renaira Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Harumi Yonehara Noma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keli Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - João A Machado-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Zhang L, Xu X, Su X. Modifications of noncoding RNAs in cancer and their therapeutic implications. Cell Signal 2023:110726. [PMID: 37230201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last 50 years, over 150 various chemical modifications on RNA molecules, including mRNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs, and other noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been identified and characterized. These RNA modifications regulate RNA biogenesis and biological functions and are widely involved in various physiological processes and diseases, including cancer. In recent decades, broad interest has arisen in the epigenetic modification of ncRNAs due to the increased knowledge of the critical roles of ncRNAs in cancer. In this review, we summarize the various modifications of ncRNAs and highlight their roles in cancer initiation and progression. In particular, we discuss the potential of RNA modifications as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
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4
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Daud A, Kluger HM, Kurzrock R, Schimmoller F, Weitzman AL, Samuel TA, Moussa AH, Gordon MS, Shapiro GI. Phase II randomised discontinuation trial of the MET/VEGF receptor inhibitor cabozantinib in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:432-440. [PMID: 28103611 PMCID: PMC5318966 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase II randomised discontinuation trial assessed cabozantinib (XL184), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of tyrosine kinases including VEGF receptors, MET, and AXL, in a cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. METHODS Patients received cabozantinib 100 mg daily during a 12-week lead-in. Patients with stable disease (SD) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) at week 12 were randomised to cabozantinib or placebo. Primary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) at week 12 and postrandomisation progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Seventy-seven patients were enroled (62% cutaneous, 30% uveal, and 8% mucosal). At week 12, the ORR was 5%; 39% of patients had SD. During the lead-in phase, reduction in target lesions from baseline was seen in 55% of evaluable patients overall and in 59% of evaluable patients with uveal melanoma. Median PFS after randomisation was 4.1 months with cabozantinib and 2.8 months with placebo (hazard ratio of 0.59; P=0.284). Median PFS from study day 1 was 3.8 months, 6-month PFS was 33%, and median overall survival was 9.4 months. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were fatigue (14%), hypertension (10%), and abdominal pain (8%). One treatment-related death was reported from peritonitis due to diverticular perforation. CONCLUSIONS Cabozantinib has clinical activity in patients with metastatic melanoma, including uveal melanoma. Further clinical investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Daud
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center at Parnassus, 1600 Divisadero Street, MZ Bldg A, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Harriet M Kluger
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA 92093-0658, USA
| | | | - Aaron L Weitzman
- Exelixis Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas A Samuel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| | - Ali H Moussa
- Cancer Care Associates, 1810 E 15th Street, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Michael S Gordon
- Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, 9055 E. Del Camino, Suite 100, Scottsdale, AZ 85258, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Early Drug Development Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Demirsoy S, Martin S, Maes H, Agostinis P. Adapt, Recycle, and Move on: Proteostasis and Trafficking Mechanisms in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:240. [PMID: 27896217 PMCID: PMC5108812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has emerged as a paradigm of a highly aggressive and plastic cancer, capable to co-opt the tumor stroma in order to adapt to the hostile microenvironment, suppress immunosurveillance mechanisms, and disseminate. In particular, oncogene- and aneuploidy-driven dysregulations of proteostasis in melanoma cells impose a rewiring of central proteostatic processes, such as the heat shock and unfolded protein responses, autophagy, and the endo-lysosomal system, to avoid proteotoxicity. Research over the past decade has indicated that alterations in key nodes of these proteostasis pathways act in conjunction with crucial oncogenic drivers to increase intrinsic adaptations of melanoma cells against proteotoxic stress, modulate the high metabolic demand of these cancer cells and the interface with other stromal cells, through the heightened release of soluble factors or exosomes. Here, we overview and discuss how key proteostasis pathways and vesicular trafficking mechanisms are turned into vital conduits of melanoma progression, by supporting cancer cell's adaptation to the microenvironment, limiting or modulating the ability to respond to therapy and fueling melanoma dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Demirsoy
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory for Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Herbrink M, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Nuijen B. Inherent formulation issues of kinase inhibitors. J Control Release 2016; 239:118-27. [PMID: 27578098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The small molecular Kinase Inhibitor (smKI) drug class is very promising and rapidly expanding. All of these drugs are administered orally. The clear relationship between structure and function has led to drugs with a general low intrinsic solubility. The majority of the commercial pharmaceutical formulations of the smKIs are physical mixtures that are limited by the low drug solubility of a salt form. This class of drugs is therefore characterized by an impaired and variable bioavailability rendering them costly and their therapies suboptimal. New formulations are sparingly being reported in literature and patents. The presented data suggests that continued research into formulation design can help to develop more efficient and cost-effective smKI formulation. Moreover, it may also be of help in the future design of the formulations of new smKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herbrink
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J H M Schellens
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Ratnikov B, Aza-Blanc P, Ronai ZA, Smith JW, Osterman AL, Scott DA. Glutamate and asparagine cataplerosis underlie glutamine addiction in melanoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7379-89. [PMID: 25749035 PMCID: PMC4480687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine dependence is a prominent feature of cancer metabolism, and here we
show that melanoma cells, irrespective of their oncogenic background, depend on
glutamine for growth. A quantitative audit of how carbon from glutamine is used
showed that TCA-cycle-derived glutamate is, in most melanoma cells, the major
glutamine-derived cataplerotic output and product of glutaminolysis. In the
absence of glutamine, TCA cycle metabolites were liable to depletion through
aminotransferase-mediated α-ketoglutarate-to-glutamate conversion and
glutamate secretion. Aspartate was an essential cataplerotic output, as melanoma
cells demonstrated a limited capacity to salvage external aspartate. Also, the
absence of asparagine increased the glutamine requirement, pointing to
vulnerability in the aspartate-asparagine biosynthetic pathway within melanoma
metabolism. In contrast to melanoma cells, melanocytes could grow in the absence
of glutamine. Melanocytes use more glutamine for protein synthesis rather than
secreting it as glutamate and are less prone to loss of glutamate and TCA cycle
metabolites when starved of glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ratnikov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Smith
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic melanoma has changed markedly in recent years because of the advent of newer targeted therapies such as BRAF inhibitors. However, the response to BRAF inhibitor therapy is frequently nondurable in patients with advanced melanoma. Novel approaches are thus needed to overcome resistance to these agents and to improve the management of advanced melanoma patients after disease progression. Here, we present the case of a 44-year-old man diagnosed with advanced melanoma in July 2010, harboring a BRAF mutation. Melanoma progressed during first-line chemotherapy with dacarbazine, but showed significant benefit after the initiation of vemurafenib on August 2011. Six months later, the patient experienced disease progression in left-obturator lymphadenopathy; still, anti-BRAF treatment was continued together with stereotactic radiotherapy, and was interrupted only shortly for intestinal occlusion secondary to melanoma metastasis of the bowel. When his conditions were stable, after 1 month of vemurafenib treatment discontinuation, anti-BRAF therapy was reinitiated, with a positive outcome. Vemurafenib treatment was definitively discontinued for disease progression in the brain, peritoneum, lymph node, intestine, and skin in March 2013, after about 20 months from initiation, and the patient died a few weeks later. The clinical case presented here shows that treatment beyond progression with vemurafenib can yield a survival benefit in melanoma patients whose disease progresses in a few sites, which can be treated with locoregional therapies. This clinical strategy needs further validation in prospective clinical trials.
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Evolutionary triage governs fitness in driver and passenger mutations and suggests targeting never mutations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5499. [PMID: 25407411 PMCID: PMC4260773 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic changes in cancer cells are typically divided into “drivers” and “passengers”. Drug development strategies target driver mutations, but inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity usually results in emergence of resistance. Here we model intratumoral evolution in the context of a fecundity/survivorship trade-off. Simulations demonstrate the fitness value, of any genetic change is not fixed but dependent on evolutionary triage governed by initial cell properties, current selection forces, and prior genotypic/phenotypic trajectories. We demonstrate spatial variations in molecular properties of tumor cells are the result of changes in environmental selection forces such as blood flow. Simulated therapies targeting fitness-increasing (driver) mutations usually decrease the tumor burden but almost inevitably fail due to population heterogeneity. An alternative strategy targets gene mutations that are never observed. Because up or down regulation of these genes unconditionally reduces cellular fitness, they are eliminated by evolutionary triage but can be exploited for targeted therapy.
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Wu S, Kuo H, Li WQ, Canales AL, Han J, Qureshi AA. Association between BRAFV600E and NRASQ61R mutations and clinicopathologic characteristics, risk factors and clinical outcome of primary invasive cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1379-86. [PMID: 25048604 PMCID: PMC4220546 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that solar UV exposure in early life is predictive of cutaneous melanoma risk in adulthood, whereas the relation of BRAF mutation with sun exposure and disease prognosis has been less certain. We investigated the associations between BRAF(V600E) and NRAS(Q61R) mutations and known risk factors, clinicopathologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of melanoma in a case series of primary invasive cutaneous melanoma from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). METHODS Somatic BRAF(V600E) and NRAS(Q61R) mutations of 127 primary invasive melanomas from the NHS cohort were determined by pyrosequencing using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block tissues. Logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the associations of mutations with melanoma risk factors, and Kaplan-Meier method was used to examine associations between mutations and survival. RESULTS The odds ratios for harboring BRAF(V600E) mutations were 5.54 (95% CI 1.19-25.8, p(trend) = 0.02) for women residing in states with UV index ≥ 7 versus those residing in states with UV index ≤5 at 30 years of age. Patients with BRAF(V600E) mutations tended to have shorter melanoma-specific survival when compared to patients with wild type at both loci (median survival time 110 vs. 159 months) (p = 0.03). No association was found between NRASQ61R mutation and melanoma risk factors or melanoma-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS BRAF(V600E) mutations in primary cutaneous melanomas were associated with residence in locations with medium and high UV indices in mid-life. BRAF(V600E) mutation may be associated with an unfavorable prognosis among melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Helen Kuo
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alvaro Laga Canales
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chang YL, Gao HW, Chiang CP, Wang WM, Huang SM, Ku CF, Liu GY, Hung HC. Human mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme participates in cutaneous melanoma progression and invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:807-815. [PMID: 25202825 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most life-threatening neoplasm of the skin, accounting for most of the skin cancer deaths. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting metabolism is an appealing strategy for melanoma therapy. Mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme (ME2), an oxidative decarboxylase, was evaluated for its biological significance in cutaneous melanoma progression. ME2 mRNA and protein expression significantly increased during melanoma progression, as evidenced by Gene Expression Omnibus analysis and immunohistochemistry on clinically annotated tissue microarrays, respectively. In addition, ME2 knockdown attenuated melanoma cell proliferation in vitro. ME2 ablation resulted in reduced cellular ATP levels and elevated cellular reactive oxygen species production, which activated the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, ME2 expression was associated with cell migration and invasion. ME2 knockdown decreased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor cell growth in vivo. These results suggested that ME2 might be an important factor in melanoma progression and a novel biomarker of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fen Ku
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Fletcher S, Prochownik EV. Small-molecule inhibitors of the Myc oncoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:525-43. [PMID: 24657798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein is among the most attractive of cancer targets given that it is de-regulated in the majority of tumors and that its inhibition profoundly affects their growth and/or survival. However, its role as a seldom-mutated transcription factor, its lack of enzymatic activity for which suitable pharmaceutical inhibitors could be crafted and its expression by normal cells have largely been responsible for its being viewed as "undruggable". Work over the past several years, however, has begun to reverse this idea by allowing us to view Myc within the larger context of global gene regulatory control. Thus, Myc and its obligate heterodimeric partner, Max, are integral to the coordinated recruitment and post-translational modification of components of the core transcriptional machinery. Moreover, Myc over-expression re-programs numerous critical cellular functions and alters the cell's susceptibility to their inhibition. This new knowledge has therefore served as a framework upon which to develop new pharmaceutical approaches. These include the continuing development of small molecules which act directly to inhibit the critical Myc-Max interaction, those which act indirectly to prevent Myc-directed post-translational modifications necessary to initiate productive transcription and those which inhibit vital pathways upon which the Myc-transformed cell is particularly reliant. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA; University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Turner JB, Rinker B. Melanoma of the Hand: Current Practice and New Frontiers. Healthcare (Basel) 2014; 2:125-38. [PMID: 27429265 PMCID: PMC4934499 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare2010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma of the hand represents a complicated clinical entity. Anatomic features of the hand create challenges in successful management of melanoma not encountered elsewhere in the body. The objectives of this article are to outline current standards for managing melanoma of the hand including diagnosis, surgical, and chemotherapeutic management. Particular emphasis will be placed on currently debated topics of the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy, the role of Mohs micrographic surgery, tissue sparing management of subungual melanoma, and the consideration of melanoma of the hand as a distinct entity based on clinical and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brad Turner
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Brian Rinker
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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15
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Choi DY, Lee SP, Park S. Prevalence ofBRAFandNRASMutations and a Comparative Analysis in Primary and Metastatic Melanoma of Korean Patients. EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.12771/emj.2014.37.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deok Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sanghui Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wick
- Departments of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA.
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17
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Perez-Lorenzo R, Gill KZ, Shen CH, Zhao FX, Zheng B, Schulze HJ, Silvers DN, Brunner G, Horst BA. A tumor suppressor function for the lipid phosphatase INPP4B in melanocytic neoplasms. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1359-1368. [PMID: 24288008 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is deregulated in a significant proportion of melanomas, and PI3K pathway activation in combination with constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling shows synergistic effects in the process of melanoma tumorigenesis. Recently, a tumor suppressor function for the lipid phosphatase inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) has been described in breast and prostate cancers, with impact on PI3K signaling output. Given the importance of PI3K pathway activity for melanoma formation and growth, we aimed to assess the role of INPP4B in melanocytic tumors. Our studies in native tumors suggest that decreased INPP4B expression is an event correlating with tumor progression in melanocytic neoplasms. We further demonstrate that INPP4B regulates PI3K/Akt signaling and exerts a tumor suppressor effect, impacting the proliferative, invasive, and tumorigenic capacity of melanoma cells. INPP4B expression in melanocytic neoplasms may therefore have potential as a biomarker for disease progression and as a modulator for the prediction of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perez-Lorenzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamraan Z Gill
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Che-Hung Shen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng X Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Schulze
- Department of Dermatology, Fachklinik Hornheide at University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - David N Silvers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Georg Brunner
- Department of Cancer Research, Fachklinik Hornheide at University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Basil A Horst
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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18
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Melanoma genotypes and phenotypes get personal. J Transl Med 2013; 93:858-67. [PMID: 23817084 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma was terminal to most patients. However, the advancements towards understanding the fundamental etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment have raised melanoma to the forefront of contemporary medicine. Indeed, the evidence of durable remissions are being heard ever more frequently in clinics around the globe. Despite having more gene mutations per cell than any other type of cancer, investigators are overcoming complex genomic landscapes, signaling pathways, and immune checkpoints by generating novel technological methods and clinical protocols with breath-taking speed. Significant progress in deciphering molecular genetics, epigenetics, kinase-driven networks, metabolomics, and immune-enhancing pathways to achieve personalized and positive outcomes has truly provided new hope for melanoma patients. However, obstacles requiring breakthroughs include understanding the influence of sunlight exposure on melanoma etiology, and overcoming all too frequently acquired drug resistance, complicating targeted therapy. Pathologists continue to have critically important roles in advancing the field, particularly in the area of transitioning from microscope-based diagnostic reports to pharmacogenomics through molecularly informed tumor boards. Although melanoma is no longer considered just 'one disease', pathologists will continue this rapidly progressing and exciting journey to identify tumor subtypes, to utilize tumorgraft or so-called patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and to develop companion diagnostics to keep pace with the bewildering breakthroughs occurring on a regular basis. Exactly which combination of drugs will ultimately be required to eradicate melanoma cells remains to be determined. However, it is clear that pathologists who are as dedicated to melanoma as the pioneering pathologist Dr Sidney Farber was committed to childhood cancers, will be required as the battle against melanoma continues. In this review, we describe what sets melanoma apart from other tumors, and demonstrate how lessons learned in the melanoma clinic are being transferred to many other types of aggressive neoplasms.
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