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Wilson JM, Shelvin KB, Lawhon SE, Crabill GA, Hayden EA, Velander AJ. Safety and timing of early therapeutic anticoagulation therapy after craniotomy. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:31. [PMID: 38468647 PMCID: PMC10927226 DOI: 10.25259/sni_887_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there are few guidelines and studies to guide the timing of initiation of therapeutic anticoagulation (AC) after craniotomy. The goal of this study was to assess the timing, safety, and outcomes of patients following the administration of therapeutic AC after craniotomy. Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed evaluating all craniotomy patients from August 2017 to July 2021. Cases were selected if they received therapeutic AC within ten days of craniotomy. Nineteen out of 1013 craniotomy patients met the inclusion criteria. Indications for therapeutic AC were diverse, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, dural venous sinus thrombosis, mechanical heart valve, and left ventricular thrombus. Results The mean and median time to therapeutic AC were 5.35 and 5 days, respectively. Three patients developed intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that was stable on repeat imaging and did not require any surgical intervention or result in new neurologic deficits. There was no significant association between therapeutic AC and postoperative ICH (P = 0.067). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the initiation of therapeutic AC in postoperative craniotomy patients from postoperative days 2 to 10 did not result in any major complications. A prospective study is warranted to clarify the indications and safety of therapeutic AC after craniotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kierany B. Shelvin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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2
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Jo J, Diaz M, Horbinski C, Mackman N, Bagley S, Broekman M, Rak J, Perry J, Pabinger I, Key NS, Schiff D. Epidemiology, biology, and management of venous thromboembolism in gliomas: An interdisciplinary review. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1381-1394. [PMID: 37100086 PMCID: PMC10398809 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diffuse glioma are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) over the course of the disease, with up to 30% incidence in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) and a lower but nonnegligible risk in lower-grade gliomas. Recent and ongoing efforts to identify clinical and laboratory biomarkers of patients at increased risk offer promise, but to date, there is no proven role for prophylaxis outside of the perioperative period. Emerging data suggest a higher risk of VTE in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma and the potential mechanistic role of IDH mutation in the suppression of production of the procoagulants tissue factor and podoplanin. According to published guidelines, therapeutic anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or alternatively, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients without increased risk of gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding is recommended for VTE treatment. Due to the elevated risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in GBM, anticoagulation treatment remains challenging and at times fraught. There are conflicting data on the risk of ICH with LMWH in patients with glioma; small retrospective studies suggest DOACs may convey lower ICH risk than LMWH. Investigational anticoagulants that prevent thrombosis without impairing hemostasis, such as factor XI inhibitors, may carry a better therapeutic index and are expected to enter clinical trials for cancer-associated thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Maria Diaz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Bagley
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Marika Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - James Perry
- Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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3
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Rizzo SM, Tavakol S, Bi WL, Li S, Secemsky EA, Campia U, Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ, Schmaier AA. Meningioma resection and venous thromboembolism incidence, management, and outcomes. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100121. [PMID: 37063769 PMCID: PMC10099298 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meningioma resection is associated with the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Objectives To determine the incidence and risk factors for VTE following meningioma resection and VTE outcomes based on the type and timing of anticoagulation. Methods From 2011 to 2019, 901 consecutive patients underwent meningioma resection. We retrospectively evaluated the postoperative incidence of VTE and bleeding. For VTE, we determined the treatment strategy and rate of VTE complications and bleeding. Results Pharmacologic prophylaxis was administered to 665 (73.8%) patients. The cumulative incidence for total postoperative VTE was 8.7% (95% CI: 6.9%-10.6%), and for symptomatic VTE was 6.0% (95% CI: 4.6%-7.7%). A multivariable model identified the following independent predictors of symptomatic VTE: history of VTE, obesity, and lack of pharmacologic prophylaxis. Following postoperative VTE, 58 (74.3%) patients received therapeutic anticoagulation either initially (33.3%) or after a median delay of 23.5 days (41.0%). Symptomatic recurrent VTE occurred in 13 (16.6%) patients. Following VTE, the use of subtherapeutic anticoagulation was associated with a lower rate of total VTE extension than no anticoagulation (17.5% vs 42.9%, OR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.93). In total, 14 patients (1.6%) experienced clinically relevant bleeding: 4 received therapeutic anticoagulants, 8 received prophylactic anticoagulation, and 2 received no anticoagulation. Among patients with VTE, 4 (5.1%) experienced bleeding. Conclusion Recognition of risk factors for VTE following meningioma resection may help improve approaches to thromboprophylaxis. The management of postoperative VTE is highly variable, but most VTE patients are ultimately treated with therapeutic anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Rizzo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sherwin Tavakol
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siling Li
- Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric A. Secemsky
- Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umberto Campia
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Z. Goldhaber
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alec A. Schmaier
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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DOACs for VTE in patients with brain cancer and brain metastases: choices, choices, choices. Blood Adv 2022; 7:280-282. [PMID: 36260733 PMCID: PMC9939345 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Lilly GL, Sweeny L, Santucci N, Cannady S, Frost A, Anagnos V, Curry J, Sagalow E, Freeman C, Puram SV, Pipkorn P, Slijepcevic A, Fuson A, Bonaventure C, Wax MK. Perioperative Hypercoagulability in Free Flap Reconstructions Performed for Intracranial Tumors. Laryngoscope 2022; 133:1103-1109. [PMID: 36196963 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Patients with intracranial tumors have a higher risk of thromboembolic events. This risk increases at the time of surgical intervention. We have noted an anecdotal increase in perioperative flap thrombosis in patients undergoing free tissue transfer for intracranial tumor resection. This study aims to formally evaluate this risk. METHODS A multi-institutional retrospective chart review was performed of patients who underwent free tissue transfer for scalp/cranial reconstruction. Perioperative thrombosis and free flap outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS The 209 patients who underwent 246 free tissue transfers were included in the study. The 28 free flap scalp reconstructions were associated with intracranial tumors, 19 were performed following composite cranial resections with associated dural resection/reconstruction, and 199 were performed in the absence of intracranial tumors (control group). There was a significantly higher incidence of perioperative flap thrombosis in the intracranial tumor group (11/28, 39%) when compared to controls (38/199, 19%) (p = 0.0287). This was not seen when scalp tumors extended to the dura alone (4/19, 21%, p = 0.83). Therapeutic anticoagulation used for perioperative thrombosis (defined as intraoperative or in the immediate postoperative phase up to 5 days) was associated with a lower risk of flap failure, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.148). Flap survival rates were equivalent between flaps performed for intracranial pathology (93.3%) and controls (95%). CONCLUSION There is an increase in perioperative flap thrombosis in patients with intracranial tumors undergoing free tissue scalp reconstruction. Anticoagulation appears to mitigate this risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE This recommendation is based on level 3 evidence (retrospective case-control studies, systematic review of retrospective studies, and case reports) Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L Lilly
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Larissa Sweeny
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole Santucci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Steven Cannady
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ariel Frost
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincent Anagnos
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Sagalow
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cecilia Freeman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrik Pipkorn
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Allison Slijepcevic
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew Fuson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Caroline Bonaventure
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mark K Wax
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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ICH in primary or metastatic brain cancer patients with or without anticoagulant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4873-4883. [PMID: 35772127 PMCID: PMC9631668 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant treatment in patients with primary and metastatic brain cancer is a concern due to risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of ICH in patients with primary or metastatic brain cancer treated with or without anticoagulants. Articles on ICH in patients with primary or metastatic brain cancer treated with or without anticoagulants published up to September 2021 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. The primary outcome of this analysis was ICH. Thirty studies were included. Rate of ICH was 13.0% in 1009 patients with metastatic brain cancer and 6.4% in 2353 patients with primary brain cancer (relative risk [RR], 3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.69-3.94; I2 = 92.8%). In patients with primary brain cancer, ICH occurred in 12.5% and 4.4% of patients treated with or without anticoagulants, respectively (11 studies, 659 treated and 1346 not treated patients; RR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.48-4.67; I2 = 49.6%). In patients with metastatic brain cancer, ICH occurred in 14.7% and 15.4% (5 studies, 265 treated and 301 not treated patients; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.43-1.93; I2 = 0%). ICH occurred in 8.3% of 172 treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and in 11.7% of 278 treated with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (5 studies; RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25-0.79; I2 = 0%). Patients with metastatic brain cancer have a particularly high risk of ICH. Patients with primary brain cancer have an increased risk of ICH during anticoagulation. DOACs are associated with a lower risk of ICH than LMWH.
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Riviere-Cazaux C, Naylor RM, Van Gompel JJ. Ultra-early therapeutic anticoagulation after craniotomy - A single institution experience. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 100:46-51. [PMID: 35397255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information regarding the optimal timing of initiation or re-initiation of therapeutic anticoagulation after intracranial surgery. Anticoagulation that is started too soon after surgery may increase the risk of catastrophic intracranial bleeding. However, there are scenarios that necessitate the use of anticoagulation in the immediate post-operative period despite the increased risk of hemorrhage. Therefore, we sought to report our experience with ultra-early therapeutic anticoagulation after craniotomy. Retrospective chart review of patients from a single institution between 1/1/2010 and 10/1/2021 who were treated with therapeutic anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism on or before 7-days after a craniotomy or craniectomy. The primary endpoint was intracranial hemorrhage resulting in death or return to the operating room for hematoma evacuation. Secondary endpoints included extra-cranial hemorrhage, length of hospital stay, and 90-day readmission rate. Eighteen patients were included for analysis. The median time that therapeutic anticoagulation was started was post-operative day 5 (range 1-7 days). One patient (5.6%) met the primary endpoint as they experienced an intracranial hemorrhage 5 days after starting anticoagulation, which required surgical evacuation. No patients experienced an extra-cranial hemorrhage. The median length of hospitalization was 13 days (range 4-89 days). No patients were readmitted within 90 days. The 90-day survival rate was 100%. Ultra-early anticoagulation after craniotomy resulted in a 5.6% risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Thus, ultra-early anticoagulation can be performed safely but it does carry a substantial risk of intracranial bleeding that may require emergent hematoma evacuation or result in permeant neurologic deficits or death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan M Naylor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jamie J Van Gompel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Song Y, Ayoub N, Chen JX, Alyono JC, Welling DB. Pulmonary Embolism and Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis After Translabyrinthine Vestibular Schwannoma Resection: A Retrospective Case Series. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 131:683-689. [PMID: 34353140 DOI: 10.1177/00034894211036864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and treatment of patients developing pulmonary embolism following translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection. METHODS This was a retrospective case series of patients at 2 academic tertiary medical centers who developed symptomatic pulmonary embolism post-operatively following translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection and were found to have evidence of sigmoid sinus thrombosis. RESULTS Three patients were identified to have post-operative pulmonary emboli after translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection with sigmoid sinus or internal jugular vein clots in the absence of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Caprini scores for these patients were 5 or lower. All patients underwent CT pulmonary angiography and were confirmed to have pulmonary emboli. Two were promptly anticoagulated with heparin drips and transitioned to long-term oral anticoagulation therapy and 1 had delayed anticoagulation. None of these patients suffered from intracranial hemorrhage post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma can develop pulmonary embolism from sigmoid sinus entry or thrombosis. No clear guidelines exist for the management of this complication in the setting of recent craniotomy and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage must be considered prior to initiating anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Song
- Division of Otology and Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noel Ayoub
- Division of Otology and Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jenny X Chen
- Division of Otology and Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Alyono
- Division of Otology and Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - D Bradley Welling
- Division of Otology and Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Becattini C, Cimini LA, Carrier M. Challenging anticoagulation cases: A case of pulmonary embolism shortly after spontaneous brain bleeding. Thromb Res 2021; 200:41-47. [PMID: 33529872 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication after intracranial hemorrhage (ICH); the incidence has been reported to vary between 18% to 50% for deep vein thrombosis and between 0.5% to 5% for pulmonary embolism (PE). According to current clinical practice guidelines, patients with acute VTE should receive anticoagulant treatment for at least 3 months in the absence of contraindications. Anticoagulant treatment reduces mortality, prevents early recurrences and improves long-term outcome in patients with acute VTE. However, recent ICH is an absolute contraindication for anticoagulant treatment due to the potential increased risk of hematoma expansion or recurrent ICH. Hematoma expansion occurs in approximately a third of patients within 24 h following the diagnosis of a spontaneous ICH. The risk for recurrent ICH depends on patients' features as well as on the feature of index ICH. Limited evidence is available on the risks of therapeutic anticoagulation started shortly after ICH. Expert consensus around the introduction of therapeutic anticoagulation suggests delaying therapeutic anticoagulation for at least 2 weeks after spontaneous ICH, until the risk re-bleeding becomes acceptable. Vena cava filters should be inserted to reduce the risk for (non) fatal PE until therapeutic anticoagulation can be started; antithrombotic prophylaxis should be started as soon as possible to avoid recurrent VTE after vena cava filter insertion. For patients presenting PE with hemodynamic compromise, percutaneous embolectomy should be considered. Most patients will be able to receive anticoagulant treatment within 4 weeks following spontaneous ICH; direct oral anticoagulants are probably the treatment of choice for those ICH patients tolerating anticoagulant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Becattini
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Anna Cimini
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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