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Karch JL, Okorie CL, Maymone MBC, Laughter M, Vashi NA. Vascular cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and RNA viral pathogens: a systematic review. Clin Exp Dermatol 2024; 49:313-324. [PMID: 37936304 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, the widely recognized and highly contagious respiratory tract infection, has had a substantial impact on the field of dermatology since its emergence in 2019. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19, is classified as an RNA virus. Various skin-related symptoms have been reported in patients with COVID-19, most notably the distinctive purple-red acral rash resembling chilblain lesions, commonly referred to as 'COVID toe'; similarly, skin-related symptoms have been observed in connection with other RNA viruses. OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between RNA viruses and their associated vascular cutaneous manifestations vs. those observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and medical subject heading terms related to RNA viruses and related skin manifestations. RESULTS In total, 3994 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 presenting with skin rashes were included. Chilblain-like lesions were most frequently observed (30.2%), followed by erythematous maculopapular/morbilliform rashes (9.1%) and urticarial rashes (4.7%). Of 8362 patients diagnosed with RNA viruses, more than half of the skin findings reported were erythematous/maculopapular/morbilliform rashes (52.3%), followed by unspecified (11.3%) and purpuric rashes (10.6%). CONCLUSIONS When comparing RNA viral infections with COVID-19 infection, we observed similarities in the reported skin manifestations and their presumed pathways, with many implicated in the proinflammatory response. Owing to the wide range of cutaneous symptoms associated with RNA viruses and our currently limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms, additional research is warranted to investigate the pathology behind viral-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Karch
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Chiamaka L Okorie
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mayra B C Maymone
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa Laughter
- Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neelam A Vashi
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA, USA
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Hoffmann K, Gopal M. Paediatric acute epididymo-orchitis temporally related to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case series and review of the literature. J Pediatr Urol 2024; 20:91-94. [PMID: 37806834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute epididymo-orchitis (AEO) is becoming an increasingly common differential diagnosis in children with acute scrotal pain. It has been noted in adult men that SARS-CoV-2 has a propensity for involving the testis and epididymis, affecting sperm and testosterone production. Our literature search revealed only one case report of COVID-19 presenting with epididymo-orchitis in a child. We present three more children who presented with AEO, all recovering from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. This article reviews the post-inflammatory aetiology of paediatric epididymo-orchitis, and the propensity SARS-CoV-2 has for the testis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two pre-pubertal ten-year-old patients presented to the emergency department with a 48-h history of gradual onset unilateral scrotal pain and increasing erythema of the ipsilateral scrotal skin. One fifteen-year-old boy was referred for ongoing symptoms four days following a diagnosis of AEO made by his General Practitioner. On further questioning, all three had PCR-confirmed COVID infection two weeks prior to the onset of their scrotal symptoms and had just ended their isolation period. A literature search was then performed using the keywords SARS-CoV-2, testes and paediatric acute epididymo-orchitis. DISCUSSION The SARS-Cov-2 virus has a propensity for affecting the testis and epididymis. This puts patients at increased risk of acute epididymo-orchitis during COVID infections. The inflammation induced by the virus appears to affect the cells responsible for testosterone production and sperm quality. However, there is no evidence that viral transmission can happen via semen. CONCLUSION SARS-Cov-2 infection can lead to acute epididymo-orchitis. Knowledge of this is clinically significant, firstly to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention due to a mistaken diagnosis of testicular torsion and secondly, due to the potential of the virus to affect sperm quality and testosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hoffmann
- Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom.
| | - Milan Gopal
- Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Hon KLE, Leung AKC, Leung KKY, Wong AHC. Impact of "Long Covid" on Children: Global and Hong Kong Perspectives. Curr Pediatr Rev 2024; 20:59-65. [PMID: 36281870 DOI: 10.2174/1573396319666221021154949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spares no nation or city, and the virus is responsible for the escalating incidence and mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the impact of "Long Covid" on Children. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted in December 2021 in Clinical Queries using the key terms "COVID-19" OR "long COVID". The search was restricted to children and adolescent aged < 18 years and English literature. RESULTS Many large-scale studies have provided strong scientific evidence as to the detrimental and irreversible sequelae of COVID-19 on the health, psychology, and development of affected children. Many insights into managing this disease can be obtained from comparing the management of influenza. COVID-19 is generally a mild respiratory disease in children. Several syndromes, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID toe, are probably not specific to SARS-CoV-2. "Long COVID", or the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or the prolonged isolation and containment strategies on education and psychosocial influences on children associated with the pandemic, are significant. CONCLUSION Healthcare providers must be aware of the potential effects of quarantine on children's mental health. More importantly, healthcare providers must appreciate the importance of the decisions and actions made by governments, non-governmental organizations, the community, schools, and parents in reducing the possible effects of this situation. Multifaceted age-specific and developmentally appropriate strategies must be adopted by healthcare authorities to lessen the negative impact of quarantine on the psychological well-being of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Lun Ellis Hon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alberta Children's Hospital and The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Ka Yan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex H C Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Sati H, Alzraikat N, Milan M, Saliba M, Fawaz A, Boueri M, Semaan S, Chedid ML, Yakdan S. Skin manifestations in children with MIS-C and COVID-19: a narrative review. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:32-40. [PMID: 38018155 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the diverse skin manifestations in children and adolescents with COVID induced multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The symptoms of COVID-19 can vary greatly in severity between different age groups. Although most children infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience either no symptoms or only mild symptoms, some reported cases of severely affected children with a clinical presentation similar to incomplete Kawasaki disease have led to the definition of a new condition called MIS-C. MIS-C can involve multiple organs, including the skin, and may pose a life-threatening risk to affected children. Such cases highlight the need for continuous research into the possible skin manifestations associated with COVID-19 in pediatric populations to aid in early diagnosis and prompt treatment. We conducted a search of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases for studies published up until October 1, 2022. Three reviewers independently examined each study, and a fourth reviewer resolved any disagreements. A narrative review of all relevant papers was conducted. We present an overview of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the various skin manifestations in children and adolescents with COVID-19 or MIS-C. The skin manifestations of COVID-19 and MIS-C can be diverse and are frequently overlooked. It is important to conduct further research to better understand the impact of this disease on children to provide appropriate care for these at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Sati
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Noor Alzraikat
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Milanie Milan
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Marita Saliba
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Ala'a Fawaz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Myriam Boueri
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Semaan
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | | | - Salim Yakdan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
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5
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Bosi I, Singh-Grewal D. Child with swollen fingers associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Paediatr Child Health 2024; 60:32-33. [PMID: 36718595 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bosi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Davinder Singh-Grewal
- Department of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Child with swollen fingers associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Paediatr Child Health 2024; 60:35. [PMID: 38268095 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.1_16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
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7
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McDaniel CG, Commander SJ, DeLaura I, Cantrell S, Leraas HJ, Moore CB, Reed CR, Pahl KS, Tracy ET. Coagulation Abnormalities and Clinical Complications in Children With SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of 48,322 Patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:323-335. [PMID: 34862349 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the limited information on the coagulation abnormalities of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pediatric patients, we designed a systematic review to evaluate this topic. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for "SARS-CoV-2," "coagulopathy," and "pediatrics." Two authors independently screened the articles that the search returned for bleeding, thrombosis, anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet usage, and abnormal laboratory markers in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2, and the authors then extracted the relevant data. One hundred twenty-six publications were included. Thirty-four (27%) studies reported thrombotic complications in 504 patients. Thirty-one (25%) studies reported bleeding complications in 410 patients. Ninety-eight (78%) studies reported abnormal laboratory values in 6580 patients. Finally, 56 (44%) studies reported anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet usage in 3124 patients. The variety of laboratory abnormalities and coagulation complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 presented in this review highlights the complexity and variability of the disease presentation in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Cantrell
- Duke University School of Medicine
- Duke University Medical Center Library and Archives, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Kristy S Pahl
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Elisabeth T Tracy
- Department of Surgery
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
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8
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Teh N, Pennington V, Martin LK. 'Home-school toes' - a case series of paediatric perniosis presentations. Australas J Dermatol 2022; 63:256-258. [PMID: 35316542 PMCID: PMC9314131 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Teh
- Faculty of Medicine & HealthUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Victoria Pennington
- Faculty of Medicine & HealthUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Linda K Martin
- Faculty of Medicine & HealthUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
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9
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Lack of association between pandemic chilblains and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2122090119. [PMID: 35217624 PMCID: PMC8892496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of chilblains has been observed during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and attributed to viral infection. Direct evidence of this relationship has been limited, however, as most cases do not have molecular evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with PCR or antibodies. We enrolled a cohort of 23 patients who were diagnosed and managed as having SARS-CoV-2-associated skin eruptions (including 21 pandemic chilblains [PC]) during the first wave of the pandemic in Connecticut. Antibody responses were determined through endpoint titration enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum epitope repertoire analysis. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by T cell receptor sequencing and in vitro SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific peptide stimulation assays. Immunohistochemical and PCR studies of PC biopsies and tissue microarrays for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 were performed. Among patients diagnosed and managed as "covid toes" during the pandemic, we find a percentage of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (9.5%) that approximates background seroprevalence (8.5%) at the time. Immunohistochemistry studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 staining in PC biopsies may not be from SARS-CoV-2. Our results do not support SARS-CoV-2 as the causative agent of pandemic chilblains; however, our study does not exclude the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative abortive infections.
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10
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Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020215. [PMID: 35205082 PMCID: PMC8869171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk. Abstract The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Sinha R, Mahto M. Endovascular thrombectomy for critical lower limb ischaemia in a patient with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/11/e244941. [PMID: 34785513 PMCID: PMC8596029 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercoagulable and proinflammatory states induced by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) lead to thrombotic and embolic events. In this case report, the authors describe how they successfully managed acute critical limb ischaemia in a patient of COVID-19 illness with severe pulmonary disease and high thrombus burden in the infrapopliteal arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anup Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ruchi Sinha
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Mala Mahto
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
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Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. COVID-toe - The Silent Symptom: Raising Awareness among Health Care Professionals and Community. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:563-566. [PMID: 34645373 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211013121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Sanghai
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5. Canada
| | - Geoffrey K Tranmer
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5. Canada
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Wahezi DM, Peskin M, Tanner T. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the field of pediatric rheumatology. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021; 33:446-452. [PMID: 34175864 PMCID: PMC8373393 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical management of children with pediatric rheumatic disease (PRD) during the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as the unique role of the pediatric rheumatologist during a time of emerging post-COVID inflammatory sequelae including, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). RECENT FINDINGS To date, there has been little evidence to suggest that children with PRD, including those on immunomodulatory therapies, are at increased risk for severe COVID-19. Clinical guidance statements have been created to support clinical providers in providing care to children with PRD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric rheumatologists have also been called upon to assist in the identification and management of post-COVID sequelae, including the rapidly emerging inflammatory illness, MIS-C. SUMMARY The COVID-19 era has been defined by a rapid expansion in scientific knowledge and a time of extraordinary local and worldwide collaboration, both within the pediatric rheumatology community, as well as across multiple disciplines. Through collective efforts, we have learned that children with PRD, including those on immunomodulatory therapies, are not at increased risk for severe COVID-19. Pediatric rheumatologists have also worked alongside other disciplines to develop guidance for the management of MIS-C, with the majority of patients experiencing excellent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Wahezi
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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Wollina U, Kanitakis J, Baran R. Nails and COVID-19 - A comprehensive review of clinical findings and treatment. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e15100. [PMID: 34398500 PMCID: PMC8420555 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, responsible for COVID‐19, has raised the interest for infection‐associated muco‐cutaneous symptoms. While dermatologic symptoms in general gained an increasing awareness, affection of the nail organ has been mentioned only recently. We provide a narrative review on COVID‐19 manifestation on the nail organ and add symptoms induced by personal protective measures and SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination. Available treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean Kanitakis
- Dermatology Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital Group, (Pav. R), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Robert Baran
- Dermatology, Nail Disease Center, Cannes, France
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15
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Grover C, Gaurav V. ”COVID” terminology in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:705. [PMID: 35283498 PMCID: PMC8906297 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_472_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, mucocutaneous manifestations started being noticed and are still being documented. Many of these have been described with the prefix “COVID” and may occur due to the infection (e.g., COVID rash), use of personal protective equipment in healthcare workers (e.g., COVID hand dermatitis) or extensive use of novel vaccines (e.g., COVID arm). This article attempts to summarize such entities with clinical relevance to dermatologists and physicians in general and to create awareness about this fast-evolving COVID lexicon.
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