1
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Zhang M, Zhao C, Mao Z, Zhang M, Xing X. Outcome assessment of different reward stimuli in Internet gaming disorder by event-related potentials. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307717. [PMID: 39047016 PMCID: PMC11268701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in sensitivity to different types of reward stimuli may be an important cause of addiction that is mainly manifested in high sensitivity to addictive substance rewards and blunting of natural rewards. However, contradictions remain in the research results on the sensitivity of individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) to different reward stimuli. Based on participants' neural responses to win and loss feedback (in door task), the event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to investigate the effects of different types of reward stimuli on the assessment of reward-processing outcomes in individuals with IGD. The results showed that in the gain condition, the FB-P3 amplitude induced by game stimuli in the IGD group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the FN amplitude induced by money stimuli was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes induced by food were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the loss condition, there were no between-group differences in the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes evoked by the three reward stimuli. This indicates that the IGD group showed increased hedonic responses to game stimuli and decreased hedonic responses to money but no differences in hedonic responses to food during the reward assessment phase. Therefore, heightened sensitivity to game rewards and diminished sensitivity to monetary rewards during outcome assessment may play a crucial role in the development of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chenyue Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ziyu Mao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Xing
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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2
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Webber HE, de Dios C, Kessler DA, Schmitz JM, Lane SD, Suchting R. A meta-analysis of electrophysiological biomarkers of reward and error monitoring in substance misuse. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14515. [PMID: 38238282 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are characterized by marked changes in reward and error processing. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to estimate effect sizes for the reward positivity (RewP) and error-related negativity (ERN), two event-related potential indicators of outcome monitoring, in substance users compared to controls. The secondary objective was to test for moderation by demographic, substance type, and EEG experiment parameters. Final PubMed searches were performed in August 2023. Inclusion criteria were substance use disorder/dependence or validated self-report of substance misuse, RewP/ERN means available, healthy control comparison group, non-acute drug study, peer-reviewed journal, English language, and human participants. Selection bias was tested through modified Egger's regression and exploratory 3-parameter selection model tests. The RewP results (19 studies, 1641 participants) did not support an overall effect (Hedges' g = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.58], p = .777) and nor effect of any moderators. The ERN results (20 studies, 1022 participants) indicated no significant overall effect (g = 0.41, 95%CI [-0.05, 0.88]). Subgroup analyses indicated that cocaine users had a blunted ERN compared to controls (g = 1.12, 95%CI [0.77, 1.47]). There was limited evidence for publication/small study bias. Although the results indicate a potential dissociation between substance types, this meta-analysis revealed the need for additional research on the RewP/ERN in substance using populations and for better designed experiments that adequately address research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Webber
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Constanza de Dios
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle A Kessler
- College of Medicine at Tower Health, Drexel University, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Renault H, Freeman C, Banica I, Sandre A, Ethridge P, Park J, Weinberg A. Neural response to rewards moderates the within-person association between daily positive events and positive affect during a period of stress exposure. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14376. [PMID: 37430465 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress and neural responses to reward can interact to predict psychopathology, but the mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. One possibility is that the strength of neural responses to reward can affect the ability to maintain positive affect during stress. In this study, 105 participants completed a monetary reward task to elicit the reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential sensitive to rewards. Subsequently, during a stressful period, participants reported on their affect nine times a day and on daily positive and negative events for 10 days. Even during heightened stress, experiencing more positive events was associated with increased positive affect. The RewP significantly moderated this association: Individuals with a larger RewP reported greater increases in positive affect when they experienced more positive events, relative to individuals with a smaller RewP. A blunted RewP might contribute to stress susceptibility by affecting how much individuals engage in positive emotion regulation during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Renault
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clara Freeman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iulia Banica
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aislinn Sandre
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paige Ethridge
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Stringfellow J, Liran O, Lin MH, Baker TE. Recording neural reward signals in the real-world using mobile-EEG and augmented reality. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555757. [PMID: 37693413 PMCID: PMC10491265 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological response to rewards recorded during laboratory-based tasks has been well documented over the past two decades, yet little is known about the neural response patterns in 'real-world' settings. To address this issue, we combined a mobile-EEG system with an augmented reality headset (which blends high definition "holograms" within the real-world) to record event-related brain potentials (ERP) while participants navigated an operant chamber to find rewards. 25 participants (age = 18-43, Male=6, Female=19) were asked to choose between two floating holograms marking a west or east goal-location in a large room, and once participants reached the goal location, the hologram would turn into a reward (5 cents) or no-reward (0 cents) cue. Following the feedback cue, participants were required to return to a hologram marking the start location, and once standing in it, a 3 second counter hologram would initiate the next trial. This sequence was repeated until participants completed 200 trials. Consistent with previous research, reward feedback evoked the reward positivity, an ERP component believed to index the sensitivity of the anterior cingulate cortex to reward prediction error signals. The reward positivity peaked around 235ms post-feedback with a maximal at channel FCz (M=-2.60μV, SD=1.73μV) and was significantly different than zero (p < 0.01). At a behavioral level, participants took approximately 3.38 seconds to reach the goal-location and exhibited a general lose-shift (68.3% ± 3.5) response strategy and were slightly slower to return to the start location following negative feedback (2.43 sec) compared to positive feedback (2.38 sec), evidence of post-error slowing. Overall, these findings provide the first evidence that combining mobile-EEG with augmented reality technology is a feasible solution to enhance the ecological validity of human electrophysiological studies of goal-directed behavior and a step towards a new era of human cognitive neuroscience research that blurs the line between laboratory and reality.
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5
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Kallen AM, Patrick CJ, Bartholow BD, Hajcak G. Drinking alcohol by mid-adolescence is related to reduced reward reactivity: Novel evidence of positive valence system alterations in early initiating female youth. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108597. [PMID: 37268265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of alcohol use at younger ages is prognostic of later drinking problems. Reward system dysfunction is theorized to contribute to early initiation and escalation of drinking, but existing evidence supports both hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity as risk-markers; research employing effective indices of reward processing is needed for clarification. The reward positivity (RewP) is a well-established neurophysiological index of hedonic "liking," an important aspect of reward processing. Adult research has yielded conflicting findings, with different studies reporting reduced, enhanced, or null associations of RewP with engagement in or risk for harmful alcohol use. No study has examined relations between RewP and multiple indices of drinking in youth. Here, we examined how RewP measured in a gain/loss feedback task related to self-reported drinking initiation and past-month drinking, when accounting for age along with depression and externalizing symptoms, in 250 mid-adolescent females. Analyses showed that (1) compared to not-yet drinkers, adolescents endorsing drinking initiation responded less strongly to monetary gain (RewP) but not loss feedback (FN), and (2) past-month drinking was unrelated to both RewP and FN magnitude. These findings provide evidence for reduced hedonic "liking" as a concomitant of early drinking initiation in adolescent females and warrant further research with mixed-sex adolescent samples exhibiting greater drinking variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kallen
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | | | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, USA
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6
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Banica I, Allison G, Racine SE, Foti D, Weinberg A. All the Pringle ladies: Neural and behavioral responses to high-calorie food rewards in young adult women. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14188. [PMID: 36183246 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reward processing is vital for learning and survival, and can be indexed using the Reward Positivity (RewP), an event-related potential (ERP) component that is larger for rewards than losses. Prior work suggests that heightened motivation to obtain reward, as well as greater reward value, is associated with an enhanced RewP. However, the extent to which internal and external factors modulate neural responses to rewards, and whether such neural responses motivate reward-seeking behavior, remains unclear. The present study investigated whether the degree to which a reward is salient to an individual's current motivational state modulates the RewP, and whether the RewP predicts motivated behaviors, in a sample of 133 women. To elicit the RewP, participants completed a forced-choice food reward guessing task. Data were also collected on food-related behaviors (i.e., type of food chosen, consumption of the food reward) and motivational salience factors (i.e., self-reported hunger, time since last meal, and subjective "liking" of food reward). Results showed that hungrier participants displayed an enhanced RewP compared to less hungry individuals. Further, self-reported snack liking interacted with RewP magnitude to predict behavior, such that when participants reported low levels of snack liking, those with a smaller RewP were more likely to consume their snacks than those with a larger RewP. Our data suggest that food-related motivational state may increase neural sensitivity to food reward in young women, and that neural markers of reward sensitivity might interact with subjective reward liking to predict real-world eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Banica
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grace Allison
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Foti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Umemoto A, Lin H, Holroyd CB. Electrophysiological measures of conflict and reward processing are associated with decisions to engage in physical effort. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14176. [PMID: 36097887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key brain region involved in cognitive control and decision making, is suggested to mediate effort- and value-based decision making, but the specific role of ACC in this process remains debated. Here we used frontal midline theta (FMT) and the reward positivity (RewP) to examine ACC function in a value-based decision making task requiring physical effort. We investigated whether (1) FMT power is sensitive to the difficulty of the decision or to selecting effortful actions, and (2) RewP is sensitive to the subjective value of reward outcomes as a function of effort investment. On each trial, participants chose to execute a low-effort or a high-effort behavior (that required squeezing a hand-dynamometer) to obtain smaller or larger rewards, respectively, while their brainwaves were recorded. We replicated prior findings that tonic FMT increased over the course of the hour-long task, which suggests increased application of control in the face of growing fatigue. RewP amplitude also increased following execution of high-effort compared to low-effort behavior, consistent with increased valuation of reward outcomes by ACC. Although neither phasic nor tonic FMT were associated with decision difficulty or effort selection per se, an exploratory analysis revealed that the interaction of phasic FMT and expected value of choice predicted effort choice. This interaction suggests that phasic FMT increases specifically under situations of decision difficulty when participants ultimately select a high-effort choice. These results point to a unique role for ACC in motivating and persisting at effortful behavior when decision conflict is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Umemoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hause Lin
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Komarnyckyj M, Retzler C, Cao Z, Ganis G, Murphy A, Whelan R, Fouragnan EF. At-risk alcohol users have disrupted valence discrimination during reward anticipation. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13174. [PMID: 35470555 PMCID: PMC9286798 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is characterised by disrupted reward learning, underpinned by dysfunctional cortico-striatal reward pathways, although relatively little is known about the biology of reward processing in populations who engage in risky alcohol use. Cues that trigger reward anticipation can be categorized according to their learnt valence (i.e., positive vs. negative outcomes) and motivational salience (i.e., incentive vs. neutral cues). Separating EEG signals associated with these dimensions is challenging because of their inherent collinearity, but the recent application of machine learning methods to single EEG trials affords a solution. Here, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to quantify risky alcohol use, with participants split into high alcohol (HA) (n = 22, mean AUDIT score: 13.82) and low alcohol (LA) (n = 22, mean AUDIT score: 5.77) groups. We applied machine learning multivariate single-trial classification to the electroencephalography (EEG) data collected during reward anticipation. The LA group demonstrated significant valence discrimination in the early stages of reward anticipation within the cue-P3 time window (400-550 ms), whereas the HA group was insensitive to valence within this time window. Notably, the LA, but not the HA group demonstrated a relationship between single-trial variability in the early valence component and reaction times for gain and loss trials. This study evidences disrupted hypoactive valence sensitivity in the HA group, revealing potential neurophysiological markers for risky drinking behaviours which place individuals at-risk of adverse health events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica Komarnyckyj
- Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK
| | - Chris Retzler
- Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- School of Psychology Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Giorgio Ganis
- School of Psychology University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Anna Murphy
- Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Elsa Florence Fouragnan
- School of Psychology University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
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9
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The reward positivity is sensitive to affective liking. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:258-267. [PMID: 34599487 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The EEG feature known as the Reward Positivity (RewP) is elicited by reward receipt and appears to reflect sensitively and specifically positive prediction errors during reinforcement learning. Yet, the RewP also is modulated by state and trait affect, suggesting that it has a more complex computational role than simple reinforcement surprise. We conducted a series of experiments aimed to investigate underlying affect processing reflected in the RewP during a reinforcement learning task. In the first experiment (N = 25), we manipulated the type of rewards a person could win (simple points or hedonically-appraised pictures). Although there were no differences in the amplitudes of the RewP for different types of rewards, there was a significant correlation between the individual rating of liking for the images and RewP amplitude. In a second experiment (N = 25), we manipulated reinforcement rates (easy vs. hard) and affective picture content (liked vs. ambivalent) to examine the potential interaction of prediction error and liking on RewP amplitude. We again found a significant relationship between liking and RewP amplitude, however, only in the hard condition. These findings suggest that the RewP reflects cortical computations of reward surprise as well as hedonic liking, identifying it as a possible nexus where multidimensional value is computed.
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10
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Böhmer J, Schmidt B. Safety on demand: Post-hypnotic suggestions of safety reduce neural signals of reward sensitivity with long-term beneficial effects. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14015. [PMID: 35103984 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased reward sensitivity has been proposed as an important transdiagnostic feature for a series of disorders, including addictive behaviors. Earlier studies suggest that a positive affective state characterized by the feeling of safety could reduce an individual's reward sensitivity. A promising technique to establish a feeling of safety on demand is to utilize post-hypnotic suggestions. We hypothesized that the feeling of safety elicited by post-hypnotic suggestions reduces neural signals of reward sensitivity. To test our predictions, we hypnotized 24 highly suggestible participants, suggested them to feel safe and coupled this feeling of safety to a post-hypnotic trigger that reactivates the feeling of safety outside the hypnotic state. Participants then played a risk game both in a safety condition using the post-hypnotic safety trigger and in a control condition using a neutral trigger. Simultaneously, we recorded their EEG. Participants reported significantly higher ratings of safety in the safety condition compared to the control condition. Even several weeks after the main experimental session, the post-hypnotic safety trigger still elicited a significantly stronger feeling of safety compared to the control condition. Moreover, the Reward Positivity (RewP) was significantly reduced in the safety condition. As the RewP amplitude has been proposed as a psychophysiological marker for reward sensitivity, we conclude that the suggestion of safety by post-hypnotic suggestions turns participants into a quiescence motivational state that makes them less reward sensitive. Therefore, we discuss implications of the post-hypnotic safety trigger for the treatment of disorders associated with increased reward sensitivity such as addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Böhmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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11
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Selective Devaluation Affects the Processing of Preferred Rewards. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:1010-1025. [PMID: 33931831 PMCID: PMC8455391 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the representation of subjective preferences in the event-related potential is manipulable through selective devaluation, i.e., the consumption of a specific food item until satiety. Thirty-four participants completed a gambling task in which they chose between virtual doors to find one of three snack items, representing a high, medium, or low preference outcome as defined by individual desire-to-eat ratings. In one of two test sessions, they underwent selective devaluation of the high preference outcome. In the other, they completed the task on an empty stomach. Consistent with previous findings, averaged across sessions, amplitudes were increased for more preferred rewards in the time windows of P2, late FRN, and P300. As hypothesised, we also found a selective devaluation effect for the high preference outcome in the P300 time window, reflected in a decrease in amplitude. The present results provide evidence for modulations of reward processing not only by individual factors, such as subjective preferences, but also by the current motivational state. Importantly, the present data suggest that selective devaluation effects in the P300 may be a promising tool to further characterise altered valuation of food rewards in the context of eating disorders and obesity.
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12
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Dieterich R, Wüllhorst V, Berghäuser J, Overmeyer R, Endrass T. Electrocortical correlates of impaired motor inhibition and outcome processing are related in high binge-watching. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13814. [PMID: 33733543 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models posit problematic binge-watching to involve a vicious circle of low motivation for alternative activities, low sensitivity for the consequences of neglected goals, and low self-control. As such, simultaneously impaired feedback and inhibitory functioning might contribute to binge-watching. We tested the hypothesis that blunted feedback-related brain activity is coupled with attenuated inhibitory brain activity in binge-watchers. High (n = 32) and non-binge-watchers (n = 31) performed go/nogo (inhibition) and stop signal (stopping) tasks and a flanker paradigm with performance feedback during electroencephalography. We examined how neural correlates of inhibition and stopping were associated with outcome processing in each group. We assessed the temporospatial relationship using a single-trial regression approach. High binge-watchers, but not non-binge-watchers, who differentiated less between gains and losses at the neural level (feedback-P3b) also recruited less brain activity during both inhibition and stopping (inhibition-P3 and stopping-P3). Exploratory analyses suggested that these relationships were most prominent in high binge-watchers with high loss of control over watching. Main effects of the group in performance or EEG did not emerge. These results suggest a potentially problematic interaction between outcome and inhibitory functions in binge-watchers. Insensitivity to behavioral consequences along with inhibitory impairments may also confer a long-term risk for compulsive watching. Our multi-modal approach may be particularly suited to detect such an underlying risk marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Dieterich
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Wüllhorst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Berghäuser
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebecca Overmeyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Schmidt B, Holroyd CB. Hypnotic suggestions of safety reduce neuronal signals of delay discounting. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2706. [PMID: 33526790 PMCID: PMC7851403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Waiting for delayed rewards is important to reach long-term goals, yet most people prefer immediate rewards. This tendency is called delay discounting. Evidence shows that people are more willing to wait for delayed rewards when they believe that the delayed reward is certain. We hypothesized that feeling safe makes delayed outcomes subjectively more certain, which should in turn reduce neuronal signals of delay discounting. We hypnotized 24 highly suggestible participants and gave them a suggestion to feel safe. We then used EEG to measure their brain responses to immediate and delayed rewards while they played a delayed gratification game. As compared to a control condition without hypnosis, participants that were suggested to feel safe under hypnosis reported feeling significantly safer. Further, their reward-related brain activity differentiated less between immediate and delayed rewards. We conclude that feeling safe makes delayed outcomes subjectively more certain and therefore reduces neuronal signals of delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Am Steiger 3, Haus 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Recovery of reward function in problematic substance users using a combination of robotics, electrophysiology, and TMS. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:288-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Beyond the Motor Cortex: Theta Burst Stimulation of the Anterior Midcingulate Cortex. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:1052-1060. [PMID: 32839154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the facilitatory and inhibitory effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and continuous TBS (cTBS) protocols have been well documented on motor physiology, the action of TBS protocols on prefrontal functioning remain unclear. Here we asked whether iTBS or cTBS can differentially modulate reward-related signaling in the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC). METHODS Across 2 experiments, we used a robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation system, combined with electroencephalogram recordings, to investigate the aftereffects of prefrontal iTBS and cTBS on the reward positivity, an electrophysiological signal believed to index sensitivity of the aMCC to rewards. Twenty adults (age, 18-28 years) participated in experiment 1 in which we used a scalp landmark for TBS targeting, and 14 adults (age, 18-28 years) participated in experiment 2, in which we aimed to increase TBS effectiveness by utilizing cortical thickness maps to select individualized dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex targets. RESULTS We demonstrated that prefrontal iTBS suppressed reward-related signaling in the aMCC (reduction in reward positivity) and caused a decrease in postfeedback switch choices. cTBS displayed no effect. We replicated and strengthened this effect on the reward positivity by targeting dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex regions displaying maximal cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS While these results are inconsistent with reported TBS effects on motor cortex, the present findings offer a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting approach and normative insights into the magnitude and time course of TBS-induced changes in aMCC excitability. By modulating how the aMCC links value to goal-directed behavior, this research opens an exciting new era of investigative possibilities in the understanding of aMCC function and treatment of aMCC dysfunction.
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Xue T, Dong F, Huang R, Tao Z, Tang J, Cheng Y, Zhou M, Hu Y, Li X, Yu D, Ju H, Yuan K. Dynamic Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Smoking in Young Smokers. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32754067 PMCID: PMC7367415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential changes in the dynamic characteristics of regional neural activity in young smokers and to detect whether the changes were associated with smoking behavior. METHODS The dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) in 40 young smokers and 42 nonsmokers were compared. Correlation analyses were also performed between dReHo and dALFF in areas showing group differences and smoking behavior [e.g., the Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) scores and pack-years]. RESULTS Significantly differences in dReHo variability were observed in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), medial frontal gyrus (MFG), insula, cuneus, postcentral gyrus, inferior semi-lunar lobule, orbitofrontal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Young smokers also showed significantly increased dALFF variability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ITG. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between dALFF variability in the ACC and the pack-years; whereas a significant negative correlation between dReHo variability in the IFG and the FTND scores was found in young smokers. CONCLUSION The pattern of resting state regional neural activity variability was different between young smokers and nonsmokers. Dynamic regional indexes might be a novel neuroimaging biomarker of smoking behavior in young smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Ruoyan Huang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Zhanlong Tao
- School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yongxin Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yiting Hu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Dahua Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Haitao Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
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17
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Bodkyn CN, Holroyd CB. Neural mechanisms of affective instability and cognitive control in substance use. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:1-19. [PMID: 31400355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the impact of affect on cognitive control as this relates to individual differences in affective instability and substance use. Toward this end, we examined how different dimensions of affective instability interact to predict substance misuse and the effect of this on two event-related potential components, the reward positivity and the late positive potential, which are said to reflect the neural mechanisms of reward and emotion processing, respectively. METHODS We recorded the ongoing electroencephalogram from undergraduate students as they navigated two T-maze tasks in search of rewards. One of the tasks included neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant pictures from the International Affective Picture System. Participants also completed several questionnaires pertaining to substance use and personality. RESULTS A principal components analysis revealed a factor related to affective instability, which we named reactivity. This factor significantly predicted increased substance use. Individuals reporting higher levels of affective reactivity also displayed a larger reward positivity following stimuli with emotional content. CONCLUSION The current study uncovered a group of high-risk substance users who were characterized by greater levels of affective reactivity and context-specific increased sensitivity to rewards. SIGNIFICANCE These results help to elucidate the complex factors underlying substance use and may facilitate the creation of individually-tailored treatment programs for those struggling with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada.
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18
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Sehrig S, Weiss A, Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Decision- and feedback-related brain potentials reveal risk processing mechanisms in patients with alcohol use disorder. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13450. [PMID: 31380569 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are aware of the risks of alcohol abuse yet continue risky drinking. Research indicates that dysfunctional decision processes and trait variables such as impulsivity contribute to this awareness-behavior discrepancy. The present study focused on decision-related versus feedback-related processes as potential contributors to decision making in AUD by examining the relationship between decision choices and decision- and feedback-related ERP phenomena in the balloon analogue risk task (BART). N = 39 AUD and n = 35 healthy comparison participants (HC) performed the BART modified for EEG assessment. In each of 100 runs, participants made a series of choices about whether to pump up a virtual balloon, which popped pseudorandomly, ending the run. Alternatively, participants ended the run by pressing a "cash-out" button. Each pump not producing a pop provided .05 €; popping resulted in loss of the run's accumulated gain. Groups made similar choices, though AUD responded more slowly. The decision P3 200-400 ms after decision prompt (balloon) was larger in AUD than in HC, and decision P3 enhancement on high-risk trials predicted choices to pump. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) after loss (relative to cash out) feedback was smaller in AUD than in HC, suggesting indifference to negative feedback. In AUD, high impulsivity was associated with risk-modulated decision P3 but not FRN. Results indicate atypical decision- and feedback-related processes that could contribute to difficulties in engaging with daily challenges effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sehrig
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Peterburs J, Sannemann L, Bellebaum C. Subjective preferences differentially modulate the processing of rewards gained by own vs. observed choices. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107139. [PMID: 31295450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present EEG study investigated the impact of subjective reward preferences and agency on outcome processing. 47 healthy adults (11 male; 36 female) with preferences for either milk or white chocolate completed two runs of a gambling task involving their preferred chocolate (high preference outcomes, HPOs), non-preferred chocolate (medium preference outcomes, MPOs), and a lesser liked non-chocolate reward (low preference outcomes, LPOs). In the 'active' run, subjects chose between three different response options to receive the outcomes. In the 'observational' run, they observed another person's choices and subsequent outcomes. Cluster-based permutation analyses of event-related potential (ERPs) revealed that early processing in the P2 time window reflected outcome salience, differentiating HPOs and MPOs from LPOs, especially for outcomes following own choices, while not distinguishing between HPOs and MPOs. In contrast, processing in later stages, i.e., the typical time windows for feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300, showed evidence of differential coding of HPOs and MPOs and was also modulated by agency. ERPs clearly differentiated between all three outcome types in the FRN and P300 time windows for outcomes following active but not for observed choices. The present study adds to evidence for modulation of outcome processing by contextual and inter-individual factors. In particular, our findings suggest that subjective preferences are complementarily represented in subjective reward valuation and in motivational value representations indexed by the FRN and the P300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lena Sannemann
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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García Alanis JC, Baker TE, Peper M, Chavanon ML. Social context effects on error-related brain activity are dependent on interpersonal and achievement-related traits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1728. [PMID: 30741987 PMCID: PMC6370841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain correlates of performance monitoring, such as the Error-Related Negativity (ERN), are considerably influenced by situational factors. For instance, errors committed during social interaction typically elicit enhanced ERNs. While individual differences in ERN magnitude have been implicated in a wide variety of psychopathologies, it remains unclear how individual dispositions may interact with situational incentives to influence performance monitoring. Here, we analysed how interpersonal (Affiliation) and achievement-related (Agency) traits moderated the effects of interpersonal competition and interpersonal cooperation on the ERN. For this purpose, electroencephalography was collected from 78 participants while they performed a Flanker Task either in a competitive or in a cooperative social context (i.e., between-subjects design). We found that competition predicted enhanced error-related activity patterns compared to cooperation. Furthermore, participants who scored high in Affiliation elicited enhanced error-related activity. Conversely, high Agency scores were associated with reduced error-related activity, but this was only observed in the competitive context. These results indicate that the brain's response to error commission is not only sensitive to social incentives. Rather, the activity of the evaluative system that produces error signals appears to be crucially determined by the personal relevance of the incentives present in the context in which performance is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C García Alanis
- Department of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Neuropsychology Section, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Travis E Baker
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue NJ, 0710, Newark, USA
| | - Martin Peper
- Department of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Neuropsychology Section, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mira-Lynn Chavanon
- Department of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Neuropsychology Section, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Child and Adolescent Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Zhang D, Gu R. Behavioral preference in sequential decision-making and its association with anxiety. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2482-2499. [PMID: 29468778 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In daily life, people often make consecutive decisions before the ultimate goal is reached (i.e., sequential decision-making). However, this kind of decision-making has been largely overlooked in the literature. The current study investigated whether behavioral preference would change during sequential decisions, and the neural processes underlying the potential changes. For this purpose, we revised the classic balloon analogue risk task and recorded the electroencephalograph (EEG) signals associated with each step of decision-making. Independent component analysis performed on EEG data revealed that four EEG components elicited by periodic feedback in the current step predicted participants' decisions (gamble vs. no gamble) in the next step. In order of time sequence, these components were: bilateral occipital alpha rhythm, bilateral frontal theta rhythm, middle frontal theta rhythm, and bilateral sensorimotor mu rhythm. According to the information flows between these EEG oscillations, we proposed a brain model that describes the temporal dynamics of sequential decision-making. Finally, we found that the tendency to gamble (as well as the power intensity of bilateral frontal theta rhythms) was sensitive to the individual level of trait anxiety in certain steps, which may help understand the role of emotion in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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22
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Morie KP, Wu J, Landi N, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. Feedback processing in adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure: an electrophysiological investigation. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:183-197. [PMID: 29461102 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1439945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback processing may underlie this impairment. We examined neural correlates of feedback processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in 49 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE) and 34 nondrug exposed (NDE) adolescents. Adolescents performed a reward-feedback task with win/no-win feedback in a chance-based task. We investigated amplitude and latency of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 ERP components and source-based estimates elicited during feedback processing. PCE adolescents had smaller P300 amplitudes for no-win feedback, and source analysis in the P300 time window revealed differences between groups localized to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jia Wu
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,g Haskins Laboratories , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,b National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,c Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,e Department of Neuroscience , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,f Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- c Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Michael J Crowley
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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23
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Baker TE, Lesperance P, Tucholka A, Potvin S, Larcher K, Zhang Y, Jutras-Aswad D, Conrod P. Reversing the Atypical Valuation of Drug and Nondrug Rewards in Smokers Using Multimodal Neuroimaging. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:819-827. [PMID: 28314439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic substance use can disrupt the reward function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), biasing the ACC to favor goal-directed behaviors that converge on drug use. Here we used multimodal neuroimaging methods to ask whether modulating reward-related signaling in the ACC can reverse the atypical valuation of nondrug and drug rewards in abstinent smokers. METHODS We first recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 20 moderately dependent cigarette smokers (mean age = 25 years; no history of neuropsychiatric disorders), following an overnight period of abstinence, to identify regions of the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex associated with the anticipation of drug-related rewards (cigarette puff). Next, we recorded the reward positivity-an electrophysiological signal believed to index sensitivity of the ACC to rewards-while participants engaged in two feedback tasks to gain either monetary or cigarette rewards. Lastly, guided by functional magnetic resonance imaging data, a robotic arm positioned a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation coil over a subject-specific dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex target, and 50 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses were delivered at 10 Hz (excitatory stimulation) immediately before each block of 10 trials of the money condition and at 1 Hz (inhibitory stimulation) before each block of 10 trials of the cigarette condition. RESULTS Our findings show that abstained smokers exhibited a heightened reward positivity to cigarette rewards relative to monetary rewards, and by applying excitatory or inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to a subject-specific frontal-cingulate reward pathway, this pattern of results was reversed. CONCLUSIONS By modulating how the brain links value to drug and nondrug rewards, novel brain-based treatments may finally be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Baker
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte Justine Hôpital, Département de psychiatrie, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Center, Centre Hospitalier l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Paul Lesperance
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan Tucholka
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Foundation Pasqual Maragall, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Center, Centre Hospitalier l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte Justine Hôpital, Département de psychiatrie, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Schlienz NJ, Hawk LW. Probing the Behavioral and Neurophysiological Effects of Acute Smoking Abstinence on Drug and Nondrug Reinforcement During a Cognitive Task. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:729-737. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Levinson AR, Speed BC, Infantolino ZP, Hajcak G. Reliability of the electrocortical response to gains and losses in the doors task. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:601-607. [PMID: 28072462 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate between rewards and losses is critical for motivated action, and aberrant reward and loss processing has been associated with psychopathology. The reward positivity (RewP) and feedback negativity (FN) are ERPs elicited by monetary gains and losses, respectively, and are promising individual difference measures. However, few studies have reported on the psychometric properties of the RewP and FN-crucial characteristics necessary for valid individual difference measures. The current study examined the internal consistency and 1-week test-retest reliability of the RewP and FN as elicited by the doors task among 59 young adults. The RewP, FN, and their difference score (ΔRewP) all showed significant correlations between Time 1 and Time 2. The RewP and FN also achieved acceptable internal consistency at both time points within 20 trials using both Cronbach's α and a generalizability theory-derived dependability measure. Internal consistency for ΔRewP was notably weaker at both time points, which is expected from two highly intercorrelated constituent scores. In conclusion, the RewP and FN have strong psychometric properties in a healthy adult sample. Future research is needed to assess the psychometric properties of these ERPs in different age cohorts and in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Levinson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brittany C Speed
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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26
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Holroyd CB, Umemoto A. The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:418-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Schmidt B, Holroyd CB, Debener S, Hewig J. I can't wait! Neural reward signals in impulsive individuals exaggerate the difference between immediate and future rewards. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:409-415. [PMID: 27859316 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Waiting for rewards is difficult, and highly impulsive individuals with low self-control have an especially hard time with it. Here, we investigated whether neural responses to rewards in a delayed gratification task predict impulsivity and self-control. The EEG was recorded from participants engaged in a guessing game in which on each trial they could win either a large or small reward, paid either now or after 6 months. Ratings confirmed that participants preferred immediate, large rewards over small, delayed rewards. Electrophysiological reward signals reflecting the difference between immediate and future rewards predicted self-report measures of impulsivity and self-control. Further, these signals were highly reliable across two sessions over a 1-week interval, showing high temporal stability like stable personality traits. These results suggest that greater valuation of immediate rewards causes impulsive individuals to redirect control away from delayed rewards, indicating why it is so hard for them to wait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Debener
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Zhu X, Wang L, Yang S, Gu R, Wu H, Luo Y. The Motivational Hierarchy between the Personal Self and Close Others in the Chinese Brain: an ERP Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1467. [PMID: 27729888 PMCID: PMC5037196 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
People base their decisions not only on their own self-interest but also on the interests of close others. Generally, the personal self has primacy in the motivational hierarchy in the Western culture. A recent study found that friends have the same motivational hierarchy as the personal self in the Eastern collectivist culture. Remaining unknown is whether the motivational hierarchy of the personal self and close others can be manifested in the collectivist brain. In the present study, we asked participants to gamble for the personal self, close others (i.e., mother, father, and close friend), and strangers. The positive-going deflection of event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to positive feedback showed the following pattern: personal self = mother = father > friend > stranger. In the loss condition, no significant beneficiary effect was observed. The present results indicate that the personal self and parents are intertwined in the motivational system in the Chinese undergraduate student brain, supporting the view that the personal self and parents have the same motivational primacy at the electrocortical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Educational Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian China
| | - Suyong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen China
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