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Amaral SI, Silva FALS, Costa-Almeida R, Timochenco L, Fernandes JR, Sarmento B, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. Pharmaceutical Formulations Containing Graphene and 5-Fluorouracil for Light-Emitting Diode-Based Photochemotherapy of Skin Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4333-4347. [PMID: 38240200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide, among which 80% is basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Current therapies' low efficacy, side effects, and high recurrence highlight the need for alternative treatments. In this work, a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) developed in our laboratory was used. It has been achieved through a controlled reduction of nanographene oxide via UV-C irradiation that yields small nanometric particles (below 200 nm) that preserve the original water stability while acquiring high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. The latter is explained by a loss of carbon-oxygen single bonds (C-O) and the re-establishment of sp2 carbon bonds. p-rGOn was incorporated into a Carbopol hydrogel together with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to evaluate a possible combined PTT and chemotherapeutic effect. Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels were considered noncytotoxic toward normal skin cells (HFF-1). However, when A-431 skin cancer cells were exposed to NIR irradiation for 30 min in the presence of Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels, almost complete eradication was achieved after 72 h, with a 90% reduction in cell number and 80% cell death of the remaining cells after a single treatment. NIR irradiation was performed with a light-emitting diode (LED) system, developed in our laboratory, which allows adjustment of applied light doses to achieve a safe and selective treatment, instead of the standard laser systems that are associated with damages in the healthy tissues in the tumor surroundings. Those are the first graphene-based materials containing pharmaceutical formulations developed for BCC phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Amaral
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Licínia Timochenco
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Ramiro Fernandes
- CQVR─Centro de Química Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Physical Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, IINFACTS-Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês C Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
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Bachari A, Nassar N, Schanknecht E, Telukutla S, Piva TJ, Mantri N. Rationalizing a prospective coupling effect of cannabinoids with the current pharmacotherapy for melanoma treatment. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1633. [PMID: 37920964 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the leading fatal forms of cancer, yet from a treatment perspective, we have minimal control over its reoccurrence and resistance to current pharmacotherapies. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has recently been accepted as a multifaceted homeostatic regulator, influencing various physiological processes across different biological compartments, including the skin. This review presents an overview of the pathophysiology of melanoma, current pharmacotherapy used for treatment, and the challenges associated with the different pharmacological approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the utility of cannabinoids as an additive remedy for melanoma by restoring the balance between downregulated immunomodulatory pathways and elevated inflammatory cytokines during chronic skin conditions as one of the suggested critical approaches in treating this immunogenic tumor. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellen Schanknecht
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Terrence Jerald Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Alma A, Pongetti L, Clementi A, Chester J, Toccaceli M, Ciardo S, Zappia E, Manfredini M, Pellacani G, Greco M, Bennardo L, Farnetani F. Combined Carbon Dioxide Laser with Photodynamic Therapy for Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma Monitored by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 60:30. [PMID: 38256291 PMCID: PMC10821002 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents around 80% of all malignant skin cancers worldwide, constituting a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Due to excellent clearance rates (around 95%), surgery is the current gold-standard treatment. However, surgery is not always possible or preferred by patients. Numerous non-surgical therapies, sometimes combined, have been associated with promising tumor free survival rates (80-90%) in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Most research has enrolled superficial basal cell carcinomas (sBCCs), with limited recent studies also involving low-risk nodular BCCs (nBCCs). Given lower efficacy rates compared to surgery, close monitoring during the follow-up period is essential for patients treated with non-surgical therapies. Monitoring with dermoscopy is constrained by low sensitivity rates. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is more sensitive in monitoring non-surgically treated NMSCs. Case presentation: A 41-year-old woman with a single nBCC relapse following photodynamic therapy (PDT) located on the dorsum of the nose presented to our center. Given the aesthetically sensitive location of the lesion and the patient's preference for a non-surgical approach, a combined treatment of CO2 laser and PDT was prescribed. A superpulsed CO2 laser (power: 0.5-3 W, frequency: 10 Hz, spot size 2 mm) with two PDT sessions (2 weeks apart) were conducted. At 6 weeks follow-up, monitoring performed with RCM revealed a reduction but not eradication of basaloid tumor islands. Another 2 sessions of PDT were recommended. At 3, 12 and 30 months of follow-up, the nasal dorsum area of the previous nBBC lesion was noted to be slightly hypopigmented (observed clinically), with a mild erythematous background (observed by dermoscopy). RCM evaluation confirmed the absence of RCM BCC criteria. The cosmetic outcome was very much improved. Conclusions: Combined CO2 laser and PDT for the treatment of a localized nBCC on the dorsum of the nose of a 41-year-old proved to offer tumor free survival at 30-month follow-up, as monitored with RCM. RCM is useful for the evaluation of non-surgical therapies as it has comparably higher sensitivity than dermoscopy and is especially useful in cases of suspected late recurrence. Further studies are needed to validate ongoing tumor free survival following this combined nonsurgical approach in the treatment of nBCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alma
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Linda Pongetti
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Alessandro Clementi
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Johanna Chester
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Matteo Toccaceli
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvana Ciardo
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Elena Zappia
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Marco Manfredini
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Greco
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Luigi Bennardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesca Farnetani
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.P.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (M.T.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
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Pustinsky I, Dvornikov A, Kiva E, Chulkova S, Egorova A, Gladilina I, Peterson S, Lepkova N, Grishchenko N, Galaeva Z, Baisova A, Kalinin S. Cryosurgery for Basal Cell Skin Cancer of the Head: 15 Years of Experience. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2231. [PMID: 38004371 PMCID: PMC10671957 DOI: 10.3390/life13112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of head and neck (H&N) tumors is related to the potential disfiguration of anatomical structures (by the tumor or surgical intervention), defining patients' individual features and emotional expression, loss or restraint of vital structures functions, and untoward socio-economic sequelae. This study is aimed to improve clinical outcomes of cryosurgery in patients with H&N basal cell skin cancer by refining the indications for cryosurgical treatment. In this study, cryosurgery was used in 234 patients with different stages of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the head, including 101 patients with T1 tumors, 86-with T2, 5-T3, and 42 patients with tumors relapsing after failure of preceding various treatment modalities. Post-cryosurgery recurrence rate in patients with stage I BCC was 2.7%, with stage II tumors-5.6% and 34.9%-in patients with recurred tumors. Re-recurrence after cryoablation of recurrent tumors correlated with the tumor baseline size. The best aesthetic and long-term clinical results were documented in patients with lesions <1 cm in size with clear boundaries. Thus, cryosurgery is the method of choice for the majority of stage I basal cell carcinomas of the head. For patients with advanced and recurrent skin cancer, cryosurgery is relevant in rare cases selected according to refined indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Pustinsky
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
- FSBI “N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center” Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anton Dvornikov
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Kiva
- LCR Center Traditional Medicine “Five Elements”, 140104 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Chulkova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
- FSBI “N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center” Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Angelina Egorova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Irina Gladilina
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergey Peterson
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Nataly Lepkova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Natalya Grishchenko
- FSBI “N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center” Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Zamira Galaeva
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Aigul Baisova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.D.); (A.E.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (N.L.); (Z.G.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
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Ratan C, Arian AM, Rajendran R, Jayakumar R, Masson M, Mangalathillam S. Nano-based formulations of curcumin: elucidating the potential benefits and future prospects in skin cancer. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:052008. [PMID: 37582394 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf0af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer refers to any malignant lesions that occur in the skin and are observed predominantly in populations of European descent. Conventional treatment modalities such as excision biopsy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, electrodesiccation, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) induce several unintended side effects which affect a patient's quality of life and physical well-being. Therefore, spice-derived nutraceuticals like curcumin, which are well tolerated, less expensive, and relatively safe, have been considered a promising agent for skin cancer treatment. Curcumin, a chemical constituent extracted from the Indian spice, turmeric, and its analogues has been used in various mammalian cancers including skin cancer. Curcumin has anti-neoplastic activity by triggering the process of apoptosis and preventing the multiplication and infiltration of the cancer cells by inhibiting some signaling pathways and thus subsequently preventing the process of carcinogenesis. Curcumin is also a photosensitizer and has been used in PDT. The major limitations associated with curcumin are poor bioavailability, instability, limited permeation into the skin, and lack of solubility in water. This will constrain the use of curcumin in clinical settings. Hence, developing a proper formulation that can ideally release curcumin to its targeted site is important. So, several nanoformulations based on curcumin have been established such as nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, nanopatterned films, nanoliposomes and nanoniosomes, nanodisks, and cyclodextrins. The present review mainly focuses on curcumin and its analogues as therapeutic agents for treating different types of skin cancers. The significance of using various nanoformulations as well non-nanoformulations loaded with curcumin as an effective treatment modality for skin cancer is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chameli Ratan
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
| | - Arya Mangalath Arian
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
| | - Rangasamy Jayakumar
- Polymeric Biomaterials Lab, School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
| | - Mar Masson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sabitha Mangalathillam
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
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Garcia-Mouronte E, Berna-Rico E, de Nicolas-Ruanes B, Azcarraga-Llobet C, Alonso-Martinez de Salinas L, Bea-Ardebol S. Imiquimod as Local Immunotherapy in the Management of Premalignant Cutaneous Conditions and Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10835. [PMID: 37446011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous cancers are, by far, the most common malignant neoplasms of the human being. Due to the great array of clinical conditions, their worldwide increasing incidence and the steady ageing of the population, non-invasive treatments modalities that show a good clinical response, a proper benefit-risk ratio and cosmetic results are becoming increasingly important in the clinical setting. Imiquimod is a topically applied immunomodulator which is often used in the management of several premalignant and malignant cutaneous disorders. This article is a review of the current literature on its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Berna-Rico
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Bea-Ardebol
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Soares Lima T, Silva de Oliveira MS, Reis AVF, Petrilli R, Eloy JO. Nanoencapsulation of Methylene-Blue for Enhanced Skin Cancer Cell Phototoxicity and Cutaneous Penetration in Association with Sonophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051371. [PMID: 37242613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer has emerged as an alternative treatment for skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To increase the cutaneous penetration of the drug, some strategies are used, such as the association of nanocarriers and physical methods. Thus, herein we address the development of nanoparticles based on poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL), optimized with the Box-Behnken factorial design, for topical application of MB associated with sonophoresis. The MB-nanoparticles were developed using the double emulsification-solvent evaporation technique and the optimized formulation resulted in an average size of 156.93 ± 8.27 nm, a polydispersion index of 0.11 ± 0.05, encapsulation efficiency of 94.22 ± 2.19% and zeta potential of -10.08 ± 1.12 mV. Morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy showed spherical nanoparticles. In vitro release studies show an initial burst compatible with the first-order mathematical model. The nanoparticle showed satisfactory generation of reactive oxygen species. The MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity and IC50; values of 79.84; 40.46; 22.37; 9.90 µM were obtained, respectively, for the MB-solution and the MB-nanoparticle without and with light irradiation after 2 h of incubation. Analysis using confocal microscopy showed high cellular uptake for the MB-nanoparticle. With regard to skin penetration, a higher concentration of MB was observed in the epidermis + dermis, corresponding to 9.81, 5.27 μg/cm2 in passive penetration and 24.31 and 23.81 μg/cm2 after sonophoresis, for solution-MB and nanoparticle-MB, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MB encapsulation in PCL nanoparticles for application in skin cancer using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayane Soares Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Monalisa Sthefani Silva de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Vitoria Frota Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Petrilli
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção 62790-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Josimar O Eloy
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
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Van Coile L, Verhaeghe E, Ongenae K, Destrooper L, Mohamadi Z, Brochez L, Hoorens I. The therapeutic dilemma of basal cell carcinoma in older adults: A review of the current literature. J Geriatr Oncol 2023; 14:101475. [PMID: 36990928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is known to be a significant health care threat due to the massively increasing numbers of diagnoses. In 2019, 4 million basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases were diagnosed globally, making BCC the most frequent of all cancers worldwide in fair skinned populations. Given the increasing life-expectancy for all countries worldwide (by 2050, the world's population of people aged 60 years and older will have doubled), the incidence of BCC is expected to keep increasing in the future. Management of BCCs is challenging, especially among older adults, as mortality due to BCCs is extremely rare, whereas locally destructive growth can cause significant morbidity in certain cases. Therapeutic management in this population is further hampered because of the presence of comorbidities, frailty, and the heterogeneity of these aspects in older patients, leading to treatment dilemmas. A literature review was conducted to identify relevant patient, tumour, and treatment related factors that should be considered in the decision making for BCC treatment in older adults. This narrative review synthesizes all aspects concerning BCC treatment in older adults and aims to make some specific suggestions considering BCC treatment in older adults that can be used in daily practice. We found that nodular BCC was found to be the most common subtype in older adults, most frequently located in the head and neck region. In non-facial BCCs, current literature has shown no significant impact on the quality of life (QoL) in older patients. Besides comorbidity scores, functional status should guide clinicians in treatment decisions. Taking all aspects into account when making treatment decisions is of great importance. When treating superficial BCCs on difficult-to-reach lesions in older adults, a clinician-administered treatment should be suggested because of possible impaired mobility in these patients. Based on current literature, we recommend assessing the comorbidities, the functional status, and frailty in older patients with BCC to evaluate life expectancy. In patients with low-risk BCCs and a limited life expectancy (LLE), an active surveillance or watchful waiting strategy can be suggested.
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9
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McDaniel A, Freimark B, Navarro C, Von Rothstein K, Gonzalez D, Linder K, Nuccitelli R. Nano-pulse stimulation™ therapy (NPS™) is superior to cryoablation in clearing murine melanoma tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 12:948472. [PMID: 36844920 PMCID: PMC9945337 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nano-Pulse Stimulation™ Therapy (NPS™) is a new, bioelectric modality that applies ultrashort pulses of electric energy to trigger regulated cell death in treated tissues. Instead of initiating necrosis by heating or freezing, NPS therapy permeabilizes intracellular organelles to activate the cell's own self-destruct pathway of programmed or regulated cell death. Unlike cryotherapies that can both damage structural tissues and diffuse into the periphery beyond the margins of the lesion, NPS only affects cells within the treated zone leaving surrounding tissue and acellular components unaffected. Methods We generated melanoma tumors in mice by injecting B16-F10 cells intradermally and compared the efficacy and resulting skin damage from Nano-Pulse Stimulation Therapy with that of cryoablation in clearing these tumors. Results The results of the study demonstrate that NPS is superior at clearing B16-F10 melanoma lesions. NPS permanently eliminated up to 91% of all tumor lesions with a single treatment compared to cryoablation that only eliminated up to 66%. Importantly, NPS permanently eliminated these lesions with no recurrence and with minimal dermal fibrosis, underlying muscle atrophy, permanent hair follicle loss or other markers of permanent skin damage. Conclusions These findings suggest that NPS is a promising new modality for the clearance of melanoma tumors and is a more efficacious, less damaging approach than cryoablative methods for the treatment of aggressive malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McDaniel
- Department of Biology, Pulse Biosciences, Hayward, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Amanda McDaniel, ; Richard Nuccitelli,
| | - Bruce Freimark
- Department of Biology, Pulse Biosciences, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Cebrina Navarro
- Department of Biology, Pulse Biosciences, Hayward, CA, United States
| | | | - Dacia Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Pulse Biosciences, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Keith Linder
- Department of Dermatopathology, Linder Pathology Services, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Richard Nuccitelli
- Department of Biology, Pulse Biosciences, Hayward, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Amanda McDaniel, ; Richard Nuccitelli,
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10
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Bioderived deep eutectic solvent-based topical chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Mokoala KM, Lawal IO, Vorster M, Sathekge MM. Radionuclide Therapy of Skin Cancers and Bowen's Disease Using A Specially Designed Rhenium Cream. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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12
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Non-Surgical Treatments for Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Adv Ther 2021; 38:5635-5648. [PMID: 34652721 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide, comprising approximately 30% of all human tumors. In recent decades, the incidence of keratinocyte carcinomas, which include basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, has been steadily increasing globally (Rogers et al. in JAMA Dermatol 151(10):1081-1086. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.1187 , 2015; Nehal and Bichakjian in N Engl J Med 379(4):363-374. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1708701 , 2018). Most tumors are cured with surgical excision; however, some tumors are best treated with non-surgical approaches. Superficial tumors can often be cured with non-surgical methods whereas more advanced stage tumors may not be amenable to surgery. Additionally, surgical treatment may not be available for all populations depending on geographic location and accessibility to care. This article reviews commonly utilized nonsurgical options such as cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical treatments, and radiation as well as systemic treatments including immunotherapies and chemotherapies.
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13
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High-dose-rate plesiotherapy with customized molds in non-melanoma skin cancer: efficacy and safety at 10 years-single institution experience. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:578-585. [PMID: 34698997 PMCID: PMC8885494 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Our center adopted high-dose-rate brachytherapy with surface applicators (plesiotherapy) in 2008, creating custom molds to treat irregular areas. This study describes the efficacy and safety outcomes after extensive follow-up in the patients. Methods/patients We planned the treatment using two computed tomography (CT) scans: the first to delineate the lesion and the second after placing the thermoplastic mold. Fusing the two CT images enables planning of the target volume and pinpointing, where the catheters are in the mold. Results Seventy patients received plesiotherapy, either exclusively or following excision in patients with risk factors for recurrence. Those receiving plesiotherapy alone showed a complete response rate of 95.8%, and recurrences occurred in 5.7% at a mean follow-up of 96.2 months. Chronic toxicity appeared in 26.6% of patients, but severity was limited to grade 1 or 2. Conclusions High-dose-rate brachytherapy with customized molds yields a high rate of complete response, with long-term recurrence rates in line with similar studies and an acceptable toxicity rate.
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14
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Neale H, Michelon M, Jacob S, Pinkston M, Ukaegbu R, Zamor W, Morrison E, Deng A, Levin NA. Topical 5% 5-fluorouracil versus procedural modalities for squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial basal cell carcinoma: A retrospective cohort analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:423-425. [PMID: 34478783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Neale
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Michelon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Jacob
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Pinkston
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Ukaegbu
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Waldo Zamor
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Morrison
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - April Deng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Nikki A Levin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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15
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Membrive Conejo I, Pera Cegarra O, Foro Arnalot P, Reig Castillejo A, Rodríguez de Dios N, Sanz Latiesas X, Pujol Vallverdú RM, Quera Jordana J, Fernandez-Velilla Cepria E, Algara Muñoz V, Algara López M. Custom 3D-printed applicators for high dose-rate brachytherapy in skin cancer. Brachytherapy 2021; 20:1257-1264. [PMID: 34384694 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2021.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper describes the protocol for the development of 3D-printed custom applicators in treating skin carcinoma, the evaluation of the materials used, and the methods for segmentation and rendering of the applicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS The segmentation and rendering process for the applicator had six phases: (i) determination of the volume of the lesion using a computed tomography (CT) scan; (ii) delineation of the patient surface, using the same CT images; (iii) creation of the applicator in the planner and segmentation of the mold; (iv) preliminary dosimetry and establishment of the route of the catheter from the brachytherapy unit; (v) creation of the 3D applicator using specialized software; and (vi) applicator printing. Following this process, the patient returned for a second CT to undergo the definitive dosimetry with the applicator in place. Radiation therapy was then administered. RESULTS We made a total of 16 applicators. Only three applicators had to be remade, two due to an error in the infill and the other due to incorrect catheter geometry. In all cases, correct coverage of the planning target volume was achieved with the prescribed isodose. CONCLUSIONS The creation of custom molds in plesiotherapy for skin cancer with 3D printing is feasible. Compared to manual methods, 3D printing increases precision in applicator geometry and optimization of the dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Membrive Conejo
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oscar Pera Cegarra
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain
| | - Palmira Foro Arnalot
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Reig Castillejo
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez de Dios
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Sanz Latiesas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón M Pujol Vallverdú
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Dermatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Quera Jordana
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Fernandez-Velilla Cepria
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Algara López
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Kash N, Silapunt S. A review of emerging and non-US FDA-approved topical agents for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:3111-3132. [PMID: 34156307 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although surgical therapy continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma given high cure rates and the ability to histologically confirm tumor clearance, there are a number of nonsurgical treatment options that may be considered based on individual tumor characteristics, functional and cosmetic considerations, patient comorbidities and patient preference. Topical 5-fluorouracil 5% cream and imiquimod 5% cream have been US FDA-approved for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Additionally, a number of new and emerging topical agents and techniques have been described for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and will be reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kash
- Department of Dermatology, Kansas City University-Graduate Medical Education Consortium/Advanced Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery Orlando Program, Maitland, FL 32751, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Carcinomas and the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071979. [PMID: 33915735 PMCID: PMC8037492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) is a form of skin cancer that develops in keratinocytes, which are the predominant cells present in the epidermis layer of the skin. Keratinocyte carcinoma comprises two sub-types, namely basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This review provides a holistic literature assessment of the origin, diagnosis methods, contributing factors, and current topical treatments of KC. Additionally, it explores the increase in KC cases that occurred globally over the past ten years. One of the principal concepts highlighted in this article is the adverse effects linked to conventional treatment methods of KC and how novel treatment strategies that combine phytochemistry and transdermal drug delivery systems offer an alternative approach for treatment. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to fully assess the efficacy, mechanism of action, and safety profile of these phytochemical based transdermal chemotherapeutics.
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18
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Galler KM, Weber M, Korkmaz Y, Widbiller M, Feuerer M. Inflammatory Response Mechanisms of the Dentine-Pulp Complex and the Periapical Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031480. [PMID: 33540711 PMCID: PMC7867227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oral cavity is complex and unique in the human body. Soft-tissue structures are in close interaction with mineralized bone, but also dentine, cementum and enamel of our teeth. These are exposed to intense mechanical and chemical stress as well as to dense microbiologic colonization. Teeth are susceptible to damage, most commonly to caries, where microorganisms from the oral cavity degrade the mineralized tissues of enamel and dentine and invade the soft connective tissue at the core, the dental pulp. However, the pulp is well-equipped to sense and fend off bacteria and their products and mounts various and intricate defense mechanisms. The front rank is formed by a layer of odontoblasts, which line the pulp chamber towards the dentine. These highly specialized cells not only form mineralized tissue but exert important functions as barrier cells. They recognize pathogens early in the process, secrete antibacterial compounds and neutralize bacterial toxins, initiate the immune response and alert other key players of the host defense. As bacteria get closer to the pulp, additional cell types of the pulp, including fibroblasts, stem and immune cells, but also vascular and neuronal networks, contribute with a variety of distinct defense mechanisms, and inflammatory response mechanisms are critical for tissue homeostasis. Still, without therapeutic intervention, a deep carious lesion may lead to tissue necrosis, which allows bacteria to populate the root canal system and invade the periradicular bone via the apical foramen at the root tip. The periodontal tissues and alveolar bone react to the insult with an inflammatory response, most commonly by the formation of an apical granuloma. Healing can occur after pathogen removal, which is achieved by disinfection and obturation of the pulp space by root canal treatment. This review highlights the various mechanisms of pathogen recognition and defense of dental pulp cells and periradicular tissues, explains the different cell types involved in the immune response and discusses the mechanisms of healing and repair, pointing out the close links between inflammation and regeneration as well as between inflammation and potential malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin M. Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93093 Regensburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Yüksel Korkmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93093 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Department for Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Strickler AG, Shah P, Bajaj S, Mizuguchi R, Nijhawan RI, Odueyungbo M, Rossi A, Ratner D. Preventing complications in dermatologic surgery: Presurgical concerns. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:883-892. [PMID: 33497750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous surgery has become critical to comprehensive dermatologic care, and dermatologists must therefore be equipped to manage the risks associated with surgical procedures. Complications may occur at any point along the continuum of care, and therefore assessing, managing, and preventing risk from beginning to end becomes essential. This review focuses on preventing surgical complications pre- and postoperatively as well as during the surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Strickler
- Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center of Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, Pennsylvania; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center of Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, Pennsylvania.
| | - Payal Shah
- School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shirin Bajaj
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Richard Mizuguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Rajiv I Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Anthony Rossi
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Désirée Ratner
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
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20
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Collier NJ, Rhodes LE. Photodynamic Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Clinical Context for Future Research Priorities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225398. [PMID: 33218174 PMCID: PMC7698957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment option for low-risk basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC is the most common human cancer and also a convenient cancer in which to study PDT treatment. This review clarifies challenges to researchers evident from the clinical use of PDT in BCC treatment. It outlines the context of PDT and how PDT treatments for BCC have been developed hitherto. The sections examine the development of systemic and subsequently topical photosensitizers, light delivery regimens, and the use of PDT in different patient populations and subtypes of BCC. The outcomes of topical PDT are discussed in comparison with alternative treatments, and topical PDT applications in combination and adjuvant therapy are considered. The intention is to summarize the clinical relevance and expose areas of research need in the BCC context, ultimately to facilitate improvements in PDT treatment.
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21
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Iftimia N, Sahu A, Cordova M, Maguluri G, Gill M, Alessi-Fox C, Gonzalez S, Navarrete-Dechent C, Marghoob A, Chen CSJ, Rajadhyaksha M. The potential utility of integrated reflectance confocal microscopy-optical coherence tomography for guiding triage and therapy of basal cell carcinomas. J Cancer 2020; 11:6019-6024. [PMID: 32922542 PMCID: PMC7477415 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing rate of incidence and prevalence of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) worldwide, combined with the morbidity associated with conventional surgical treatment has led to the development and use of alternative minimally invasive non-surgical treatments. Biopsy and pathology are used to guide BCC diagnosis and assess margins and subtypes, which then guide the decision and choice of surgical or non-surgical treatment. However, alternatively, a noninvasive optical approach based on combined reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging may be used. Optical imaging may be used to guide diagnosis and margin assessment at the bedside, and potentially facilitate non-surgical management, along with long-term monitoring of treatment response. Noninvasive imaging may also complement minimally invasive treatments and help further reduce morbidity. In this paper, we highlight the current state of an integrated RCM/OCT imaging approach for diagnosis and triage of BCCs, as well as for assessing margins, which therefore may be ultimately used for guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Ctr. Drive, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Aditi Sahu
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gopi Maguluri
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Ctr. Drive, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Gill
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ashfaq Marghoob
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Shan J Chen
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Leus AJG, Frie M, Haisma MS, Terra JB, Plaat BEC, Steenbakkers RJHM, Halmos GB, Rácz E. Treatment of keratinocyte carcinoma in elderly patients - a review of the current literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1932-1943. [PMID: 32030838 PMCID: PMC7496368 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of the patients with keratinocyte carcinoma (KC, formerly known as non‐melanoma skin cancer) is of advanced age and often too frail for standard therapies. However, no specific treatment recommendations are given for this population. This review aimed to give an overview of the current literature on the best practice for the treatment of elderly patients with KC. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, using ‘keratinocyte carcinoma’, ‘elderly’, ‘treatment’ and various synonyms. Case reports, reviews, comments, non‐English literature and studies with a sample size <15 were excluded. After selection, a total of 47 studies were reviewed. Two types of studies were identified, focusing on (I) the effect of age on treatment outcomes and (II) alternative treatment schedules for elderly patients. Studies on surgery, the gold standard, describe larger lesions and defect size in the elderly population. Recurrence rate, complication rate and disease‐specific survival were not affected by age. Depending on the expected morbidity of a suggested (re‐)excision and patient preferences, a conservative watchful waiting policy can be agreed upon as a shared decision. Other common treatment modalities, such as adjuvant radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy and systemic therapy for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), show comparable results in the elderly and younger population. Alternative treatment schedules for elderly patients include primary hypofractionated radiotherapy, which seems effective and well‐tolerated, although research is limited to case series. Additionally, localized and topical treatments seem safe and effective especially for low‐risk tumours. Data are lacking on the efficacy of systemic therapies of metastatic KC in elderly patients. Efficacy of most treatments (with the exception of photodynamic therapy) is not dependent on age. There is need for more research on the efficacy of adjusted treatment modalities, such as hypofractionated radiotherapy and palliative or curative systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J G Leus
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Frie
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M S Haisma
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J B Terra
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B E C Plaat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J H M Steenbakkers
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G B Halmos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Rácz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cárcamo-Martínez Á, Domínguez-Robles J, Mallon B, Raman MT, Cordeiro AS, Bell SEJ, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. Potential of Polymeric Films Loaded with Gold Nanorods for Local Hyperthermia Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030582. [PMID: 32210094 PMCID: PMC7153715 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for the treatment of superficial non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) lesions include topical imoquimod, 5-fluorouracil, and photodynamic therapy. Although these treatments are effective, burning pain, blistering, and dermatitis have been reported as frequent side effects, making these therapies far from ideal. Plasmonic materials have been investigated for the induction of hyperthermia and use in cancer treatment. In this sense, the effectiveness of intratumorally and systemically injected gold nanorods (GnRs) in inducing cancer cell death upon near-infrared light irradiation has been confirmed. However, the in vivo long-term toxicity of these particles has not yet been fully documented. In the present manuscript, GnRs were included in a crosslinked polymeric film, evaluating their mechanical, swelling, and adhesion properties; moreover, their ability to heat up neonatal porcine skin (such as a skin model) upon irradiation was tested. Inclusion of GnRs into the films did not affect mechanical or swelling properties. GnRs were not released after film swelling, as they remained entrapped in the polymeric network; moreover, films did not adhere to porcine skin, altogether showing the enhanced biocompatibility of the material. GnR-loaded films were able to heat up the skin model over 40 °C, confirming the potential of this system for non-invasive local hyperthermia applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cárcamo-Martínez
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Brónach Mallon
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Md. Taifur Raman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK; (M.T.R.); (S.E.J.B.)
| | - Ana Sara Cordeiro
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Steven E. J. Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK; (M.T.R.); (S.E.J.B.)
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK (J.D.-R.); (B.M.); (A.S.C.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Quiñones OG, Pierre MBR. Cutaneous Application of Celecoxib for Inflammatory and Cancer Diseases. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:5-16. [PMID: 29714143 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180430125201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and particularly selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors such as celecoxib (Cxb) are considered promising cancer chemopreventive for colon, breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancers. However, the clinical application to the prevention is limited by concerns about safety, potential to serious toxicity (mainly for healthy individuals), efficacy and optimal treatment regimen. Cxb exhibits advantages as potent antiinflammatory and gastrointestinal tolerance compared with conventional NSAID's. Recent researches suggest that dermatological formulations of Cxb are more suitable than oral administration in the treatment of cutaneous disease, including skin cancer. To date, optimism has been growing regarding the exploration of the topical application of Cxb (in the prevention of skin cancers and treatment of cutaneous inflammation) or transdermal route reducing risks of systemic side effects. OBJECTIVE This paper briefly summarizes our current knowledge of the development of the cutaneous formulations or delivery systems for Cxb as anti-inflammatory drug (for topical or transdermal application) as well its chemopreventive properties focused on skin cancer. CONCLUSION New perspectives emerge from the growing knowledge, bringing innovative techniques combining the action of Cxb with other substances or agents which act in a different way, but complementary, increasing the efficacy and minimizing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliesia Gonzalez Quiñones
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21.941.902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete Riemma Pierre
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21.941.902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is associated with macrophage polarization. J Transl Med 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31910881 PMCID: PMC6945578 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) occur on the basis of oral leukoplakias (OLP). The histologic degree of dysplasia is insufficient for the prediction of OLP malignant transformation. Immunologic parameters are gaining importance for prognostic assessment and therapy of cancer. M2 polarized macrophages were shown to be associated with OSCC progression and inferior prognosis. The current study aims to answer the question if OLP with malignant transformation into OSCC within 5 years differ from OLP without transformation regarding macrophage infiltration and polarization. Methods 201 specimens (50 transforming OLP, 53 non-transforming OLP, 49 corresponding OSCC and 49 healthy oral mucosa controls) were processed for immunohistochemistry. Samples were stained for CD68, CD163 and CD11c expression, completely digitalized and computer-assisted cell counting was performed. Epithelial and subepithelial compartments were differentially assessed. Groups were statistically compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. A cut-off point for the discrimination of transforming and non-transforming OLP was determined and the association between macrophage infiltration and malignant transformation was calculated using the Chi-square test (χ2 test). Results Macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization in OLP with malignant transformation within 5 years was significantly increased compared to OLP without malignant transformation (p < 0.05). OSCC samples showed the highest macrophage infiltration and strongest M2 polarization (p < 0.05). Additionally, transforming OLP revealed a significant shift of macrophage infiltration towards the epithelial compartment (p < 0.05). χ2 test revealed a significant association of increased macrophage infiltration with malignant transformation (p < 0.05). Conclusion Immunological changes precede malignant transformation of OLP. Increased macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization was associated with the development of oral cancer in OLP. Macrophage infiltration could serve as predictive marker for malignant transformation.
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Photodynamic therapy enhances skin cancer chemotherapy effects through autophagy regulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:159-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bailey A, Vasicek B, Tao J, Janeczek M, Mitri A, Tung R. Management of keratinocyte carcinoma - Special considerations in the elderly. Int J Womens Dermatol 2019; 5:235-245. [PMID: 31700979 PMCID: PMC6831749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) are now an epidemic in The United States of America, especially in elderly patients. KCs, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, can lead to disfigurement and occasionally death. However, the lower mortality rate associated with KC compared with melanoma allows for increased flexibility in the selection of treatment. Flexibility in treatment is particularly important in the elderly given that this patient population often has medical comorbidities that should be considered. These patients may have multiple KCs, higher risk tolerance to recurrence, and different concerns about cosmetic outcomes compared with their younger counterparts. We review treatment options for KCs and how the selection of each option may affect the elderly patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bailey
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brooke Vasicek
- Loyola University Chicago, Division of Dermatology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joy Tao
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monica Janeczek
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andia Mitri
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Tung
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Although surgical intervention remains the standard of care for nonmelanoma skin cancer, other treatment modalities have been studied and used. Nonsurgical treatment methods include cryotherapy, topical medications, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, Hedgehog pathway inhibitors, programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors, and active nonintervention. Despite the favorable efficacy of surgical treatment methods, many factors, including but not limited to patient age, preference, and severity of disease, must be taken into consideration when choosing the most appropriate, patient-centered treatment approach.
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Voiculescu VM, Lisievici CV, Lupu M, Vajaitu C, Draghici CC, Popa AV, Solomon I, Sebe TI, Constantin MM, Caruntu C. Mediators of Inflammation in Topical Therapy of Skin Cancers. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8369690. [PMID: 30766448 PMCID: PMC6350587 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8369690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking into consideration that the immune system plays a very important role in the development of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, which have a high prevalence in immunosuppressed patients and after prolonged ultraviolet radiation, the interest in developing novel therapies, in particular targeting the inflammation in cancer, has increased in the past years. The latest data suggest that therapies such as imiquimod (IMQ), ingenol mebutate (IM), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), retinoids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used with success in the topical treatment of some cancers. Herein, we review the topical treatment targeting the inflammation in skin cancer and the mechanisms involved in these processes. Currently, various associations have shown a superior success rate than monotherapy, such as systemic acitretin and topical IMQ, topical 5-FU with tretinoin cream, or IMQ with checkpoint inhibitor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4. Novel therapies targeting Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) with higher selectivity than IMQ are also of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Mihai Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology, “ELIAS” University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mihai Lupu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania, Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Clinic, MedAs Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Vajaitu
- Department of Dermatology, “ELIAS” University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Iulia Solomon
- Department of Dermatology, “ELIAS” University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teona Ioana Sebe
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania, Bucharest, Romania
- The Clinic of Plastic Surgery Reconstructive Microsurgery, Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Constantin
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, “Colentina” Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Prof. “N Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
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Hwang J, Soung NK, Han HJ, Lee Y, Choi TW, Mun J, Cha-Molstad H, Lee KH, Kim HJ, Lee HG, Hong JT, Ahn JS, Kwon YT, Kim BY. A novel tubulin inhibitor STK899704 induces tumor regression in DMBA/TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis model. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:285-288. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Hwang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
| | - Nak Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science; University of Science & Technology (UST); Daejeon Korea
| | - Ho Jin Han
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science; University of Science & Technology (UST); Daejeon Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Molecular & Life Science; College of Science & Technology; Hanyang University (ERICA); Ansan Korea
| | - Tae Woong Choi
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Molecular & Life Science; College of Science & Technology; Hanyang University (ERICA); Ansan Korea
| | - Jiyun Mun
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
| | - Hyo Joon Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Science; College of Science & Technology; Hanyang University (ERICA); Ansan Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Daejeon Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science; University of Science & Technology (UST); Daejeon Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center; College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Cheongju Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science; University of Science & Technology (UST); Daejeon Korea
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31
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Update on Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging and Management of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Čeović R, Petković M, Mokos ZB, Kostović K. Nonsurgical treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the mature patient. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lin WC, Yeh IT, Niyama E, Huang WR, Ebara M, Wu CS. Electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanofibrous Mesh for Imiquimod Delivery in Melanoma Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E231. [PMID: 30966266 PMCID: PMC6415119 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) are commonly employed to administer drug-loaded composites to their therapeutic targets both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we herein report the study of imiquimod-poly(ε-caprolactone) (IMQ-PCL) nanofibrous meshes for application in melanoma therapy. The preparation route employed was based on the electrospinning technique, with the melanoma cells being cultured on electrospun nanofibrous meshes to study their biocompatibility. All parameters employed, including the flow rate and polymer solution concentration, were examined to gain an improved understanding of the factors influencing the diameter and morphology of the electrospun fibre. The optimised parameters were employed to produce 12 IMQ-PCL nanofibrous meshes with diameters ranging from 100 to 900 nm to the melanoma cell viability. The relationship between the fibrous diameter and the imiquimod release profile was also determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. In addition, similar results were obtained for the simulated imiquimod release profile obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics®. The IMQ-PCL nanofibrous meshes were found to decrease cell viability by ≥50%, with the number of cells dropping by ~10% over 48 h. As the cell viability was affected by the release of imiquimod, we believe that IMQ-PCL nanofibrous meshes are a promising drug delivery system for application in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (I-T.Y.); (W.-R.H.)
| | - I-Ting Yeh
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (I-T.Y.); (W.-R.H.)
| | - Eri Niyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; (E.N.); (M.E.)
| | - Wan-Rou Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (I-T.Y.); (W.-R.H.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; (E.N.); (M.E.)
| | - Chieh-Shan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Soong LC, Keeling CP. Cryosurgery + 5% 5-Fluorouracil for Treatment of Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma and Bowen’s Disease. J Cutan Med Surg 2018; 22:400-404. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475418758973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCis) are 2 types of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) that are amenable to treatment with topical 5-fluorouracil, cryosurgery, or topical imiquimod, among other destructive and surgical modalities. There are few studies examining the effectiveness of combination therapy with 5% 5-fluorouracil and cryosurgery for the treatment of sBCC and SCCis. Objectives: Our objective was to study the clinical cure rate achieved with the regimen of cryosurgery and a 3-week course of 5% 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of biopsy-proven sBCC and SCCis. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients treated with cryosurgery and a 3-week course of 5% 5-fluorouracil was performed. Immunocompetent patients with biopsy-proven sBCC or SCCis who completed the treatment and attended a follow-up appointment at 6 months were included in the study. Results: On clinical examination, 30 sBCC lesions of the 34 that were assessed and 31 SCCis lesions of the 33 that were assessed demonstrated no evidence of recurrence. The clinical cure rates were found to be 73% (sBCC) and 82% (SCCis), with the inclusion of patients that were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: This approach may represent a suitable option for select patients for the treatment of SCCis. Further studies with a longer follow-up duration, documentation of histologic cure, and tolerability of this regimen for SCCis are needed. The effectiveness of cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil for sBCC requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher P. Keeling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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35
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Khan NR, Wong TW. 5-Fluorouracil ethosomes - skin deposition and melanoma permeation synergism with microwave. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:568-577. [PMID: 29378453 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1431650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of ethosome and microwave technologies to facilitate skin penetration and/or deposition of 5-fluorouracil in vitro and in vivo. Low ethanol ethosomes were designed and processed by mechanical dispersion technique and had their size, zeta potential, morphology, drug content and encapsulation efficiency characterized. The skin was pre-treated with microwave at 2450 MHz for 2.5 min with ethosomes applied topically and subjected to in vitro and in vivo skin drug permeation as well as retention evaluation. The drug and/or ethosomes cytotoxicity, uptake and intracellular trafficking by SKMEL-28 melanoma cell culture were evaluated. Pre-treatment of skin by microwave promoted significant drug deposition in skin from ethosomes in vitro while keeping the level of drug permeation unaffected. Similar observations were obtained in vivo with reduced drug permeation into blood. Combination ethosome and microwave technologies enhanced intracellular localization of ethosomes through fluidization of cell membrane lipidic components as well as facilitating endocytosis by means of clathrin, macropinocytosis and in particularly lipid rafts pathways. The synergistic use of microwave and ethosomes opens a new horizon for skin malignant melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Rahim Khan
- a Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- a Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor , Selangor , Malaysia
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36
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Montagna E, Lopes OS. Molecular basis of basal cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92:517-520. [PMID: 28954101 PMCID: PMC5595599 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20176544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer, presenting low mortality but high
morbidity, and it has as risk factor exposure to sunlight, especially UVB
spectrum. The most important constitutional risk factors for basal cell
carcinoma development are clear phototypes (I and II, Fitzpatrick
classification), family history of basal cell carcinoma (30-60%), freckles in
childhood, eyes and light hair. The environmental risk factor better established
is exposure to ultraviolet radiation. However, different solar exposure
scenarios probably are independent risk factors for certain clinical and
histological types, topographies and prognosis of this tumor, and focus of
controversy among researchers. Studies confirm that changes in cellular genes
Hedgehog signaling pathway are associated with the development of basal cell
carcinoma. The cellular Hedgehog signaling pathway is activated in
organogenesis, but is altered in various types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Montagna
- Postgraduate, Research and Innovation Center, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC) - Santo André (SP), Brazil
| | - Otávio Sérgio Lopes
- Research Center of the Clínica Dermatológica Santa Catarina - João Pessoa (PB), Brazil.,Departament of Dermatology of Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Sakchaisri K, Kim SO, Hwang J, Soung NK, Lee KH, Choi TW, Lee Y, Park CM, Thimmegowda NR, Lee PY, Shwetha B, Srinivasrao G, Pham TTH, Jang JH, Yum HW, Surh YJ, Lee KS, Park H, Kim SJ, Kwon YT, Ahn JS, Kim BY. Anticancer activity of a novel small molecule tubulin inhibitor STK899704. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173311. [PMID: 28296906 PMCID: PMC5351965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified the small molecule STK899704 as a structurally novel tubulin inhibitor. STK899704 suppressed the proliferation of cancer cell lines from various origins with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 μM. STK899704 prevented the polymerization of purified tubulin in vitro and also depolymerized microtubule in cultured cells leading to mitotic arrest, associated with increased Cdc25C phosphorylation and the accumulation of both cyclin B1 and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), and apoptosis. Unlike many anticancer drugs such as Taxol and doxorubicin, STK899704 effectively displayed antiproliferative activity against multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines. The proposed binding mode of STK899704 is at the interface between αβ-tubulin heterodimer overlapping with the colchicine-binding site. Our in vivo carcinogenesis model further showed that STK 899704 is potent in both the prevention and regression of tumors, remarkably reducing the number and volume of skin tumor by STK899704 treatment. Moreover, it was significant to note that the efficacy of STK899704 was surprisingly comparable to 5-fluorouracil, a widely used anticancer therapeutic. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential of STK899704 to be developed as an anticancer chemotherapeutic and an alternative candidate for existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisada Sakchaisri
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sun-Ok Kim
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Nak Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Tae Woong Choi
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Park
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Naraganahalli R. Thimmegowda
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Phil Young Lee
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Bettaswamigowda Shwetha
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Ganipisetti Srinivasrao
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Thi Thu Huong Pham
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
- The Key Laboratory of Enzyme & Protein Technology (KLEPT), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yum
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
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Wenande E, Olesen UH, Nielsen MMB, Janfelt C, Hansen SH, Anderson RR, Haedersdal M. Fractional laser-assisted topical delivery leads to enhanced, accelerated and deeper cutaneous 5-fluorouracil uptake. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:307-317. [PMID: 27835937 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1260119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) exhibits suboptimal efficacy for non-melanoma skin cancer, attributed to insufficient intracutaneous penetration. This study investigates the impact of ablative fractional laser (AFXL) at different laser-channel depths on cutaneous 5-FU pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. METHODS In vitro porcine skin underwent AFXL-exposure using a fractional 10,600 nm CO2-laser, generating microscopic ablation zones (MAZ) reaching the dermoepidermal junction (MAZ-ED), superficial-(MAZ-DS), or mid-dermis(MAZ-DM). 5-FU in AFXL-exposed and control skin was measured in Franz diffusion cells at 4 and 24 hours (n = 55). HPLC quantified 5-FU in full-thickness skin, specific skin depths of 100μm-1500μm, and transcutaneous receiver-compartments. Qualitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) visualized 5-FU in selected samples. RESULTS Overall, AFXL enhanced and accelerated 5-FU uptake versus unexposed controls, with increased accumulation in deep skin layers (p < 0.01). While total, 24-hour 5-FU uptake in control skin was 0.096 mg/cm3 (0.19% of applied concentration), AFXL delivered up to 4.707 mg/cm3 (MAZ-DM; 9.41% uptake, 49-fold enhancement) (p = 0.002; 24 hours). Indicating accelerated delivery, 5-FU in laser-exposed samples at 4 hours was at least 10-fold that of 24-hour controls (p = 0.002). Deeper laser-channels increased delivery throughout the skin (MAZ-ED vs. MAZ-DM; p<0.01). MALDI-MSI confirmed enhanced, accelerated, deeper and more uniform 5-FU distribution after AFXL versus controls. CONCLUSIONS AFXL offers laser-channel depth-dependent, enhanced and accelerated 5-FU uptake, with increased deposition in deep skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wenande
- a Department of Dermatology , Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Uffe H Olesen
- a Department of Dermatology , Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mette M B Nielsen
- b Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- c Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - R Rox Anderson
- d Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- a Department of Dermatology , Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , Copenhagen , Denmark.,d Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Gracia-Cazaña T, González S, Gilaberte Y. Resistance of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer to Nonsurgical Treatments. Part I: Topical Treatments. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Lee CN, Pan SC, Lee JYY, Wong TW. Successful treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with intralesional cryosurgery: Case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4991. [PMID: 27684856 PMCID: PMC5265949 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wide excision or Mohs surgery is the standard treatment of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Superficial SCC or tumor smaller than 1 cm has been treated successfully with open spray cryosurgery. Larger tumor may not be as effective because tissue destruction is usually superficial. Intralesional cryosurgery (IC) may provide a deeper and better cell killing effect in larger tumors. We investigated the safety and efficacy of treating nodular SCC in 4 patients with IC. METHODS Four patients with nodular SCC/keratoacanthoma (tumor size, 1-2.5 cm, average 1.48 cm) on the face and extremity were treated with IC. An 18-ga needle was connected to a cryogun and inserted into the center of the tumor after local anesthesia. The tumors were treated with 2 freeze-thaw cycles with a 5- to 10-mm free margin. Additional IC or open spray cryosurgery was applied if residual tumor was noted during monthly follow-up. RESULTS No patient required analgesics or experienced wound infection after the procedures. After IC, all tumors reduced 40% to 75% in size within 1 week. Two patients received 1 additional spray cryosurgery. Complete remission was noted in all tumors (100%) in 2 months. No recurrence was noted during follow-up (average 5.1 years). All patients were satisfied with the results. CONCLUSION Our observation suggests that IC can be simple and effective alternative treatment for SCC patients whose condition is not suitable for or who refused operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-Chen Pan
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital
| | | | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Tak-Wah Wong, Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan (e-mail: ; )
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Gracia-Cazaña T, González S, Gilaberte Y. Resistance of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer to Nonsurgical Treatments. Part I: Topical Treatments. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016; 107:730-739. [PMID: 27436800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of treatments is now available for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including 5-fluorouracil, ingenol mebutate, imiquimod, diclofenac, photodynamic therapy, methotrexate, cetuximab, vismodegib, and radiotherapy. All are associated with high clinical and histologic response rates. However, some tumors do not respond due to resistance, which may be primary or acquired. Study of the resistance processes is a broad area of research that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of each tumor and the biologic features that make it resistant, as well as to facilitate the design of new therapies directed against these tumors. In this article we review resistance to the authorized topical treatments for NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gracia-Cazaña
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, España; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, España.
| | - S González
- Servicio de Dermatología, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Nueva York, EE. UU.; Departmento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - Y Gilaberte
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, España; Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, España
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Khan NR, Wong TW. Microwave-aided skin drug penetration and retention of 5-fluorouracil-loaded ethosomes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1209-19. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Rahim Khan
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
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Soler DC, Ohtola J, Sugiyama H, Rodriguez ME, Han L, Oleinick NL, Lam M, Baron ED, Cooper KD, McCormick TS. Activated T cells exhibit increased uptake of silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 and increased susceptibility to Pc 4-photodynamic therapy-mediated cell death. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:822-31. [PMID: 27161819 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment for malignant and inflammatory dermal disorders. Photoirradiation of the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 photosensitizer with red light generates singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species to induce cell death. We previously reported that Pc 4-PDT elicited cell death in lymphoid-derived (Jurkat) and epithelial-derived (A431) cell lines in vitro, and furthermore that Jurkat cells were more sensitive than A431 cells to treatment. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of Pc 4-PDT on primary human CD3(+) T cells in vitro. Fluorometric analyses of lysed T cells confirmed the dose-dependent uptake of Pc 4 in non-stimulated and stimulated T cells. Flow cytometric analyses measuring annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) demonstrated a dose-dependent increase of T cell apoptosis (6.6-59.9%) at Pc 4 doses ranging from 0-300 nM. Following T cell stimulation through the T cell receptor using a combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, activated T cells exhibited increased susceptibility to Pc 4-PDT-induced apoptosis (10.6-81.2%) as determined by Pc 4 fluorescence in each cell, in both non-stimulated and stimulated T cells, Pc 4 uptake increased with Pc 4 dose up to 300 nM as assessed by flow cytometry. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Pc 4 uptake measured in stimulated T cells was significantly increased over the uptake of resting T cells at each dose of Pc 4 tested (50, 100, 150 and 300 nM, p < 0.001 between 50 and 150 nM, n = 8). Treg uptake was diminished relative to other T cells. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) T cells appeared to take up somewhat more Pc 4 than normal resting T cells at 100 and 150 nm Pc 4. Confocal imaging revealed that Pc 4 localized in cytoplasmic organelles, with approximately half of the Pc 4 co-localized with mitochondria in T cells. Thus, Pc 4-PDT exerts an enhanced apoptotic effect on activated CD3(+) T cells that may be exploited in targeting T cell-mediated skin diseases, such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) or psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Soler
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Erkiert-Polguj A, Halbina A, Polak-Pacholczyk I, Rotsztejn H. Light-emitting diodes in photodynamic therapy in non-melanoma skin cancers--own observations and literature review. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 18:105-10. [PMID: 26735126 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2015.1114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs light activation of tissue-localized photosensitizer in an oxygen-dependent process which initiates oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. There are many indications for PDT, although the main ones are still non-melanoma skin cancers. The light sources used include coherent and non-coherent ones, but we would like to focus on the use of light-emitting diodes (LED) in PDT. We present four patients with skin lesions successfully treated with LED-based photodynamic therapy. The main advantage of that source is narrow emission spectrum that can correspond well with maximum absorption photosensitizers. Also, using LED source seems to be cheaper and simpler, and the field of irradiation is larger. The data showed good clinical and cosmetic outcome of LED-based PDT in actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and Bowen's disease. Since these diseases often appear on sun-exposed skin, aesthetic results are very important. The effect of LED treatment is as good or in some data even better than those in older types of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erkiert-Polguj
- a Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology , University of Lodz , Poland
| | | | | | - Helena Rotsztejn
- a Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology , University of Lodz , Poland.,b Dermed Medical Center , Lodz , Poland
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Russo I, Cona C, Saponeri A, Bassetto F, Baldo V, Alaibac M. Association between Toll-like receptor 7 Gln11Leu single-nucleotide polymorphism and basal cell carcinoma. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:459-462. [PMID: 27073632 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common form of human skin cancer. The majority of NMSC are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with a BCC:SCC incidence ratio of 4:1 in immunocompetent patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, against which they activate the innate immune response and initiate the adaptive immune response. Genetic variations of these receptors can alter the immune system and are involved in evolution and susceptibility of various diseases, including cancer. Imiquimod, an agonist of TLR7, is applied topically in the treatment of premalignant and malignant skin disorders, in particular BCC. The high efficacy of this TLR7 agonist toward BCC supports a possible role of this receptor in the induction of BCC and, consequently, polymorphisms of this receptor could be responsible for a greater or lesser susceptibility to BCC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the presence of the functional TLR7 rs179008/Gln11Leu promoter polymorphism conferred an increased susceptibility to BCC. A case-control study with 177 BCC cases and 158 controls was performed to highlight the possible association between this polymorphism and the susceptibility to BCC. As the TLR7 gene is localized on chromosome X, the allelic frequency of this polymorphism was analyzed separately in males and females. The analysis of the distribution of frequencies of wild-type TLR7 and variant TLR7 carrying the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs179008 in patients with BCC and healthy subjects did not reveal any statistically significant difference between cases and controls. This study does not suggest the involvement of the SNP rs179008 of TLR7 in the susceptibility to BCC, but cannot exclude a role for TLR7 in BCC carcinogenesis considering the high efficacy of the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, in the treatment of this neoplastic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Cona
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Saponeri
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Bassetto
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Public Health Unit, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Biodegradable Nanofiber for Delivery of Immunomodulating Agent in the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. FIBERS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/fib3040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Combined Treatments with Photodynamic Therapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25912-33. [PMID: 26516853 PMCID: PMC4632833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common form of cancer in the Caucasian population. Among NMSC types, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has the highest incidence and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is less common although it can metastasize, accounting for the majority of NMSC-related deaths. Treatment options for NMSC include both surgical and non-surgical modalities. Even though surgical approaches are most commonly used to treat these lesions, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has the advantage of being a non-invasive option, and capable of field treatment, providing optimum cosmetic outcomes. Numerous clinical research studies have shown the efficacy of PDT for treating pre-malignant and malignant NMSC. However, resistant or recurrent tumors appear and sometimes become more aggressive. In this sense, the enhancement of PDT effectiveness by combining it with other therapeutic modalities has become an interesting field in NMSC research. Depending on the characteristics and the type of tumor, PDT can be applied in combination with immunomodulatory (Imiquimod) and chemotherapeutic (5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, diclofenac, or ingenol mebutate) agents, inhibitors of some molecules implicated in the carcinogenic process (COX2 or MAPK), surgical techniques, or even radiotherapy. These new strategies open the way to a wider improvement of the prevention and eradication of skin cancer.
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Usefulness of Photodynamic Therapy as a Possible Therapeutic Alternative in the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23300-17. [PMID: 26426005 PMCID: PMC4632699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in individuals with fair skin type (I–II) and steadily increasing in incidence (70% of skin malignancy). It is locally invasive but metastasis is usually very rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.0028%–0.55%. Conventional therapy is surgery, especially for the H region of the face and infiltrative lesions; in case of inoperable tumors, radiotherapy is a valid option. Recently, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an effective treatment in the management of superficial and small nodular BCC. PDT is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the administration of a photo-sensibilizing agent followed by irradiation at a pre-defined wavelength; this determines the creation of reactive oxygen species that specifically destroy target cells. The only major side effect is pain, reported by some patients during the irradiation. The high cure rate and excellent cosmetic outcome requires considering this possibility for the management of patients with both sporadic and hereditary BCC. In this article, an extensive review of the recent literature was made, in order to clarify the role of PDT as a possible alternative therapeutic option in the treatment of BCC.
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Witkowski AM, Łudzik J, DeCarvalho N, Ciardo S, Longo C, DiNardo A, Pellacani G. Non-invasive diagnosis of pink basal cell carcinoma: how much can we rely on dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy? Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:230-7. [PMID: 26338448 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pigmented 'pink' cutaneous lesions in differential diagnosis with basal cell carcinoma may present a challenge for clinicians. Our objective was to determine the potential improvement of diagnostic accuracy using combined dermoscopy-reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) image evaluation. METHODS Two hundred and sixty clinically equivocal 'pink' cutaneous lesions were evaluated retrospectively. Reader accuracy was tested with dermoscopy images only vs. RCM and combined dermoscopy-RCM images. RESULTS Out of 260 equivocal 'pink' cutaneous lesions, there were 114 basal cell carcinomas within a total of 140 malignancies that included 12 melanomas, 13 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 other malignancy type. Dermoscopy only evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 85.1% and specificity of 92.4%, resulting in a positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.8%, with 1 of 12 melanomas misdiagnosed. RCM evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 85.1% and specificity of 93.8%, resulting in a PPV of 91.5%, with no melanomas misdiagnosed. Combined dermoscopy-RCM evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 96.6%, resulting in a PPV of 94.6%. CONCLUSION The combination of dermoscopy-RCM evaluation significantly improves the accuracy and safety threshold in equivocal 'pink' cutaneous lesions in the differential diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Witkowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - J Łudzik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Biostatistics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - N DeCarvalho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - S Ciardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Longo
- Skin Cancer Unit Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - A DiNardo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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