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Speranza BE, Hill AT, Do M, Cerins A, Donaldson PH, Desarkar P, Oberman LM, Das S, Enticott PG, Kirkovski M. The Neurophysiological Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation as Measured by Electroencephalography: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00206-4. [PMID: 39084526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can modulate neural activity. The effect of TBS on regions beyond the motor cortex remains unclear. With increased interest in applying TBS to non-motor regions for research and clinical purposes, these effects must be understood and characterised. We synthesised the electrophysiological effects of a single session of TBS, as indexed by electroencephalography (EEG) and concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG (TMS-EEG), in non-clinical participants. We reviewed 79 studies that administered either continuous TBS (cTBS) or intermittent TBS (iTBS) protocols. Broadly, cTBS suppressed and iTBS facilitated evoked response component amplitudes. Response to TBS as measured by spectral power and connectivity was much more variable. Variability increased in the presence of task stimuli. There was a large degree of heterogeneity in the research methodology across studies. Additionally, the effect of individual differences on TBS response is insufficiently investigated. Future research investigating the effects of TBS as measured by EEG must consider methodological and individual factors that may affect TBS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette E Speranza
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Do
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andris Cerins
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter H Donaldson
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pushpal Desarkar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sushmit Das
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Kirkovski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Tang DL, Niziolek CA, Parrell B. Modulation of somatosensation by transcranial magnetic stimulation over somatosensory cortex: a systematic review. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:951-977. [PMID: 36949150 PMCID: PMC10851347 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has gained popularity as a tool to modulate human somatosensation. However, the effects of different stimulation types on the multiple distinct subdomains of somatosensation (e.g., tactile perception, proprioception and pain) have not been systematically compared. This is especially notable in the case of newer theta-burst stimulation protocols now in widespread use. Here, we aimed to systematically and critically review the existing TMS literature and provide a complete picture of current knowledge regarding the role of TMS in modulating human somatosensation across stimulation protocols and somatosensory domains. Following the PRISMA guidelines, fifty-four studies were included in the current review and were compared based on their methodologies and results. Overall, findings from these studies provide evidence that different types of somatosensation can be both disrupted and enhanced by targeted stimulation of specific somatosensory areas. Some mixed results, however, were reported in the literature. We discussed possible reasons for these mixed results, methodological limitations of existing investigations, and potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Lan Tang
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caroline A Niziolek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Benjamin Parrell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Hermann JK, Borseth A, Pucci FG, Toth C, Hogue O, Chan HH, Machado AG, Baker KB. Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by lateral cerebellar nucleus deep brain stimulation in the naïve rodent. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136800. [PMID: 35842210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the deep cerebellar nuclei has been shown to enhance perilesional cortical excitability and promote motor rehabilitation in preclinical models of cortical ischemia and is currently being evaluated in patients with chronic, post-stroke deficits. Understanding the effects of cerebellar DBS on contralateral sensorimotor cortex may be key to developing approaches to optimize stimulation delivery and treatment outcomes. Using the naïve rat model, we characterized the effects of DBS of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and evaluated their potential use as a surrogate index of cortical excitability. SSEPs were recorded concurrently with continuous 30 Hz or 100 Hz LCN DBS and compared to the DBS OFF condition. Ratios of SSEP peak to peak amplitude during 100 Hz LCN DBS to DBS OFF at longer latency peaks were significantly>1, suggesting that cortical excitability was enhanced as a result of LCN DBS. Although changes in SSEP peak to peak amplitudes were observed, they were modest in relation to previously reported effects on motor cortical excitability. Overall, our findings suggest that LCN output influences thalamocortical somatosensory pathways, however further work is need to better understand the potential role of SSEPs in optimizing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Hermann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ashley Borseth
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Francesco G Pucci
- Center for Neurologic Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Carmen Toth
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Andre G Machado
- Center for Neurologic Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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4
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Treatment for Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review. Cogn Behav Neurol 2020; 33:145-153. [PMID: 32496300 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents the case of an adult, male patient with mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS); results from his experimental treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are also provided. Additionally, we included a review of literature related to the neurophysiology of MdDS and its treatment with rTMS. A 41-year-old man had been experiencing symptoms of MdDS, which initially emerged following a car ride, for 11 to 12 years. Pharmacologic approaches had failed to provide symptom relief; thus, we investigated an intervention using low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS unilaterally for 2 consecutive weeks. The outcome measures included a standardized, computerized dynamic posturography test to quantify the patient's balance and identify abnormalities in his use of the sensory systems contributing to postural control, as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to measure his anxiety and depression. An rTMS treatment log was created to document any adverse events. Following rTMS, the patient's balance scores improved significantly; these improvements were mostly related to the patient's increased reliance on the visual and vestibular systems. Our patient's HADS Anxiety and Depression subscores also showed improvement post-rTMS. The presented case study provides preliminary evidence that rTMS may be a noninvasive treatment option for improving balance, specifically in individuals with MdDS. This evidence can be used to further therapeutic research on, and provide strategies for treating, MdDS.
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5
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Zhao D, Zhou YD, Bodner M, Ku Y. The Causal Role of the Prefrontal Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex in Tactile Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3468-3477. [PMID: 28968894 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we searched for causal evidence linking activity in the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) with behavioral performance in vibrotactile working memory. Participants performed a vibrotactile delayed matching-to-sample task, while single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sp-TMS) was applied over these cortical areas at 100, 200, 300, 600, 1600, and 1900 ms after the onset of vibrotactile stimulation (200 ms duration). In our experiments, sp-TMS over the contralateral SI at the early delay (100 and 200 ms) deteriorated the accuracy of task performance, and over the ipsilateral SI at the late delay (1600 and 1900 ms) also induced such deteriorating effects. Furthermore, deteriorating effects caused by sp-TMS over the contralateral DLPFC at the same maintenance stage (1600 ms) were correlated with the effects caused by sp-TMS over the ipsilateral SI, indicating that information retained in the ipsilateral SI during the late delay may be associated with the DLPFC. Taken together, these results suggest that both the contralateral and ipsilateral SIs are involved in tactile WM, and the contralateral DLPFC bridges the contralateral SI and ipsilateral SI for goal-directed action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Yixuan Ku
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
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6
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Giurgola S, Pisoni A, Maravita A, Vallar G, Bolognini N. Somatosensory cortical representation of the body size. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3534-3547. [PMID: 31056809 PMCID: PMC6865590 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the size of our own body parts is essential for accurately moving in space and efficiently interact with objects. A distorted perceptual representation of the body size often represents a core diagnostic criterion for some psychopathological conditions. The metric representation of the body was shown to depend on somatosensory afferences: local deafferentation indeed causes a perceptual distortion of the size of the anesthetized body part. A specular effect can be induced by altering the cortical map of body parts in the primary somatosensory cortex. Indeed, the present study demonstrates, in healthy adult participants, that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the somatosensory cortical map of the hand in both hemispheres causes a perceptual distortion (i.e., an overestimation) of the size of the participants' own hand (Experiments 1-3), which does not involve other body parts (i.e., the foot, Experiment 2). Instead, the stimulation of the inferior parietal lobule of both hemispheres does not affect the perception of the own body size (Experiment 4). These results highlight the role of the primary somatosensory cortex in the building up and updating of the metric of body parts: somatosensory cortical activity not only shapes our somatosensation, it also affects how we perceive the dimension of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giurgola
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryPh.D. Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Angelo Maravita
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoLaboratory of NeuropsychologyMilanItaly
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoLaboratory of NeuropsychologyMilanItaly
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7
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Mensen A, Pigorini A, Facchin L, Schöne C, D'Ambrosio S, Jendoubi J, Jaramillo V, Chiffi K, Eberhard-Moscicka AK, Sarasso S, Adamantidis A, Müri RM, Huber R, Massimini M, Bassetti C. Sleep as a model to understand neuroplasticity and recovery after stroke: Observational, perturbational and interventional approaches. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 313:37-43. [PMID: 30571989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our own experiences with disturbances to sleep demonstrate its crucial role in the recovery of cognitive functions. This importance is likely enhanced in the recovery from stroke; both in terms of its physiology and cognitive abilities. Decades of experimental research have highlighted which aspects and mechanisms of sleep are likely to underlie these forms of recovery. Conversely, damage to certain areas of the brain, as well as the indirect effects of stroke, may disrupt sleep. However, only limited research has been conducted which seeks to directly explore this bidirectional link between both the macro and micro-architecture of sleep and stroke. Here we describe a series of semi-independent approaches that aim to establish this link through observational, perturbational, and interventional experiments. Our primary aim is to describe the methodology for future clinical and translational research needed to delineate competing accounts of the current data. At the observational level we suggest the use of high-density EEG recording, combined analysis of macro and micro-architecture of sleep, detailed analysis of the stroke lesion, and sensitive measures of functional recovery. The perturbational approach attempts to find the causal links between sleep and stroke. We promote the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with EEG to examine the cortical dynamics of the peri-infarct stroke area. Translational research should take this a step further using optogenetic techniques targeting more specific cell populations. The interventional approach focuses on how the same clinical and translational perturbational techniques can be adapted to influence long-term recovery of function.
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8
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Zhou J, Lo OY, Lipsitz LA, Zhang J, Fang J, Manor B. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances foot sole somatosensation when standing in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:795-802. [PMID: 29335751 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-sole somatosensation is critical for safe mobility in older adults. Somatosensation arises when afferent input activates a neural network that includes the primary somatosensory cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a strategy to increase somatosensory cortical excitability, may, therefore, enhance foot-sole somatosensation. We hypothesized that a single session of tDCS would improve foot-sole somatosensation, and thus mobility, in older adults. Twenty healthy older adults completed this randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study consisting of two visits separated by one week. On each visit, standing vibratory threshold (SVT) of each foot and the timed-up-and-go test (TUG) of mobility were assessed immediately before and after a 20-min session of tDCS (2.0 mA) or sham stimulation with the anode placed over C3 (according to the 10/20 EEG placement system) and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital margin. tDCS condition order was randomized. SVT was measured with a shoe insole system. This system automatically ramped up, or down, the amplitude of applied vibrations and the participant stated when they could or could no longer feel the vibration, such that lower SVT reflected better somatosensation. The SVTs of both foot soles were lower following tDCS as compared to sham and both pre-test conditions [F(1,76) > 3.4, p < 0.03]. A trend towards better TUG performance following tDCS was also observed [F(1,76) = 2.4, p = 0.07]. Greater improvement in SVT (averaged across feet) moderately correlated with greater improvement in TUG performance (r = 0.48, p = 0.03). These results suggest that tDCS may enhance lower-extremity somatosensory function, and potentially mobility, in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA. .,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - On-Yee Lo
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis A Lipsitz
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Brad Manor
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Martini DN, Eckner JT, Meehan SK, Broglio SP. Long-term Effects of Adolescent Sport Concussion Across the Age Spectrum. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1420-1428. [PMID: 28298054 PMCID: PMC6813832 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516686785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in sport concussion has increased greatly over the previous decade due to increased scientific interest as well as the media and political spotlight that has been cast on this injury. However, a dearth of literature is available regarding the long-term (>1 year after concussion) effects of adolescent concussion on cognitive and motor performance of high school athletes. PURPOSE To evaluate the potential for long-term effects of concussion sustained during high school on cognitive and motor performance across the lifespan. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Adults with (n = 30) and without (n = 53) a concussion history were recruited in 3 age groups: younger (18-30 years; n = 43), middle-aged (40-50 years; n = 18), and older (≥60 years; n = 22). Each participant completed a computerized neurocognitive assessment and continuous tracking and discrete temporal auditory tasks with the hand and foot. Root mean squared error and timing variability were derived from the tracking and temporal auditory tasks, respectively. Data were analyzed by regression analyses for each recorded variable. RESULTS The analysis revealed significant age effects on neurocognitive task, continuous tracking task, and discrete auditory timing task performance ( P values < .05). No concussion history or interaction (concussion history by age) effects were found for performance on any task ( P values > .05). CONCLUSION While longitudinal investigations are still needed, this cross-sectional study failed to identify any observable effect of adolescent concussion history on cognition or motor performance with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N. Martini
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T. Eckner
- Michigan NeuroSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean K. Meehan
- Human Sensorimotor Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven P. Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Neural correlates of evoked phantom limb sensations. Biol Psychol 2017; 126:89-97. [PMID: 28445695 PMCID: PMC5437955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a neural network related to evoked phantom sensations in amputees. Such networks were not related to the stimulation from the residual limb. Difference in intra- and inter-hemispheric interactions between amputees and yoked controls. This finding yields novel insights into the neural basis of phantom sensation.
Previous work showed the existence of changes in the topographic organization within the somatosensory cortex (SI) in amputees with phantom limb pain, however, the link between nonpainful phantom sensations such as cramping or tingling or the percept of the limb and cortical changes is less clear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a highly selective group of limb amputees who experienced inducible and reproducible nonpainful phantom sensations. A standardized procedure was used to locate body sites eliciting phantom sensations in each amputee. Selected body sites that could systematically evoke phantom sensations were stimulated using electrical pulses in order to induce phasic phantom sensations. Homologous body parts were also stimulated in a group of matched controls. Activations related to evoked phantom sensations were found bilaterally in SI and the intraparietal sulci (IPS), which significantly correlated with the intensity of evoked phantom sensations. In addition, we found differences in intra- and interhemispheric interaction between amputees and controls during evoked phantom sensations. We assume that phantom sensations might be associated with a functional decoupling between bilateral SI and IPS, possibly resulting from transcallosal reorganization mechanisms following amputation.
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11
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Case LK, Laubacher CM, Olausson H, Wang B, Spagnolo PA, Bushnell MC. Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex. J Neurosci 2016; 36:5850-60. [PMID: 27225773 PMCID: PMC4879201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1130-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Growing interest in affective touch has delineated a neural network that bypasses primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Several recent studies, however, have cast doubt on the segregation of touch discrimination and affect, suggesting that S1 also encodes affective qualities. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to examine the role of S1 in processing touch intensity and pleasantness. Twenty-six healthy human adults rated brushing on the hand during fMRI. Intensity ratings significantly predicted activation in S1, whereas pleasantness ratings predicted activation only in the anterior cingulate cortex. Nineteen subjects also received inhibitory rTMS over right hemisphere S1 and the vertex (control). After S1 rTMS, but not after vertex rTMS, sensory discrimination was reduced and subjects with reduced sensory discrimination rated touch as more intense. In contrast, rTMS did not alter ratings of touch pleasantness. Our findings support divergent neural processing of touch intensity and pleasantness, with affective touch encoded outside of S1. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Growing interest in affective touch has identified a neural network that bypasses primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Several recent studies, however, cast doubt on the separation of touch discrimination and affect. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to demonstrate the representation of touch discrimination and intensity in S1, but the representation of pleasantness in the anterior cingulate cortex, not S1. Our findings support divergent neural processing of touch intensity and pleasantness, with affective touch encoded outside of S1. Our study contributes to growing delineation of the affective touch system, a crucial step in understanding its dysregulation in numerous clinical conditions such as autism, eating disorders, depression, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Case
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health and
| | | | - Håkan Olausson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Binquan Wang
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health and
| | - Primavera A Spagnolo
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
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12
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Jones CB, Lulic T, Bailey AZ, Mackenzie TN, Mi YQ, Tommerdahl M, Nelson AJ. Metaplasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex: effects on physiology and tactile perception. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2681-91. [PMID: 26984422 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00630.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over human primary motor cortex evokes plasticity and metaplasticity, the latter contributing to the homeostatic balance of excitation and inhibition. Our knowledge of TBS-induced effects on primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is limited, and it is unknown whether TBS induces metaplasticity within human SI. Sixteen right-handed participants (6 females, mean age 23 yr) received two TBS protocols [continuous TBS (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS)] delivered in six different combinations over SI in separate sessions. TBS protocols were delivered at 30 Hz and were as follows: a single cTBS protocol, a single iTBS protocol, cTBS followed by cTBS, iTBS followed by iTBS, cTBS followed by iTBS, and iTBS followed by cTBS. Measures included the amplitudes of the first and second somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) via median nerve stimulation, their paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and temporal order judgment (TOJ). Dependent measures were obtained before TBS and at 5, 25, 50, and 90 min following stimulation. Results indicate similar effects following cTBS and iTBS; increased amplitudes of the second SEP and PPR without amplitude changes to SEP 1, and impairments in TOJ. Metaplasticity was observed such that TOJ impairments following a single cTBS protocol were abolished following consecutive cTBS protocols. Additionally, consecutive iTBS protocols altered the time course of effects when compared with a single iTBS protocol. In conclusion, 30-Hz cTBS and iTBS protocols delivered in isolation induce effects consistent with a TBS-induced reduction in intracortical inhibition within SI. Furthermore, cTBS- and iTBS-induced metaplasticity appear to follow homeostatic and nonhomeostatic rules, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tea Lulic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Aaron Z Bailey
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tanner N Mackenzie
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yi Qun Mi
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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13
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Ku Y, Zhao D, Bodner M, Zhou YD. Cooperative processing in primary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex during tactile working memory. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1905-11. [PMID: 25980785 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, causal roles of both the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were investigated in a tactile unimodal working memory (WM) task. Individual magnetic resonance imaging-based single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied, respectively, to the left SI (ipsilateral to tactile stimuli), right SI (contralateral to tactile stimuli) and right PPC (contralateral to tactile stimuli), while human participants were performing a tactile-tactile unimodal delayed matching-to-sample task. The time points of spTMS were 300, 600 and 900 ms after the onset of the tactile sample stimulus (duration: 200 ms). Compared with ipsilateral SI, application of spTMS over either contralateral SI or contralateral PPC at those time points significantly impaired the accuracy of task performance. Meanwhile, the deterioration in accuracy did not vary with the stimulating time points. Together, these results indicate that the tactile information is processed cooperatively by SI and PPC in the same hemisphere, starting from the early delay of the tactile unimodal WM task. This pattern of processing of tactile information is different from the pattern in tactile-visual cross-modal WM. In a tactile-visual cross-modal WM task, SI and PPC contribute to the processing sequentially, suggesting a process of sensory information transfer during the early delay between modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.,Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhao
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 338 Krieger Hall, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA
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14
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Sequential Roles of Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Tactile-visual Cross-modal Working Memory: A Single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (spTMS) Study. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:88-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Staines WR, Bolton DAE. Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques to study the somatosensory system: research applications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 116:671-9. [PMID: 24112932 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of brain stimulation research techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has greatly advanced the understanding of the somatosensory system in humans. Over the last several years, several studies have focused on applying TMS in a variety of contexts to alter transiently the excitability of the somatosensory cortex or regions that project to it and exert some control over its activity in specific behavioral contexts. Specific foci that are discussed in this chapter are methods of repetitive TMS, including theta-burst protocols, delivered to the primary somatosensory cortex that have been shown to affect behavioral indices of somatic sensation such as tactile perception. Similar stimulation techniques can also be applied to distant areas that interact with and modulate activity in somatosensory cortex (i.e., attentional or motor networks). For example, suppression of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modifies the attention-modulation of somatosensory information in modality-specific cortices. Overall this chapter is focused on understanding the interaction of activity in systems that function with the somatosensory system in behavioral contexts. These include systems such as those that control attention, whether sustained or selective between sensory modalities, or those that control movement based on targets present in other sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Lakhani B, Bolton DAE, Miyasike-Dasilva V, Vette AH, McIlroy WE. Speed of processing in the primary motor cortex: a continuous theta burst stimulation study. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:177-84. [PMID: 24374169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
'Temporally urgent' reactions are extremely rapid, spatially precise movements that are evoked following discrete stimuli. The involvement of primary motor cortex (M1) and its relationship to stimulus intensity in such reactions is not well understood. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) suppresses focal regions of the cortex and can assess the involvement of motor cortex in speed of processing. The primary objective of this study was to explore the involvement of M1 in speed of processing with respect to stimulus intensity. Thirteen healthy young adults participated in this experiment. Behavioral testing consisted of a simple button press using the index finger following median nerve stimulation of the opposite limb, at either high or low stimulus intensity. Reaction time was measured by the onset of electromyographic activity from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of each limb. Participants completed a 30 min bout of behavioral testing prior to, and 15 min following, the delivery of cTBS to the motor cortical representation of the right FDI. The effect of cTBS on motor cortex was measured by recording the average of 30 motor evoked potentials (MEPs) just prior to, and 5 min following, cTBS. Paired t-tests revealed that, of thirteen participants, five demonstrated a significant attenuation, three demonstrated a significant facilitation and five demonstrated no significant change in MEP amplitude following cTBS. Of the group that demonstrated attenuated MEPs, there was a biologically significant interaction between stimulus intensity and effect of cTBS on reaction time and amplitude of muscle activation. This study demonstrates the variability of potential outcomes associated with the use of cTBS and further study on the mechanisms that underscore the methodology is required. Importantly, changes in motor cortical excitability may be an important determinant of speed of processing following high intensity stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Lakhani
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David A E Bolton
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Albert H Vette
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William E McIlroy
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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17
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Mori F, Nicoletti CG, Kusayanagi H, Foti C, Restivo DA, Marciani MG, Centonze D. Transcranial direct current stimulation ameliorates tactile sensory deficit in multiple sclerosis. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:654-9. [PMID: 23122918 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficit of tactile sensation in patients with MS is frequent and can be associated with interference with daily life activities. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) showed to increase tactile discrimination in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated whether tDCS may be effective in ameliorating tactile sensory deficit in MS patients. METHODS Patients received sham or real anodal tDCS of the somatosensory cortex for 5 consecutive days in a randomized, double blind, sham-controlled study. Discrimination thresholds of spatial tactile sensation were measured using the grating orientation task (GOT). As secondary outcomes we also measured subjective perception of tactile sensory deficit through a visual analog scale (VAS), quality of life and overall disability to evaluate the impact of the treatment on patients daily life. Evaluations were performed at baseline and during a 4-week follow-up period. RESULTS Following anodal but not sham tDCS over the somatosensory cortex, there was a significant improvement of discriminatory thresholds at the GOT and increased VAS for sensation scores. Quality of life, and disability changes were not observed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a five day course of anodal tDCS is able to ameliorate tactile sensory loss with long-lasting beneficial effects and could thus represent a therapeutic tool for the treatment of tactile sensory deficit in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mori
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Meehan SK, Dao E, Linsdell MA, Boyd LA. Continuous theta burst stimulation over the contralesional sensory and motor cortex enhances motor learning post-stroke. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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