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de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Reis AT, Lima XTV, de Andrade ARC, Aguiar ALR, Portela FVM, Pereira LMG, Moura SGB, da Silva BN, de Lima-Neto RG, Maia DCBSC, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. from patients with psoriasis exhibit reduced susceptibility to antifungals. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:169-177. [PMID: 36480120 PMCID: PMC9944151 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects over 125 million people worldwide. Many studies have shown the importance of the microbiome for psoriasis exacerbation. AIM Explore the fungal load and species composition of cultivable yeasts on the skin of psoriatic patients (PP) and healthy volunteers living in a tropical area and evaluate the susceptibility to antifungals. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study with 61 participants (35 patients and 26 healthy controls) was performed during August 2018 and May 2019. Clinical data were collected from patient interviewing and/or medical records review. Samples were collected by swabbing in up to five anatomic sites. Suggestive yeast colonies were counted and further identified by phenotypical tests, PCR-REA, and/or MALDI-TOF. Susceptibility of Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. to azoles, terbinafine, and amphotericin B was evaluated by broth microdilution. RESULTS Nearly 50% of the patients had moderate to severe psoriasis, and plaque-type psoriasis was the most common clinical form. Yeast colonies count was significantly more abundant among PP than healthy controls. Malassezia and Candida were the most abundant genus detected in all participants. Higher MIC values for ketoconazole and terbinafine were observed in Malassezia strains obtained from PP. Approximately 42% of Candida isolates from PP showed resistance to itraconazole in contrast to 12.5% of isolates from healthy controls. MIC values for fluconazole and amphotericin B were significantly different among Candida isolates from PP and healthy individuals. CONCLUSION This study showed that Malassezia and Candida strains from PP presented higher MIC values to widespread antifungal drugs than healthy individuals.
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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Mirzaii M, Yaeghoobi M, Afzali M, Amirkhalili N, Mahmoodi M, Sajirani EB. Antifungal activities of quince seed mucilage hydrogel decorated with essential oils of Nigella sativa, Citrus sinensis and Cinnamon verum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 13:352-359. [PMID: 34540174 PMCID: PMC8416591 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i3.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor are opportunistic fungal infections that are caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. yeasts. Conventional drugs like azole and amino derivatives are known to treat fungal skin diseases. However, drawbacks like long-term side effects and drug resistance lead to investigate on antifungal properties of phytochemicals as an alternative to available synthetic drugs. Materials and Methods: The herbal nano hydrogel was successfully synthesized from Quince Seed extract followed by ultrasonic treatment and it has been formulated using a mixture of essential oils. We evaluated the antifungal in vitro assay for a mixture of essential oils in combination with herbal nano hydrogel against Candida albicans and Malasezia furfur strains by micro dilution method. Results: The results indicated that essential oils possess antifungal activity with the MIC value of 12.5 and 6.24 mg/ml against C. albicans and M. furfur, respectively. No fungicidal effect was reported for the herbal hydrogel before nanofabrication while it shown some antifungal activity after ultrasonic treatment for 5 and 10 minutes. As anticipated; the antifungal property of essential oil mixture was appreciably improved when it combined with herbal nano hydrogel where the highest level of inhibition was observed at concentration of 3.125 mg/ml for both strains. The loss in biological activity observed when the ultrasonic treatment on herbal nano hydrogel performed for longer time. Conclusion: The proposed plant-based nano formulation shown promising in vitro antifungal activities against C. albicans and M. furfur strains and its antifungal properties were comparable with commercially available agents like clotrimazole. The new formulation expected to be safe with minimum long-term side effects. Further investigations are underway to confirm the safety and the mechanism of the action of this new herbal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Marzieh Yaeghoobi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Meysam Afzali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Neginsadat Amirkhalili
- Young and Elite Research Club, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mahmoodi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Babakhanzadeh Sajirani
- Department of Horticulture Crops Research, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Semnan Province, Shahrood, Iran
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Sugita T, Yamazaki T, Cho O, Furukawa S, Mukai C. The skin mycobiome of an astronaut during a 1-year stay on the International Space Station. Med Mycol 2021; 59:106-109. [PMID: 32838424 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the skin mycobiome of an astronaut during a 1-year stay on the International Space Station (ISS) revealed an increased relative abundance of Malassezia restricta and level of Malassezia colonization, and the presence of Cyberlindnera jadinii and Candida boidinii, uncommon skin mycobiome taxa. Similar observations were made in astronauts during a 6-month stay on the ISS (Med Mycol. 2016; 54: 232-239). Future plans for extended space travel should consider the effect of high levels of Malassezia colonization over long periods on astronauts' skin, and the abnormal proliferation of uncommon microorganisms that may occur in closed environments such as the ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Otomi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
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Kong Q, Liu S, Li A, Wang Y, Zhang L, Iqbal M, Jamil T, Shang Z, Suo LS, Li J. Characterization of fungal microbial diversity in healthy and diarrheal Tibetan piglets. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34217216 PMCID: PMC8254304 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is an important ailment limiting the production of the Tibetan pig industry. Dynamic balance of the intestinal microbiota is important for the physiology of the animal. The objective of this work was to study fungal diversity in the feces of early weaning Tibetan piglets in different health conditions. RESULTS In the present study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to characterize the fungal microbial diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated Tibetan piglets at the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The four alpha diversity indices (Chao1, ACE, Shannon and Simpson) revealed no significant differences in the richness across the different groups (P > 0.05). In all samples, the predominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota. Moreover, the healthy piglets showed a higher abundance of Ascomycota than the treated ones with a decreased level of Basidiomycota. One phylum (Rozellomycota) showed higher abundance in the diarrheal piglets than in the treated. At genus level, compared with that to the healthy group, the proportion of Derxomyces and Lecanicillium decreased, whereas that of Cortinarius and Kazachstania increased in the diarrheal group. The relative abundances of Derxomyces, Phyllozyma and Hydnum were higher in treated piglets than in the diarrheal ones. CONCLUSIONS A decreased relative abundance of beneficial fungi (e.g. Derxomyces and Lecanicillium) may cause diarrhea in the early-weaned Tibetan piglets. Addition of probiotics into the feed may prevent diarrhea at this stage. This study presented the fungal diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated early-weaned Tibetan piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China. .,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhenda Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang-Sizhu Suo
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.
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Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils and Their Compounds for Application in Skin Fungal Infections: Conventional and Nonconventional Approaches. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26041093. [PMID: 33669627 PMCID: PMC7922942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are known to have varying degrees of antimicrobial properties that are mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds. These include antiviral, nematicidal, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. This review highlights the potential of EOs and their compounds for application as antifungal agents for the treatment of skin diseases via conventional and nonconventional approaches. A search was conducted using three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar), and all relevant articles from the period of 2010-2020 that are freely available in English were extracted. In our findings, EOs with a high percentage of monoterpenes showed strong ability as potential antifungal agents. Lavandula sp., Salvia sp., Thymus sp., Citrus sp., and Cymbopogon sp. were among the various species found to show excellent antifungal properties against various skin diseases. Some researchers developed advanced formulations such as gel, semi-solid, and ointment bases to further evaluate the effectiveness of EOs as antifungal agents. To date, most studies on the application of EOs as antifungal agents were performed using in vitro techniques, and only a limited number pursued in vivo and intervention-based research.
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Vijaya Chandra SH, Srinivas R, Dawson TL, Common JE. Cutaneous Malassezia: Commensal, Pathogen, or Protector? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614446. [PMID: 33575223 PMCID: PMC7870721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbial community is a multifunctional ecosystem aiding prevention of infections from transient pathogens, maintenance of host immune homeostasis, and skin health. A better understanding of the complex milieu of microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions will be required to define the ecosystem's optimal function and enable rational design of microbiome targeted interventions. Malassezia, a fungal genus currently comprising 18 species and numerous functionally distinct strains, are lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeasts and integral components of the skin microbiome. The high proportion of Malassezia in the skin microbiome makes understanding their role in healthy and diseased skin crucial to development of functional skin health knowledge and understanding of normal, healthy skin homeostasis. Over the last decade, new tools for Malassezia culture, detection, and genetic manipulation have revealed not only the ubiquity of Malassezia on skin but new pathogenic roles in seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Application of these tools continues to peel back the layers of Malassezia/skin interactions, including clear examples of pathogenicity, commensalism, and potential protective or beneficial activities creating mutualism. Our increased understanding of host- and microbe-specific interactions should lead to identification of key factors that maintain skin in a state of healthy mutualism or, in turn, initiate pathogenic changes. These approaches are leading toward development of new therapeutic targets and treatment options. This review discusses recent developments that have expanded our understanding of Malassezia's role in the skin microbiome, with a focus on its multiple roles in health and disease as commensal, pathogen, and protector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramasamy Srinivas
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John E Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Liu X, Cai Q, Yang H, Gao Z, Yang L. Distribution of Malassezia species on the skin of patients with psoriasis. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101111. [PMID: 33454614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia species can induce the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17), which plays an important role in the inflammatory and immune response in psoriasis (PS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the Malassezia species composition in patients with PS and healthy individuals and explore the role of Malassezia species in the pathogenesis of PS. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 patients with PS and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals participated in this study. Specimens collected from the lesional and non-lesional skin of patients with PS and the skin of healthy individuals were analyzed by using nested PCR. RESULTS The relative abundance of Malassezia species was 84.96% in healthy subjects, more than twice that in patients with PS (P<0.01). M. restricta (43.09%) and M. globosa (41.38%) were the main Malassezia species in patients with PS followed by M. furfur (4.84%) and M. sympodialis (2.49%). M. sympodialis accounted for 18. 81% of the Malassezia species in healthy subjects, which was nearly eight times higher than in patients with PS (P<0.01). Further, M. furfur was detected both on lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin, but it was not found on the skin of healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS The Malassezia species composition in patients with PS differed from that of healthy individuals. M. restricta and M. globosa were the main Malassezia species in patients with PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, China.
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Krzyściak P, Bakuła Z, Gniadek A, Garlicki A, Tarnowski M, Wichowski M, Jagielski T. Prevalence of Malassezia species on the skin of HIV-seropositive patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17779. [PMID: 33082431 PMCID: PMC7576784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is a genus of lipophilic yeasts residing on the skin of warm-blooded animals. The correlation between specific species and their involvement in skin diseases has been well researched. However, only very few studies have investigated the distribution of Malassezia spp. on the healthy skin of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this work was to analyze whether the composition of Malassezia spp. isolated from the skin of the HIV-infected patients differs from that of healthy individuals. The study included a total of 96 subjects, who were divided into two equally sized groups: HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative. The specimens were collected from the subjects by swabbing four anatomical sites (face, chest, back, and scalp). Species were identified using phenotype-based methods, and the identification of strains isolated from the HIV-seropositive patients was confirmed by PCR sequencing of the rDNA cluster. Malassezia spp. were isolated from 33 (69%) HIV-seropositive patients and 38 (79%) healthy volunteers. It was found that men were much more likely to have their heads colonized with Malassezia spp. than women. The most prevalent species on the skin of both HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals were Malassezia sympodialis, M. globosa, and M. furfur, albeit at different proportions in the two populations. The diversity of Malassezia spp. was the highest on the face of the HIV-seropositive patients (Shannon-Weiner Index H = 1.35) and lowest on the back of the healthy volunteers (H = 0.16). The phenotype- and molecular-based identification methods were congruent at 94.9%. It was observed a tendency that the HIV-seropositive patients had higher CD4+ cell counts, indicating higher colonization with Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyściak
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Department of Mycology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zofia Bakuła
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gniadek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Nursing Management and Epidemiology Nursing, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksander Garlicki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Tarnowski
- Graduate of Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Wichowski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Vlachos C, Henning MAS, Gaitanis G, Faergemann J, Saunte DM. Critical synthesis of available data in Malassezia folliculitis and a systematic review of treatments. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1672-1683. [PMID: 32012377 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Folliculitis is an inflammatory process involving the hair follicle, frequently attributed to infectious causes. Malassezia, an established symbiotic yeast that can evolve to a skin pathogen with opportunistic attributes, is a common source of folliculitis, especially when intrinsic (e.g. immunosuppression) or extrinsic (high ambient temperature and humidity, clothing) impact on the hair follicle and the overlying skin microenvironment. Our aim was to critically review the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of Malassezia folliculitis, to describe laboratory methods that facilitate diagnosis and to systematically review treatment options. Malassezia folliculitis manifests as a pruritic, follicular papulopustular eruption distributed on the upper trunk. It commonly affects young to middle-aged adults and immunosuppressed individuals. Inclusion into the differential diagnosis of folliculitis is regularly oversighted, and the prerequisite-targeted diagnostic procedures are not always performed. Sampling by tape stripping or comedo extractor and microscopic examination of the sample usually identifies the monopolar budding yeast cells of Malassezia without the presence of hyphae. However, confirmation of the diagnosis with anatomical association with the hair follicle is performed by biopsy. For systematic review of therapies, PubMed was searched using the search string "(malassezia" [MeSH Terms] OR "malassezia" [All Fields] OR pityrosporum [All Fields]) AND "folliculitis" [MeSH Terms] and EMBASE was searched using the search string: 'malassezia folliculitis.mp OR pityrosporum folliculitis.mp'. In total, 28 full-length studies were assessed for eligibility and 21 were selected for inclusion in therapy evaluation. Conclusively Malassezia folliculitis should be considered in the assessment of truncal, follicular skin lesions. Patient's history, comorbidities and clinical presentation are usually indicative, but microscopically and histological examination is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Adequate samples obtained with comedo extractor and serial sections in the histological material are critical for proper diagnosis. Therapy should include systemic or topical measures for the control of the inflammation, as well as the prevention of recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vlachos
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - M A S Henning
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - G Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Delc Clinic, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - J Faergemann
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D M Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bacillomycin D effectively controls growth of Malassezia globosa by disrupting the cell membrane. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3529-3540. [PMID: 32103313 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia globosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various skin disorders, which disturbs people's life all the time, and conventional drugs are not completely satisfactory. Bacillomycin D (BD), an antifungal lipopeptide, could inhibit various fungi growth. However, the reports about its effect on M. globosa were not found yet. In this study, we showed that BD and BD-C16 (fatty acid chain had sixteen carbon atoms) completely inhibited growth of M. globosa at concentration of 64 μg/ml in 15 h, which was confirmed with the observation of irregular morphological change of M. globosa treated with BD. Significantly, the study on the working mechanism showed that BD induced cell death by changing cell membrane permeability and thus promoting the release of cellular contents, which may be mediated by the interaction between BD and ergosterol from membrane. Further study showed that BD reduced the overall content of cellular sterol, and interestingly, the expression of some genes involved in membrane and ergosterol synthesis were significantly upregulated, which was likely to be a feedback regulation. Besides, we found that BD had additive and synergistic effects with ketoconazole and amphotericin B, respectively, on inhibition of M. globosa, suggesting that combination use of BD with other commercial drugs could be a promising strategy to relieve skin disorders caused by M. globosa. KEY POINTS: • BD could efficiently inhibit the growth of M. globosa. • BD increases cell membrane permeability and thus promotes the release of cellular contents. • BD has additive or synergistic effect with other antifungal drugs.
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12
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Ferry M, Shedlofsky L, Newman A, Mengesha Y, Blumetti B. Tinea InVersicolor: A Rare Distribution of a Common Eruption. Cureus 2020; 12:e6689. [PMID: 32104626 PMCID: PMC7026868 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea versicolor (TV), or pityriasis versicolor, is one of the most commonly occurring superficial mycoses. Typically, this condition is characterized by fine scaly hyper or hypopigmented macules and patches distributed on the trunk and upper extremities. Diagnosis is often based on clinical presentation. A Wood's lamp examination or potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation test is performed for confirmation. To date, numerous morphologic variants of this condition have been described. Here we present an inverse papular variant that, to our knowledge, has only been previously reported once. This case represents another unique presentation of TV and serves to highlight the clinical variety of this common mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ferry
- Dermatology, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, USA
| | | | - Andrew Newman
- Dermatology, Affiliated Dermatology, Scottsdale, USA
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13
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Cohen PR, Erickson C, Calame A. Malassezia (Pityrosporum) Folliculitis Incognito: Malessezia-associated Folliculitis Masked by Topical Corticosteroid Therapy. Cureus 2020; 12:e6531. [PMID: 32038889 PMCID: PMC6993079 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis usually appears as pruritic monomorphous papules and pustules on the upper back, chest, extensor arms and face. Acne vulgaris, bacterial folliculitis, eosinophilic folliculitis and systemic corticosteroid-induced acne can clinically mimic the fungal-caused acneiform condition. The designation incognito is used to describe tinea or scabies when the characteristic presentation is masqueraded by the application of topical corticosteroid treatment. Application of corticosteroid cream altered the morphology of the skin lesions in a man with Malassezia folliculitis. His cutaneous findings-localized areas of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation with flattened or completely resolved follicular papules-raised the possibility of partially treated follicular eczema or follicular contact dermatitis. Pathognomonic findings from biopsies of the skin lesions established the diagnosis of Malassezia folliculitis; the condition completely resolved after treatment with topical antifungal shampoo and cream. Similar to tinea incognito and scabies incognito, folliculitis caused by Malassezia yeast in which the cutaneous morphology has been concealed by management with topical corticosteroids should be referred to as Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis incognito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Cohen
- Dermatology, San Diego Family Dermatology, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Antoanella Calame
- Dermatology/Dermatopathology, Compass Dermatopathology, Inc., San Diego, USA
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14
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Ramasamy S, Barnard E, Dawson TL, Li H. The role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:691-699. [PMID: 31342510 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture-based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with less biased genomic methods, sampling, lysis and methodology, the task of describing acne pathophysiology remains challenging. Acne occurs in sites dominated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Malassezia species, both of which can function either as commensal or pathogen. OBJECTIVES This article aims to review the current state of the art of the microbiome and acne. METHODS The literature regarding the microbiome and acne was reviewed. RESULTS It remains unclear whether there is a quantitative difference in microbial community distribution, making it challenging to understand any community shift from commensal to pathogenic nature. It is plausible that acne involves (i) change in the distribution of species/strains, (ii) stable distribution with pathogenic alteration in response to internal (intermicrobe) or external stimuli (host physiology or environmental) or (iii) a combination of these factors. CONCLUSIONS Understanding physiological changes in bacterial species and strains will be required to define their specific roles, and identify any potential intervention points, in acne pathogenesis and treatment. It will also be necessary to determine whether any fungal species are involved, and establish whether they play a significant role. Further investigation using robust, modern analytic tools in longitudinal studies with a large number of participants, may make it possible to determine whether the microbiota plays a causal role, is primarily involved in exacerbation, or is merely a bystander. It is likely that the final outcome will show that acne is the result of complex microbe-microbe and community-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramasamy
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Barnard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - T L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - H Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.,UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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15
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Czyżewska U, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bartoszewicz M, Siemieniuk M, Zambrzycka A, Tylicki A. Differences in protein profiles between Malassezia pachydermatis strains obtained from healthy and infected dogs. Mycologia 2019; 111:624-631. [PMID: 31322986 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1630244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis causes infections of the skin and mucous membranes, especially in individuals with metabolic, hormonal, and immunological disorders. The search for M. pachydermatis properties that differentiate isolates from healthy and infected animals may result in the identification of typically commensal and potentially pathogenic strains within the entire species. We aimed to determine and compare protein profiles of M. pachydermatis strains isolated from 30 dogs with clinical symptoms of otitis externa and 34 dogs without symptoms of any disease. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was applied, and proteins distinguishing the two groups of strains were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Significant differences were found between potentially pathogenic and commensal isolates. The most significant finding was the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase and ketol-acid reductoisomerase among M. pachydermatis strains obtained from dogs with otitis externa. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether they are associated directly with the pathogenicity or they play the role of fungal allergen. On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that there may be two distinct groups of M. pachydermatis strains-one typically commensal and the other with properties that enhance the infection process. These results may be used for more precise diagnosis and identification of potentially pathogenic strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Czyżewska
- a Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok , Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- b Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow , Poland
| | - Marek Bartoszewicz
- c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok , Poland
| | - Magdalena Siemieniuk
- a Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok , Poland
| | - Aneta Zambrzycka
- a Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok , Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- a Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok , Poland
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16
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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17
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Petrokilidou C, Pavlou E, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID, Saridomichelakis MN, Velegraki A, Kourkoumelis N. The lipid profile of three Malassezia species assessed by Raman spectroscopy and discriminant analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 46:101416. [PMID: 31247316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts constitute the major eukaryotic cutaneous flora of homoeothermic vertebrates. These lipophilic yeasts are able to cause, trigger, or aggravate common skin diseases under favorable conditions. Species identification and subspecies differentiation is currently based on morphological characteristics, lipid assimilation profile, and molecular tests. Mass spectrometry has been also reported as a reliable, yet costly and labor-intensive, method to classify Malassezia yeasts. Here, we introduce Raman spectroscopy as a new molecular technique able to differentiate three phylogenetically close Malassezia species (M.globosa, M.pachydermatis, and M.sympodialis) by examining their lipid metabolic profile. Using Raman spectroscopy, lipid fingerprints of Malassezia cultures on Leeming-Notman agar, were analyzed by spectral bands assignment and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Our results demonstrate differential utilization of lipid supplements among these three species and the ability of Raman spectroscopy to rapidly and accurately discriminate them by predictive modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Petrokilidou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Pavlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Microbiology Department, Mycology Research Laboratory & UOA/HCPF Culture Collection, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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18
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Gaitanis G, Magiatis P, Mexia N, Melliou E, Efstratiou MA, Bassukas ID, Velegraki A. Antifungal activity of selected
Malassezia
indolic compounds detected in culture. Mycoses 2019; 62:597-603. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gaitanis
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Skin and Venereal DiseasesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Nikitia Mexia
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eleni Melliou
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Ioannis D. Bassukas
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Skin and Venereal DiseasesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory and UOA/HCPF Culture CollectionDepartment of MicrobiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Bioiatriki SA Athens Greece
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19
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Tee CB, Sei Y, Kajiwara S. Secreted Hydrolytic and Haemolytic Activities of Malassezia Clinical Strains. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:227-238. [PMID: 30919309 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are opportunistic pathogens associated with a number of skin diseases in animals and humans. The free fatty acids released through these organisms' lipase and phospholipase activities trigger inflammation in the host; thus, these lipase and phospholipase activities are widely recognised as some of the most important factors in Malassezia pathogenesis. In this study, we sought to investigate and examine the relationship between these secreted hydrolytic activities and haemolytic activity in newly isolated Malassezia clinical strains. This characterisation was expected to elucidate pathogenicity of this fungus. We isolated 35 clinical strains of Malassezia spp.; the most frequently isolated species were M. sympodialis and M. furfur. Next, we analysed the hydrolytic activities of all of these clinical isolates; all of these strains (except for one M. dermatis isolate) showed detectable lipase and phospholipase activities against 4-nitrophenyl palmitate and L-α-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl, respectively. Most of the M. globosa isolates showed higher lipase activities than isolates of other Malassezia species. In terms of phospholipase activity, no significant difference was observed among species of Malassezia, although one isolate of M. globosa showed considerably higher phospholipase activity than the others. All tested strains also exhibited haemolytic activity, both as determined using 5% (v/v) sheep blood agar (halo assay) and by quantitative assay. Although all tested strains showed detectable haemolytic activity, we did not observe an apparent correlation between the secreted lipase and phospholipase activities and haemolytic activity. We infer that the haemolytic activities of Malassezia spp. are mediated by non-enzymatic factor(s) that are present in the secreted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Boon Tee
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J3-7, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sei
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J3-7, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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20
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Pedrosa AF, Lisboa C, Faria-Ramos I, Silva R, Ricardo E, Teixeira-Santos R, Miranda I, Rodrigues AG. Epidemiology and susceptibility profile to classic antifungals and over-the-counter products of Malassezia clinical isolates from a Portuguese University Hospital: a prospective study. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:778-784. [PMID: 30907722 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical epidemiological data about the distinct Malassezia species remain scarce. The recurrence of Malassezia-related skin diseases, despite long-term use of antifungals, raises concern about the hypothetical emergence of antifungal resistance. We aimed to assess the distribution of Malassezia species among patients from a University Hospital with pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and healthy volunteers, and to evaluate the susceptibility profile to classic antifungals and over-the-counter compounds, searching for clinical associations. METHODOLOGY The enrollment of volunteers was conducted at the Dermatology Department of a University Hospital over a 3 year period. Malassezia culture isolates were identified to the species-level by sequencing. The drug susceptibility profile was assessed according to a broth microdilution assay, as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A total of 86 Malassezia isolates were recovered from 182 volunteers. Malassezia sympodialis was the most frequent isolated species. We found high MIC values and a wide MIC range in the case of tested azoles, and very low terbinafine MIC values against most isolates. Previous topical corticosteroid therapy was associated with a significant increase of MIC values of fluconazole and of terbinafine. CONCLUSION Conversely to other European studies, M. sympodialis was the most common isolated species, which might be related to geographic reasons. The impact of previous topical corticotherapy upon the antifungal susceptibility profile was hereby demonstrated. In vitro susceptibility test results suggest that terbinafine might be a valid alternative for Malassezia-related skin diseases nonresponsive to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Pedrosa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences - iBiMED & IEETA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ricardo
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Teixeira-Santos
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Miranda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Complete Genome Sequence of Malassezia restricta CBS 7877, an Opportunist Pathogen Involved in Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01543-18. [PMID: 30746521 PMCID: PMC6368656 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01543-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia restricta, one of the predominant basidiomycetous yeasts present on human skin, is involved in scalp disorders. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the lipophilic Malassezia restricta CBS 7877 strain, which will facilitate the study of the mechanisms underlying its commensal and pathogenic roles within the skin microbiome.
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22
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Alshamrani HM, Alsolami MA, Alshehri AM, Salman AK, Alharbi MW, Alzuhayri AJ, Mleeh NT. Pattern of skin diseases in a university hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: age and sex distribution. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39:22-28. [PMID: 30712047 PMCID: PMC6464678 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2019.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have investigated the pattern of dermatological diseases in some regions of Saudi Arabia, but studies on the prevalence of skin diseases in Jeddah are lacking. OBJECTIVES Assess the pattern of skin diseases in Jeddah based on age and sex differences and compare the results with those of previous studies conducted in other regions of Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. DESIGN A cross-sectional prevalence study, retrospective. SETTING Dermatology clinic of King Abdulaziz University hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data obtained from electronic medical records were summarized and analyzed. We only included new patients, who first visited the clinic in 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptive epidemiological data and statistical comparisons. SAMPLE SIZE 1244. RESULTS Among 3458 patients who attended the dermatology clinic, 1244 were new patients. There were 365 (29.3%) men and 879 (70.7%) women for a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.4. The mean (SD) age of the total population was 35 (3.8) years. The most common dermatological disease was dermatitis (n=266, 21.4%), followed by acne (n=195, 15.7%) and fungal infection (n=136, 10.9%). Atopic dermatitis was the most prevalent dermatome in children (41.7%), while acne was the most prevalent disease in adults (19.5%). The chi-square test indicated a significant difference between acne and sex (P=.007), with adult women being more commonly affected (79%) and for alopecia and sex (P less than .001), with women being more commonly affected (91.2%). CONCLUSIONS There are slight differences in the prevalence of dermatological diseases in Jeddah, as shown in this study and other studies from other regions in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. We recommend initiating awareness campaigns to increase knowledge about skin diseases, particularly in men, and improving dermatology-related training programs for primary health care physicians. A population-based study is warranted to clarify the prevalence of skin diseases in Saudi Arabia. LIMITATIONS The inclusion of patients who visited the dermatology clinic only in 2017 and data collection from only registration records. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M Alshamrani
- Dr. Hussein M. Alshamrani, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital,, Jeddah 21333, Saudi Arabia, T: +966530204524, , ORCID: http://orcid. org/0000-0001-9893-7528
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23
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Arce M, Gutiérrez-Mendoza D. Pityriasis Versicolor: Treatment Update. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-018-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Pedrosa AF, Lisboa C, Rodrigues AG. Malassezia infections with systemic involvement: Figures and facts. J Dermatol 2018; 45:1278-1282. [PMID: 30264900 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia are lipophilic and commensal yeasts capable of inducing skin disease among susceptible hosts. However, severely immunocompromised patients and preterm infants admitted to intensive care units are particularly at risk of developing Malassezia systemic infections. Patients often have central venous catheters which are usually the portal of entry for colonization and infection. In addition to the clinically non-specific findings, a delay in the laboratorial diagnosis may occur as there is often the need to add lipid supplementation to culture in order to support these organisms' growth. Herein, we report three unrelated cases of Malassezia bloodstream infection at a university hospital during a 2-year period, followed by a discussion of the clinical results and comparison with the most recently available published data on epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, susceptibility profile and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Pedrosa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar São João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS, Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar São João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS, Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS, Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João EPE, Porto, Portugal
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25
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Czyzewska U, Bartoszewicz M, Siemieniuk M, Tylicki A. Genetic relationships and population structure of Malassezia pachydermatis strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa and healthy dogs. Mycologia 2018; 110:666-676. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1495981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Czyzewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Bartoszewicz
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Siemieniuk
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Abstract
Yeasts from the genus Malassezia belongs to normal commensal skin flora of warm-blooded vertebrates. These yeasts may act as opportunistic pathogens and cause skin diseases in humans and animals under certain conditions. The identification of Malassezia species is based on the phenotypic or genotypic diagnostics. The methods used for the phenotypic identification is determined by: the growth on Sabouraud agar, growth on selective media (Leeming-Notman agar, Dixon agar, Chrom Malassezia agar), the ability to utilise different concentrations of Tween, monitoring of the growth on CEL agar (soil enriched with castor oil) and TE agar (Tween-esculine agar), and the catalase test. The genotypic identification uses molecular methods like: the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment lenght polymorphism (AFLP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the DNA sequence analysis.
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The effect of tinea versicolor on thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:299-303. [PMID: 30008649 PMCID: PMC6041702 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.76227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tinea versicolor is a superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia spp. Malassezia spp. is a member of the normal human skin flora. It becomes a pathogen by transforming from the yeast form to the mycelium form. The oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis may be responsible for this. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis is a new marker indicating oxidative stress. This homeostasis is affected in many illnesses. Aim To investigate the thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with tinea versicolor. Material and methods Forty-two patients with tinea versicolor (median age: 36 years, min.–max.: 19–58) and 36 healthy controls (median age: 32 years, min.–max.: 18–60) were included in the trial. The levels of native thiol, disulphide, and total thiol were measured by an automated method in the patient and control groups. Disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol rates were calculated as percentage. Results For the patient group and the control group, the native thiol levels were found to be 464.32 ±51.48 mmol/l and 465.18 ±51.32 mmol/l, disulphide levels – 19.80 ±7.08 mmol/l and 21.27 ±8.90 mmol/l, total thiol levels – 503.92 ±53.65 mmol/l and 508.07 ±56.59 mmol/l, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the two groups. Conclusions Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was not affected in tinea versicolor. According to our findings, oxidative stress seems to have no role in the pathogenesis of tinea versicolor.
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Theelen B, Cafarchia C, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID, Boekhout T, Dawson TL. Malassezia ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dimitrios Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute for Medical Biology, (IMB), Singapore
- Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Carreira A, Ferreira JB, Pereira I, Ferreira J, Filipe P, Ferreira RB, Monteiro S. Blad-containing oligomer: a novel fungicide used in crop protection as an alternative treatment for tinea pedis and tinea versicolor. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:198-207. [PMID: 29388537 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of novel antifungal drugs and the increasing incidence and severity of fungal infections are major concerns worldwide. Herein, we tested the activity of the Blad-containing oligomer (BCO), a new antifungal molecule already in use for agriculture, on Malassezia spp. and dermatophytes, the causal agents of human tinea versicolor and tinea pedis. Given the lack of a standard method for Malassezia susceptibility testing and the plethora of published methods, we also developed an improved method for this genus. METHODOLOGY The efficacy of BCO was assessed in vitro and compared to that of the drugs currently utilized in the treatment of tinea versicolor (fluconazole and itraconazole) and tinea pedis (itraconazole and terbinafine). For dermatophytes, the standard microdilution broth-based method was used, with small adjustments, and several broth formulations and inocula sizes were tested to develop an improved susceptibility method for Malassezia spp. RESULTS We successfully developed a microdilution broth-based method with considerable advantages over other available methods, and used it for all in vitro susceptibility tests of Malassezia spp. isolates. We report that, on a molar basis, BCO was more effective than fluconazole or itraconazole on most strains of Malassezia spp. isolated from clinical samples (n=29). By contrast, BCO was less effective than itraconazole or terbinafine on the common dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. CONCLUSION These data place BCO as a promising drug for the treatment of Malassezia-associated skin diseases. Further in vivo studies are now required to ascertain its applicability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Carreira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - João Boavida Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Iliana Pereira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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Antifungal activity of Myrtus communis against Malassezia sp. isolated from the skin of patients with pityriasis versicolor. Infection 2017; 46:253-257. [PMID: 29159502 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of fungal infections and antifungal resistance has prompted the search for novel antifungal drugs and alternative agents. We explored the antifungal activity of Myrtus communis essential oil (EO) against Malassezia sp. isolated from the skin of patients with pityriasis versicolor. These broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities of M. communis EO and its potent inhibiting activity on Malassezia growth deserve further research with aim to considerate this EO as candidate for topical use in treatment of skin diseases.
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Sun KL, Chang JM. Special types of folliculitis which should be differentiated from acne. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 9:e1356519. [PMID: 29484091 PMCID: PMC5821164 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2017.1356519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Because both acne vulgaris and folliculitis can present as inflammatory erythematous papules, pustules or nodules, they are often hard to distinguish. The importance to distinguish between these 2 shall be stressed as their pathogenesis and therapies are different and misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis may lead to improper treatment. We will introduce several special types of folliculitis that should be differentiated from acne to increase our knowledge of the disorders with an acne-like manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lv Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Dongdan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Dongdan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
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Byrne DD, Reboli AC. Rare Yeast Infections: Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Special Considerations. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
During the past decade, scientists have made great strides in understanding the microbiome's role in human health. Today, the microbiome has become key in scientific research, therapeutic development, medical treatment, and as a news feature in the media. Most studies have focused on the microbiome of our gut, but recently researchers have turned their attention to other microbiomes, including that of the skin. These studies of gut and skin microbiomes are yielding very informative results, new treatment strategies, and the development of new prebiotic and probiotic products for the treatment of many skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 505 Coast Blvd South #208, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Greg Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 505 Coast Blvd South #208, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Galvis-Marín JC, Rodríguez-Bocanegra MX, Pulido-Villamarín ADP, Castañeda-Salazar R, Celis-Ramírez AM, Linares-Linares MY. [In vitro antifungal activity of azoles and amphotericin B against Malassezia furfur by the CLSI M27-A3 microdilution and Etest ® methods]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:89-93. [PMID: 28214276 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia furfur is a human skin commensal yeast that can cause skin and opportunistic systemic infections. Given its lipid dependant status, the reference methods established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to evaluate antifungal susceptibility in yeasts are not applicable. AIMS To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of M. furfur isolates from infections in humans to antifungals of clinical use. METHODS The susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole of 20 isolates of M. furfur, using the broth microdilution method (CLSI M27-A3) and Etest®, was evaluated. RESULTS Itraconazole and voriconazole had the highest antifungal activity against the isolates tested. The essential agreement between the two methods for azoles antifungal activity was in the region of 60-85% and the categorical agreement was around 70-80%, while the essential and categorical agreement for amphotericin B was 10%. CONCLUSIONS The azoles were the compounds that showed the highest antifungal activity against M. furfur, as determined by the two techniques used; however more studies need to be performed to support that Etest® is a reliable method before its implementation as a routine clinical laboratory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Galvis-Marín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Ximena Rodríguez-Bocanegra
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Melva Yomary Linares-Linares
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Wheeler ML, Limon JJ, Underhill DM. Immunity to Commensal Fungi: Detente and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:359-385. [PMID: 28068483 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, and a healthy immune system is essential to maintain adequate protection from fungal infections. When this protection breaks down, superficial and invasive fungal infections cause diseases that range from irritating to life-threatening. Millions of people worldwide develop invasive infections during their lives, and mortality for these infections often exceeds 50%. Nevertheless, we are normally colonized with many of the same disease-causing fungi (e.g., on the skin or in the gut). Recent research is dramatically expanding our understanding of the mechanisms by which our immune systems interact with these organisms in health and disease. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about where and how the immune system interacts with common fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Wheeler
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - Jose J Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , , .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kurutas EB, Ozturk P. The evaluation of local oxidative/nitrosative stress in patients with pityriasis versicolor: a preliminary study. Mycoses 2016; 59:720-725. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Sutcu Imam University; Kahramanmaras Turkey
| | - Perihan Ozturk
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; Sutcu Imam University; Kahramanmaras Turkey
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Atopic dermatitis: new evidence on the role of allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:458-64. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Heidrich D, Daboit TC, Stopiglia CDO, Magagnin CM, Vetoratto G, Amaro TG, Scroferneker ML. SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:277-80. [PMID: 26422149 PMCID: PMC4616910 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malassezia yeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. Collected data included: date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesion and the direct mycological examination results. Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. The disease was more prevalent in men (7.1% of men versus 5.1% of women that underwent the direct mycological examination); younger age (median 31 years old); "pardo" and black people (3.7% more than expected in the sample); trunk (73.44% of the affected anatomic sites). Lesions in rare sites (groin, genitals, legs, feet and hands) were also observed in this study. In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Heidrich
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | | | | | - Gerson Vetoratto
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Yuan C, Liu X, Yang F, Wang T, Wang J, Manabe K, Qin O, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Dandruff is associated with the conjoined interactions between host and microorganisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24877. [PMID: 27172459 PMCID: PMC4864613 DOI: 10.1038/srep24877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is an unpleasant scalp disorder common to human populations. In this study, we systematically investigated the intra- and inter-associations among dandruff, physiological conditions such as sebum of the scalp, host demographics such as gender, age and the region of the scalp, and the microorganisms on the scalp. We found that the physiological conditions were highly relevant to the host age and varied in different regions of the same scalp. The sebum quantity and water content were negatively correlated with the formation of dandruff and had significant relationships with the two dominant but reciprocally inhibited bacteria on the scalp (Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus). The dominant fungus (Malassezia species) displayed contrary roles in its contribution to the healthy scalp micro-environment. Bacteria and fungi didn’t show a close association with each other, but the intramembers were tightly linked. Bacteria had a stronger relationship with the severity of dandruff than fungi. Our results indicated that the severity of dandruff was closely associated with the interactions between the host and microorganisms. This study suggests that adjusting the balance of the bacteria on the scalp, particularly by enhancing Propionibacterium and suppressing Staphylococcus, might be a potential solution to lessen dandruff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongxiu Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kenji Manabe
- Kao Corporation, Biological Science Laboratories, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ou Qin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Malassezia arunalokei sp. nov., a Novel Yeast Species Isolated from Seborrheic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Individuals from India. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1826-1834. [PMID: 27147721 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00683-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of species within the genus Malassezia are lipophilic yeasts that colonize the skin of warm-blooded animals. Two species, Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta, are implicated in the causation of seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff (SD/D). During our survey of SD/D cases, we isolated several species of Malassezia and noticed vast variations within a few lipid-dependent species. Variations observed in the phenotypic characteristics (colony morphology, absence of catalase activity, growth at 37°C, and precipitation surrounding wells containing Tween 20 or Cremophor EL) suggested the possible presence of a novel species. Sequence divergence observed in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the D1/D2 domain, and the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region of rDNA and the TEF1 gene, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ITS2 region, and fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis support the existence of a novel species. Based on phenotypic and molecular characterization of these strains, we propose a new species, namely, M. arunalokei sp. nov., and we designate NCCPF 127130 (= MTCC 12054 = CBS 13387) as the type strain.
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Roesner LM, Werfel T, Heratizadeh A. The adaptive immune system in atopic dermatitis and implications on therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:787-96. [PMID: 26967382 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1165093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In atopic dermatitis (AD), the skin inflammation is believed to occur due to a misdirected immune reaction against harmless antigens on the one hand, and to a disturbed skin barrier on the other. In recent years, vast efforts have been made to investigate the relevance and details of the immune response to allergens. Clinically, it was demonstrated for the first time that aeroallergen exposure leads to worsening of AD symptoms. An overexpression of Th2 cytokines has been observed in acute and subacute lesions of AD. The clinical impact of the key Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 on atopic dermatitis has recently been shown in clinical studies with dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody which blocks the IL-4/IL-13 receptor. In vitro data indicate, however, that the T cell response is not solely Th2-polarized but may lead to heterogeneous cytokine production involving IFN-γ and IL-17 in an allergen-dependent manner. Classical thymus-derived Foxp3 T cells have interestingly been detected in elevated numbers in the circulation of AD patients. Therapeutic approaches with allergen specific immunotherapy aim to induce regulatory T cells of the Tr1 type. The strikingly altered microbiome of AD skin with diminished diversity of bacteria on lesional skin but increases of S. aureus colonization and the sensitization against microbial allergens and homologue self-proteins deserve special attention. For the treatment of itch symptoms, which still represent a challenge in daily practice, promising data have been published on the relevance of the H(histamine)4-receptor and on mediators such as IL-31, TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart M Roesner
- a Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- a Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Annice Heratizadeh
- a Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim SN, Kim AR, Kim YR, Kim MJ, Park WS, Lee JH, Jung WH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from Chinese and Korean patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in vitro studies on their bioactivity on sebaceous lipids and IL-8 production. Mycoses 2016; 59:274-80. [PMID: 26786542 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution of Malassezia yeast in 120 Chinese (20 patients from each of six cities) and 20 Korean patients with scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff (SD/D) using ITS1 and ITS2 polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Bioactivity was studied by quantifying sebum lipid production by human primary sebocytes and inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production was studied by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes with extracts of five standard Malassezia strains; M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sympodialis, M. dermatis and M. slooffiae. M. restricta and M. globosa were the most frequently encountered species from both Chinese and Korean patients. These two Malassezia species also promoted neutral lipid synthesis although the result was not statistically significant and induced significant increase in IL-8 production among the five Malassezia species studied. The study suggests a possible role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of SD/D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Su Na Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Corp. R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | | | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Human Demodex mites (Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis) are unique in that they are an obligate human ectoparasite that can inhabit the pilosebaceous unit lifelong without causing obvious host immune response in most cases. The mode of symbiosis between humans and human Demodex mites is unclear, while the pathogenicity of human Demodex mites in many inflammatory skin diseases is now better understood. Primary human demodicosis is a skin disease sui generis not associated with local or systemic immunosuppression. Diagnosis is often underestimated and differentiation from folliculitis, papulopustular rosacea and perioral dermatitis is not always straightforward. Dependent on the morphology and degree of inflammation, the clinical manifestations can be classified into spinulate, papulopustular, nodulocystic, crustic and fulminant demodicosis. Therapy success can be achieved only with acaricides/arachidicides. The effective doses, optimal regimen and antimicrobial resistance remain to be determined.
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Siemieniuk M, Czyzewska U, Strumilo S, Tylicki A. Thiamine antivitamins--an opportunity of therapy of fungal infections caused by Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans. Mycoses 2015; 59:108-16. [PMID: 26691773 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe skin diseases and systemic fungaemia are caused by Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans respectively. Antifungal therapies are less effective because of chronic character of infections and high percentage of relapses. Therefore, there is a great need to develop new strategies of antifungal therapies. We previously found that oxythiamine decreases proliferation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), therefore we suggest that thiamine antivitamins can be considered as antifungal agents. The aim of this study was the comparison of thiamine antivitamins (oxythiamine, amprolium, thiochrome, tetrahydrothiamine and tetrahydrooxythiamine) inhibitory effect on the growth rate and energetic metabolism efficiency in non-pathogenic S. cerevisiae and two potentially pathogenic species M. pachydermatis and C. albicans. Investigated species were cultured on a Sabouraud medium supplemented with trace elements in the presence (40 mg l(-1)) or absence of each tested antivitamins to estimate their influence on growth rate, enzyme activity and kinetic parameters of pyruvate decarboxylase and malate dehydrogenase of each tested species. Oxythiamine was the only antivitamin with antifungal potential. M. pachydermatis and S. cerevisiae were the most sensitive, whereas C. albicans was the least sensitive to oxythiamine action. Oxythiamine can be considered as supportive agent in superficial mycoses treatment, especially those caused by species from the genus Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Siemieniuk
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyzewska
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Strumilo
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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46
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Tsakok T, Schulenburg H, Smith C, Till S, Flohr C. The Role of Yeast in Atopic Dermatitis Revisited: a Critical Appraisal. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-015-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Learning from other diseases: protection and pathology in chronic fungal infections. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:239-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Admani S, Jinna S, Friedlander SF, Sloan B. Cutaneous infectious diseases: Kids are not just little people. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:657-71. [PMID: 26686017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The changes in immune response that occur with age play a significant role in disease presentation and patient management. Evolution of the innate and adaptive immune systems throughout life, influenced partly by hormonal changes associated with puberty, plays a role in the differences between pediatric and adult response to disease. We review a series of manifestations of dermatologic infectious diseases spanning bacterial, viral, and fungal origins that can be seen in both pediatric and adult age groups and highlight similarities and differences in presentation and disease course. Therapeutic options are also discussed for these infectious diseases, with particular attention to variations in management between these population subgroups, given differences in pharmacokinetics and side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Admani
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Sphoorthi Jinna
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Sciences, 21 South Road, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Sheila Fallon Friedlander
- Fellowship Training Program, Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Clinical Pediatrics & Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 8010 Frost Street, Suite 602, San Diego, CA 92123
| | - Brett Sloan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Sciences, 21 South Road, Farmington, CT, 06032.
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49
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50
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Sugita T, Yamazaki T, Yamada S, Takeoka H, Cho O, Tanaka T, Ohno G, Watanabe K, Makimura K, Ohshima H, Ishioka N, Mukai C. Temporal changes in the skin Malassezia microbiota of members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE): A case study in Antarctica as a pseudo-space environment. Med Mycol 2015; 53:717-24. [PMID: 26129888 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) is located approximately 400 km above the Earth. Astronauts staying at the ISS are under microgravity and are thus unable to bathe or shower; instead, they wash their bodies using wet tissues. For astronauts, skin hygiene management is important to maintain the quality of life during long-term stays on the ISS. In Antarctica, members of a Japanese geological investigation team negotiate their way over land using snowmobiles. During their 3-month stay, they are subject to a "pseudo-space" environment similar to that experienced by ISS astronauts, including the inability to bathe or shower. In this study, temporal changes in the colonization levels of skin lipophilic fungi, Malassezia were investigated in 16 team members. Compared to the levels before their trip to Antarctica, the fold changes in Malassezia colonization levels during the researchers' stay in Antarctica were in the range of 3.0 ± 1.9 to 5.3 ± 7.5 in cheek samples, 8.9 ± 10.6 to 22.2 ± 40.0 in anterior chest samples, 6.2 ± 5.4 to 16.9 ± 25.5 in behind-the-ear samples, and 1.7 ± 0.9 to 17.4 ± 33.4 in sole-of-the-foot samples. On the scalp, the level of Malassezia colonization increased dramatically, by 96.7 ± 113.8 to 916.9 ± 1251.5 fold. During their stay in Antarctica, the team members experienced itchy scalps and produced a large number of scales. The relative proportions of Malassezia globosa and M. restricta shifted to seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff types. These results provide useful information for the development of skin hygiene management plans for astronauts staying at the ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- ISS Science Project Office, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Teikyo University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Yamada
- Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Takeoka
- Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Otomi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giichiro Ohno
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan Toukatsu Hospital, Nagareyama, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Teikyo University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ishioka
- ISS Science Project Office, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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