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Dhillon G, Buddhavarapu V, Grewal H, Sharma P, Verma RK, Munjal R, Devadoss R, Kashyap R. Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:973. [PMID: 38256045 PMCID: PMC10816294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has emerged as a novel approach in the field of health and wellness. It is believed to have therapeutic antioxidant properties that can neutralize harmful free radicals in the human body. It has also been shown to be beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We aim to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. The review protocol was uploaded on PROSPERO. After the initial search criteria, the articles were reviewed by two blinded investigators, and a total of 25 articles were included in the systematic review. The potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water on various aspects of health, including exercise capacity, physical endurance, liver function, cardiovascular disease, mental health, COVID-19, oxidative stress, and anti-aging research, are a subject of growing interest and ongoing research. Although preliminary results in clinical trials and studies are encouraging, further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodologies is needed to substantiate these findings. Current research needs to fully explain the mechanisms behind the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. Continued scientific exploration will provide valuable insights into the potential of hydrogen-rich water as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Dhillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA
| | | | - Harpreet Grewal
- Department of Radiology, Florida State University School of Medicine, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA;
| | - Pranjal Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Ram Kishun Verma
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Parkview Health System, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA;
| | - Ripudaman Munjal
- Department of Nephrology, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA;
| | - Ramprakash Devadoss
- Interventional Cardiology, Carle Methodist Medical Center, Peoria, IL 61636, USA;
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Department of Research, WellSpan Health, York, PA 17403, USA;
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2
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Johnsen HM, Hiorth M, Klaveness J. Molecular Hydrogen Therapy-A Review on Clinical Studies and Outcomes. Molecules 2023; 28:7785. [PMID: 38067515 PMCID: PMC10707987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With its antioxidant properties, hydrogen gas (H2) has been evaluated in vitro, in animal studies and in human studies for a broad range of therapeutic indications. A simple search of "hydrogen gas" in various medical databases resulted in more than 2000 publications related to hydrogen gas as a potential new drug substance. A parallel search in clinical trial registers also generated many hits, reflecting the diversity in ongoing clinical trials involving hydrogen therapy. This review aims to assess and discuss the current findings about hydrogen therapy in the 81 identified clinical trials and 64 scientific publications on human studies. Positive indications have been found in major disease areas including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, central nervous system disorders, infections and many more. The available administration methods, which can pose challenges due to hydrogens' explosive hazards and low solubility, as well as possible future innovative technologies to mitigate these challenges, have been reviewed. Finally, an elaboration to discuss the findings is included with the aim of addressing the following questions: will hydrogen gas be a new drug substance in future clinical practice? If so, what might be the administration form and the clinical indications?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennie Marie Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands Vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Nacamed AS, Oslo Science Park, Guastadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands Vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jo Klaveness
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands Vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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Sumbalová Z, Kucharská J, Rausová Z, Gvozdjáková A, Szántová M, Kura B, Mojto V, Slezák J. The Effect of Adjuvant Therapy with Molecular Hydrogen on Endogenous Coenzyme Q 10 Levels and Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12477. [PMID: 37569850 PMCID: PMC10419858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been recognized as a novel medical gas with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver pathology with increased fat accumulation in liver tissue caused by factors other than alcohol consumption. Platelet mitochondrial function is considered to reflect systemic mitochondrial health. We studied the effect of adjuvant therapy with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content and platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics in patients with NAFLD. A total of 30 patients with NAFLD and 15 healthy volunteers were included in this clinical trial. A total of 17 patients (H2 group) drank water three × 330 mL/day with tablets producing HRW (>4 mg/L H2) for 8 weeks, and 13 patients (P group) drank water with placebo tablets producing CO2. The concentration of CoQ10-TOTAL was determined by the HPLC method, the parameter of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), by the spectrophotometric method, and mitochondrial bioenergetics in platelets isolated from whole blood by high-resolution respirometry. The patients with NAFLD had lower concentrations of CoQ10-TOTAL in the blood, plasma, and platelets vs. the control group. Mitochondrial CI-linked LEAK respiration was higher, and CI-linked oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and CII-linked electron transfer (ET) capacities were lower vs. the control group. Plasma TBARS concentrations were higher in the H2 group. After 8 weeks of adjuvant therapy with HRW, the concentration of CoQ10 in platelets increased, plasma TBARS decreased, and the efficiency of OXPHOS improved, while in the P group, the changes were non-significant. Long-term supplementation with HRW could be a promising strategy for the acceleration of health recovery in patients with NAFLD. The application of H2 appears to be a new treatment strategy for targeted therapy of mitochondrial disorders. Additional and longer-term studies are needed to confirm and elucidate the exact mechanisms of the mitochondria-targeted effects of H2 therapy in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Sumbalová
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Jarmila Kucharská
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Zuzana Rausová
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gvozdjáková
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Mária Szántová
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Branislav Kura
- Institute for Heart Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Viliam Mojto
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Ján Slezák
- Institute for Heart Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (J.S.)
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Xie F, Song Y, Yi Y, Jiang X, Ma S, Ma C, Li J, Zhanghuang Z, Liu M, Zhao P, Ma X. Therapeutic Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in Metabolic Diseases from Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040541. [PMID: 37111299 PMCID: PMC10141176 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), fatty liver (FL), atherosclerosis (AS), and obesity. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has long been considered a physiologically inert gas. In the last two decades, accumulating evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies has indicated that H2 may act as an antioxidant to exert therapeutic and preventive effects on various disorders, including metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the action of H2 remain unclear. The purpose of this review was to (1) provide an overview of the current research on the potential effects of H2 on metabolic diseases; (2) discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these effects, including the canonical anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as suppression of ER stress, activation of autophagy, improvement of mitochondrial function, regulation of gut microbiota, and other possible mechanisms. The potential target molecules of H2 will also be discussed. With more high-quality clinical trials and in-depth mechanism research, it is believed that H2 will eventually be applied to clinical practice in the future, to benefit more patients with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yifei Song
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shiwen Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ziyi Zhanghuang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing 100124, China
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Xue J, Zhao M, Liu Y, Jia X, Zhang X, Gu Q, Xie Y, Qin S, Liu B. Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates hepatic inflammation and modulates gut microbiota in rats with high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175698. [PMID: 36997047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystem metabolic disease associated with gut microflora dysbiosis and inflammation. Hydrogen (H2) is a novel and effective antiinflammatory agent. The present study was aimed to clarify the effects of 4% hydrogen (H2) inhalation on NAFLD and its mechanism of action. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce NAFLD. Rats in treatment group inhaled 4% H2 each day for 2 h. The protective effects on hepatic histopathology, glucose tolerance, inflammatory markers, and intestinal epithelial tight junctions were assessed. Transcriptome sequencing of liver and 16 S-seq of cecal contents were also performed to explore the related mechanisms of H2 inhalation. H2 improved the hepatic histological changes and glucose tolerance, decreased the liver function parameters of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and relieved liver inflammation. Liver transcriptomic data suggested that H2 treatment significantly downregulated inflammatory response genes, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway might be involved, and the expressions of critical proteins were further validated. Meanwhile, the plasma LPS level was significantly decreased by the H2 intervention. H2 also improved the intestinal tight junction barrier by enhancing the expressions of zonula occludens-1 and occluding. Based on 16 S rRNA sequencing, H2 altered the composition of gut microbiota, improving the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes. Collectively, our data show that H2 could prevent NAFLD induced by high-fat diet, and the anti-NAFLD effect is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota and inhibition of LPS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiubin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qianqian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunbo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Boyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases and Hydrogen Medical Translational Applications in Universities of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Biomedical Research of Health Commission of Shandong Province, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.
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Todorovic N, Fernández-Landa J, Santibañez A, Kura B, Stajer V, Korovljev D, Ostojic SM. The Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Blood Lipid Profiles in Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:142. [PMID: 37259294 PMCID: PMC9967957 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a plethora of disease models and human studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen (H2), a simple biotherapeutic gas. Recent small-scale studies evaluating the effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on various metabolic conditions pointed to advantageous effects of HRW in regulating blood lipid profiles. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no systematic review and/or meta-analysis (SRMA) were published considering HRW consumption and lipid/lipoprotein status. Therefore, the aim of this SRMA was to assess the effects of HRW consumption on blood lipid panel in clinical populations. The search strategy was designed using PRISMA guidelines, and the databases PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were explored from inception until 4 October 2022. A total of seven studies satisfied all the eligibility criteria and were included in SRMA. The results for the pooled meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides after HRW intake (p = 0.01), with small to moderate effects (pooled SMD = -0.23 (from -0.40 to 0.05); pooled SMD = -0.22 (from -0.39 to 0.04); pooled SMD = -0.38 (from -0.59 to 0.18), respectively). Our findings indicate that drinking HRW can significantly improve lipid status in the clinical populations. Additional studies are warranted to further validate this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Todorovic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Julen Fernández-Landa
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Asier Santibañez
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Branislav Kura
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Universitetsveien 25, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7601 Pecs, Hungary
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7
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Ameliorating Role of Hydrogen-Rich Water Against NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via Reduction of ROS and Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 68:1824-1834. [PMID: 36478314 PMCID: PMC9734488 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy, the mechanism of which is involved in oxidative stress, can be lethal due to hemorrhage. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich water (HRW), in terms of oxidative stress, on intestinal mucosal damage as well as changes in the gut microbiome and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content in feces. METHODS Hydrogen-rich water was orally administered for 5 days to investigate the effectiveness of indomethacin-induced enteropathy in mice. Small intestinal damage and luminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated to investigate the ameliorating effects of hydrogen. Then, components of the gut microbiome were analyzed; fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed using the cecal contents obtained from mice drinking HRW. The cecal contents were analyzed for the SCFAs content. Finally, cells from the macrophage cell line RAW264 were co-cultured with the supernatants of cecal contents. RESULTS Hydrogen-rich water significantly ameliorated IND-induced enteropathy histologically and reduced the expression of IND-induced inflammatory cytokines. Microscopic evaluation revealed that luminal ROS was significantly reduced and that HRW did not change the gut microbiota; however, FMT from HRW-treated animals ameliorated IND-induced enteropathy. The SCFA content in the cecal contents of HRW-treated animals was significantly higher than that in control animals. The supernatant had significantly increased interleukin-10 expression in RAW264 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Hydrogen-rich water ameliorated NSAID-induced enteropathy, not only via direct antioxidant effects but also via anti-inflammatory effects by increasing luminal SCFAs. These results suggest that hydrogen may have therapeutic potential in small intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Kura B, Szantova M, LeBaron TW, Mojto V, Barancik M, Szeiffova Bacova B, Kalocayova B, Sykora M, Okruhlicova L, Tribulova N, Gvozdjakova A, Sumbalova Z, Kucharska J, Faktorova X, Jakabovicova M, Durkovicová Z, Macutek J, Koscová M, Slezak J. Biological Effects of Hydrogen Water on Subjects with NAFLD: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101935. [PMID: 36290657 PMCID: PMC9598482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver pathology affecting around 25% of the population worldwide. Excess oxidative stress, inflammation and aberrant cellular signaling can lead to this hepatic dysfunction and eventual carcinoma. Molecular hydrogen has been recognized for its selective antioxidant properties and ability to attenuate inflammation and regulate cellular function. We administered hydrogen-rich water (HRW) to 30 subjects with NAFLD in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled manner for eight weeks. Phenotypically, we observed beneficial trends (p > 0.05) in decreased weight (≈1 kg) and body mass index in the HRW group. HRW was well-tolerated, with no significant changes in liver enzymes and a trend of improved lipid profile and reduced lactate dehydrogenase levels. HRW tended to non-significantly decrease levels of nuclear factor kappa B, heat shock protein 70 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Interestingly, there was a mild, albeit non-significant, tendency of increased levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde in the HRW group. This mild increase may be indicative of the hormetic effects of molecular hydrogen that occurred prior to the significant clinical improvements reported in previous longer-term studies. The favorable trends in this study in conjunction with previous animal and clinical findings suggest that HRW may serve as an important adjuvant therapy for promoting and maintaining optimal health and wellness. Longer term studies focused on prevention, maintenance, or treatment of NAFLD and early stages of NASH are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Kura
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Szantova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tyler W. LeBaron
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT 84721, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT 84721, USA
| | - Viliam Mojto
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Barancik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Szeiffova Bacova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kalocayova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matus Sykora
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Okruhlicova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Narcisa Tribulova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Gvozdjakova
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Medical Department, Medical Faculty, Comenius University Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Medical Department, Medical Faculty, Comenius University Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Kucharska
- Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Medical Department, Medical Faculty, Comenius University Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xenia Faktorova
- Internal Clinic of Slovak Medical University, Hospital of St. Michael, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Jakabovicova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Durkovicová
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Macutek
- Mathematical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 73 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Koscová
- Mathematical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 73 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Slezak
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-903620181
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Yan J, Wang Y, Song X, Yan X, Zhao Y, Yu L, He Z. The Advancement of Gas-Generating Nanoplatforms in Biomedical Fields: Current Frontiers and Future Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200139. [PMID: 35587774 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diverse gases (NO, CO, H2 S, H2 , etc.) have been widely applied in the medical intervention of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, bacterial infection, etc., attributing to their inherent biomedical activities. Although many gases have many biomedical activities, their clinical use is still limited due to the rapid and free diffusion behavior of these gases molecules, which may cause potential side effects and/or ineffective treatment. Gas-generating nanoplatforms (GGNs) are effective strategies to address the aforementioned challenges of gas therapy by preventing gas production or release at nonspecific sites, enhancing GGNs accumulation at targeted sites, and controlling gas release in response to exogenous (UV, NIR, US, etc.) or endogenous (H2 O2 , GSH, pH, etc.) stimuli at the lesion site, further maintaining gas concentration within the effective range and achieving the purpose of disease treatment. This review comprehensively summarizes the advancements of "state-of-the-art" GGNs in the recent three years, with emphasis on the composition, structure, preparation process, and gas release mechanism of the nanocarriers. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects and limitations of GGNs in preclinical studies using cell/animal models are discussed. Overall, this review enlightens the further development of this field and promotes the clinical transformation of gas therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
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10
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Wu HT, Chao TH, Ou HY, Tsai LM. Coral Hydrate, a Novel Antioxidant, Improves Alcohol Intoxication in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071290. [PMID: 35883781 PMCID: PMC9311879 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-drinking culture may cause individuals to periodically experience unpleasant hangovers. In addition, ethanol catabolism stimulates the production of free radicals that may cause liver injury and further lead to the development of chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although a number of studies have suggested that hydrogenated water may be consumed to act as free radical scavenger, its instability limits its application. In this study, we used coral hydrate (i.e., hydrogenated coral materials) as a more stable hydrogen source and evaluated its effects in a murine model of alcohol intoxication. In solution, coral hydrate exhibited much more stable redox potential than did hydrogenated water. Furthermore, administration of coral hydrate by oral gavage significantly prolonged the time to fall asleep and decreased the total sleep time in mice that received intraperitoneal injection of ethanol. The mice receiving coral hydrate also had lower plasma ethanol and acetaldehyde levels than controls. In line with this observation, hepatic expression of alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were all significantly increased by the treatment. Meanwhile, alcohol-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors was attenuated by the administration of coral hydrate. Taken together, our data suggest that coral hydrate might be an effective novel treatment for alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.-T.W.); (T.-H.C.); (H.-Y.O.)
| | - Ting-Hsing Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.-T.W.); (T.-H.C.); (H.-Y.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yih Ou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.-T.W.); (T.-H.C.); (H.-Y.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Miin Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show-Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2609926; Fax: +886-6-2606351
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11
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Gravina AG, Romeo M, Pellegrino R, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Loguercio C. Just Drink a Glass of Water? Effects of Bicarbonate–Sulfate–Calcium–Magnesium Water on the Gut–Liver Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869446. [PMID: 35837275 PMCID: PMC9274271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fonte Essenziale® water is a bicarbonate–sulfate–calcium–magnesium water, low in sodium, recognized by the Italian health care system in hydropinotherapy and hepatobiliary dyspepsia therapy. We wanted to explore its effects on the gut–liver axis and microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Patients and Methods: We considered enrollment for 70 patients, of which four were excluded. We finally enrolled 55 patients with ultrasound-documented steatosis (SPs+) and 11 patients without it (SPs−). They then drank 400 ml of water for 6 months in the morning on an empty stomach. Routine hematochemical and metabolic parameters, oxidative stress parameters, gastrointestinal hormone levels, and fecal parameters of the gut microbiota were evaluated at three different assessment times, at baseline (T0), after 6 months (T6), and after a further 6 months of water washout (T12). We lost, in follow-up, 4 (T6) and 22 (T12) patients. Results: Between T0–T6, we observed a significant Futuin A and Selenoprotein A decrease and a GLP-1 and PYY increase in SPs+ and the same for Futuin A and GLP-1 in SPs−. Effects were lost at T12. In SPs+, between T0–T12 and T6–12, a significant reduction in Blautia was observed; between T0–T12, a reduction of Collinsella unc. was observed; and between T0–T12 and T6–12, an increase in Subdoligranulum and Dorea was observed. None of the bacterial strains we analyzed varied significantly in the SPs− population. Conclusion: These results indicate beneficial effects of water on gastrointestinal hormones and hence on the gut–liver axis in the period in which subjects drank water both in SPs− and in SPs+.
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12
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Tao G, Zhang G, Chen W, Yang C, Xue Y, Song G, Qin S. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hydrogen/oxygen inhalation for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4113-4123. [PMID: 35734974 PMCID: PMC9279585 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide with increasing incidence consistent with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. No approved medication was currently available for NAFLD treatment. Molecular hydrogen (H2), an anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory biomedical agent is proved to exhibit therapeutic and preventive effect in various diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen/oxygen inhalation on NAFLD subjects and explore the mechanism from the perspective of hepatocyte autophagy. We conducted a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial of 13‐week hydrogen/oxygen inhalation (China Clinical Trial Registry [#ChiCTR‐IIR‐16009114]) including 43 subjects. We found that inhalation of hydrogen/oxygen improved serum lipid and liver enzymes. Significantly improved liver fat content detected by ultrasound and CT scans after hydrogen/oxygen inhalation was observed in moderate–severe cases. We also performed an animal experiment based on methionine and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet‐induced mice model to investigate effect of hydrogen on mouse NASH. Hydrogen/oxygen inhalation improved systemic inflammation and liver histology. Promoted autophagy was observed in mice inhaled hydrogen/oxygen and treatment with chloroquine blocked the beneficial effect of hydrogen. Moreover, molecular hydrogen inhibited lipid accumulation in AML‐12 cells. Autophagy induced by palmitic acid (PA) incubation was further promoted by 20% hydrogen incubation. Addition of 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) partially blocked the inhibitory effect of hydrogen on intracellular lipid accumulation. Collectively, hydrogen/oxygen inhalation alleviated NAFLD in moderate–severe patients. This protective effect of hydrogen was possibly by activating hepatic autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geru Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.,Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,Department of Medical Technology and Nursing, Laiwu Vocational and Technical College, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.,Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yazhuo Xue
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Guohua Song
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.,Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedical Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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13
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Ostojic SM. Hydrogen-rich water as a dietary activator of brown adipose tissue and UCP1? ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2022; 78:242-243. [DOI: 10.1159/000525175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Adzavon YM, Xie F, Yi Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, He J, Zhao P, Liu M, Ma S, Ma X. Long-term and daily use of molecular hydrogen induces reprogramming of liver metabolism in rats by modulating NADP/NADPH redox pathways. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3904. [PMID: 35273249 PMCID: PMC8913832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a new therapeutic option in several diseases and is widely adopted by healthy people. However, molecular data to support therapeutic functions attributed to the biological activities of H2 remain elusive. Here, using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches coupled with biochemistry and micro-CT technics, we evaluated the effect of long-term (6 months) and daily use of H2 on liver function. Rats exposed 2 h daily to H2 either by drinking HRW (H2 dissolved in H2O) or by breathing 4% H2 gas showed reduced lipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis in the liver, which was associated with apparent loss of visceral fat and brown adipose tissue together with a reduced level of serum lipids. Both transcripts and metabolites enriched in H2-treated rats revealed alteration of amino acid metabolism pathways and activation of purine nucleotides and carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways. Analysis of the interaction network of genes and metabolites and correlation tests revealed that NADP is the central regulator of H2 induced metabolic alterations in the liver, which was further confirmed by an increase in the level of components of metabolic pathways that require NADP as substrate. Evidence of immune response regulation activity was also observed in response to exposure to H2. This work is the first to provide metabolomic and transcriptomic data to uncover molecular targets for the effect of prolonged molecular hydrogen treatment on liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Mawulikplimi Adzavon
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yi
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin He
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Abstract
Since the late 18th century, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to be well tolerated, firstly in animals, and then in humans. However, although research into the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen in both plant and mammalian physiology is gaining momentum, the idea of utilising this electrochemically neutral and non-polar diatomic compound for the benefit of health has yet to be widely accepted by regulatory bodies worldwide. Due to the precise mechanisms of H2 activity being as yet undefined, the lack of primary target identification, coupled with difficulties regarding administration methods (e.g., dosage and dosage frequencies, long-term effects of treatment, and the patient’s innate antioxidant profile), there is a requirement for H2 research to evidence how it can reasonably and most effectively be incorporated into medical practice. This review collates and assesses the current information regarding the many routes of molecular hydrogen administration in animals and humans, whilst evaluating how targeted delivery methods could be integrated into a modern healthcare system.
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16
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Zanini D, Todorovic N, Korovljev D, Stajer V, Ostojic J, Purac J, Kojic D, Vukasinovic E, Djordjievski S, Sopic M, Guzonjic A, Ninic A, Erceg S, Ostojic SM. The effects of 6-month hydrogen-rich water intake on molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging in older adults aged 70 years and over: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111574. [PMID: 34601077 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this randomized controlled pilot trial, we investigated the effects of a 6-month intake of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on several molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging in older adults aged 70 years and over. Forty older adults (20 women) were randomly allocated in a parallel-group design to receive 0.5 L per day of HRW (15 ppm of hydrogen) or control drink (0 ppm of hydrogen) during a 6-month intervention period. The biomarkers assessed at baseline and 6-month follow up were molecular markers in the blood (DNA and chromosomes, nutrient sensing, protein, and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and mitochondria, cell senescence, inflammation), brain metabolism, cognitive functioning, physical function and body composition, resting blood pressure, facial skin features, sleep outcomes, and health-related quality of life. The mean age, weight, and height of study participants were 76.0 ± 5.6 years, 78.2 ± 16.1 kg, height 167.5 ± 11.5 cm, respectively. A significant treatment vs. time interaction was found for telomere length (P = 0.049), with the length increased after HRW intervention (from 0.99 ± 0.15 at baseline to 1.02 ± 0.26 at follow up) and decreased after drinking control water (from 0.92 ± 0.27 to 0.79 ± 0.15). A marker of DNA methylation (Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2, TET2) expression at 6-month follow-up increased in both groups, yet the degree of elevation was significantly higher in HRW (from 0.81 ± 0.52 at baseline to 1.62 ± 0.66 at follow up) comparing to the control water (from 1.13 ± 0.82 to 1.76 ± 0.87) (P = 0.040). A strong trend for treatment vs. time interaction was found for a degree of DNA methylation (P = 0.166), with the methylation increased in the HRW group (from 120.6 ± 39.8 ng at baseline to 126.6 ± 33.8 ng at follow up) and decreased after taking control water (from 133.6 ± 52.9 ng to 121.2 ± 38.4 ng). HRW was superior to control water to increase brain choline and NAA levels in the left frontal grey matter, brain creatine at the right parietal white matter, and brain NAA at the right parietal mesial grey matter (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between interventions for other outcomes (P > 0.05), except for a significantly improved chair stand performance after HRW intervention compared to the control water (P = 0.01). Owing to pleiotropic mechanisms of hydrogen action, this simple biomedical gas could be recognized as a possible anti-aging agent that tackles several hallmarks of aging, including loss of function and telomere length shortening. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04430803).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Zanini
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Todorovic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Purac
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | - Miron Sopic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Azra Guzonjic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Ninic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sanja Erceg
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
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17
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Jin Z, Sun Y, Yang T, Tan L, Lv P, Xu Q, Tao G, Qin S, Lu X, He Q. Nanocapsule-mediated sustained H 2 release in the gut ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121030. [PMID: 34298442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is estimated to affect a quarter of all population and represents a major health threat to all societies. Yet, currently no approved pharmacological treatment is available for MAFLD. H2-rich water has recently been reported to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in MAFLD patients but its efficacy is limited due to low H2 dosage. Increasing H2 dose may enhance its therapeutic effects but remains technically challenging. In this study, we designed and synthesized a hydrogen nanocapsule by encapsulating ammonia borane into hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles to achieve ultrahigh and sustained H2 release in the gut. We then investigated its efficacy in treating early-stage MAFLD and other metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and diabetes. The hydrogen nanocapsule attenuated both diet-induced and genetic mutation induced early-stage MAFLD, obesity, and diabetes in mice, without any tissue toxicity. Mechanistically, we discovered that sustained and ultrahigh H2 supply by hydrogen nanocapsule increased, among other species, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, highlighting reshaped gut microbiota as a potential mechanism of H2 in treating metabolic dysfunctions. Moreover, hepatic transcriptome showed a reprogramed liver metabolism profile with reduced lipid synthesis and increased fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokui Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diseases, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Physiology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Lunbo Tan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China; Department of Physiology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Peixun Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Geru Tao
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biological Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biological Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diseases, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Physiology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qianjun He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diseases, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biological Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China; Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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18
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Ostojic SM. Hydrogen as a Potential Therapeutic in Obesity: Targeting the Brain. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:191-193. [PMID: 33485760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications of molecular hydrogen (H2) seem to favorably affect obesity-related metabolic biomarkers in peripheral tissues, yet whether H2 directly tackles obesity pathways in the brain remains elusive. I summarize here several molecular targets in the hypothalamus and beyond that could be altered by H2 gas in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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19
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20
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Hydrogen influences HDL-associated enzymes and reduces oxidized phospholipids levels in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2020; 267:118945. [PMID: 33359745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are formed as a result of oxidative stress, which potentially mediate multiple pathological effects. We aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen (H2) on OxPLs in vivo and the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control group fed with a chow diet, model group fed with a high-fat diet, and H2-treated group fed with a high-fat diet and treated by 4% H2 inhalation for ten weeks. OxPLs in liver and plasma were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was separated by ultracentrifugation. A proteomic analysis was performed to reveal the alternation of HDL protein composition and he antioxidant capacity of HDL was tested by low-density lipoprotein oxidation experiment. Furthermore, the activity or expression of HDL-associated enzymes were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Inhalation of 4% H2 decreased the accumulation of OxPLs in rats. In vitro tests revealed that the different concentrations of H2 did not inhibit the formation of OxPLs mediated by non-enzymatic oxidation. H2 inhalation altered the components and enhanced the anti-oxidative capacity of HDL in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Further experiments showed that H2 significantly regulated the activity of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, paraoxonase-1, and the expression of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings revealed that H2 may reduce the OxPLs levels through its influence on HDL-associated enzymes that can act on OxPLs, suggesting that H2 can be used in alleviating diseases related to lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress.
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21
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Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is promising as an energy source for the next generation. Medical applications using H2 gas can be also considered as a clean and economical technology. Since the H2 gas based on electrolysis of water production has potential to expand the medical applications, the technology has been developed in order to safely dilute it and to supply it to the living body by inhalation, respectively. H2 is an inert molecule which can scavenge the highly active oxidants including hydroxyl radical (·OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and which can convert them into water. H2 is clean and causes no adverse effects in the body. The mechanism of H2 is different from that of traditional drugs because it works on the root of many diseases. Since H2 has extensive and various effects, it may be called a “wide spectrum molecule” on diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the current medical applications of H2 including its initiation and development, and we also proposed its prospective medical applications. Due to its marked efficacy and no adverse effects, H2 will be a next generation therapy candidate for medical applications.
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22
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Effects of long-term hydrogen intervention on the physiological function of rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18509. [PMID: 33116163 PMCID: PMC7595097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75492-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) have now been confirmed in various human and animal-disease models. However, the effects of H2 on the physiological function in a normal state have been largely neglected. Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) intake and hydrogen inhalation (HI) are the most common used methods for hydrogen administration, the difference in the effects between HRW intake and HI remains elusive. In the present study, the body weight and 13 serum biochemical parameters were monitored during the six-month hydrogen intervention, all these parameters were significantly altered by oral intake of HRW or HI. Among the 13 parameters, the most striking alterations induced by hydrogen treatment were observed in serum myocardial enzymes spectrum. The results also showed that the changes in these parameters occurred at different time points, and the alterations in most of the parameters were much more significant in HI than HRW. The results of this study provides the basic data for the mechanism research and application of molecular hydrogen in the future.
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Hydrogen: A Novel Option in Human Disease Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8384742. [PMID: 32963703 PMCID: PMC7495244 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8384742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
H2 has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ability in many clinical trials, and its application is recommended in the latest Chinese novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) treatment guidelines. Clinical experiments have revealed the surprising finding that H2 gas may protect the lungs and extrapulmonary organs from pathological stimuli in NCP patients. The potential mechanisms underlying the action of H2 gas are not clear. H2 gas may regulate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, mitochondrial energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the immune system, and cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and circadian clock, among others) and has therapeutic potential for many systemic diseases. This paper reviews the basic research and the latest clinical applications of H2 gas in multiorgan system diseases to establish strategies for the clinical treatment for various diseases.
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Yang H. Hydrogen: An Endogenous Regulator of Liver Homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:877. [PMID: 32595504 PMCID: PMC7301907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies have shown that hydrogen (H2), the lightest gas in the air, has significant biological effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. The mammalian cells have no abilities to produce H2 due to lack of the expression of hydrogenase. The endogenous H2 in human body is mainly produced by anaerobic bacteria, such as Firmicutes and Bacteroides, in gut and other organs through the reversible oxidation reaction of 2 H+ + 2 e- ⇌ H2. Supplement of exogenous H2 can improve many kinds of liver injuries, modulate glucose and lipids metabolism in animal models or in human beings. Moreover, hepatic glycogen has strong ability to accumulate H2, thus, among the organs examined, liver has the highest concentration of H2 after supplement of exogenous H2 by various strategies in vivo. The inadequate production of endogenous H2 play essential roles in brain, heart, and liver disorders, while enhanced endogenous H2 production may improve hepatitis, hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury, liver regeneration, and hepatic steatosis. Therefore, the endogenous H2 may play essential roles in maintaining liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Xu
- Biofeedback Laboratory, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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LeBaron TW, Singh RB, Fatima G, Kartikey K, Sharma JP, Ostojic SM, Gvozdjakova A, Kura B, Noda M, Mojto V, Niaz MA, Slezak J. The Effects of 24-Week, High-Concentration Hydrogen-Rich Water on Body Composition, Blood Lipid Profiles and Inflammation Biomarkers in Men and Women with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:889-896. [PMID: 32273740 PMCID: PMC7102907 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s240122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic syndrome is associated with several medical risk factors including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and obesity, which has become a worldwide pandemic. The sequelae of this condition increase the risk of cardiovascular and neurological disease and increased mortality. Its pathophysiology is associated with redox dysregulation, excessive inflammation, and perturbation of cellular homeostasis. Molecular hydrogen (H2) may attenuate oxidative stress, improve cellular function, and reduce chronic inflammation. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown promising effects of H2-rich water (HRW) on specific features of metabolic syndrome, yet the effects of long-term, high-concentration HRW in this prevalent condition remain poorly addressed. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 60 subjects (30 men and 30 women) with metabolic syndrome. An initial observation period of one week was used to acquire baseline clinical data followed by randomization to either placebo or high-concentration HRW (> 5.5 millimoles of H2 per day) for 24 weeks. RESULTS Supplementation with high-concentration HRW significantly reduced blood cholesterol and glucose levels, attenuated serum hemoglobin A1c, and improved biomarkers of inflammation and redox homeostasis as compared to placebo (P < 0.05). Furthermore, H2 tended to promote a mild reduction in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. CONCLUSION Our results give further credence that high-concentration HRW might have promising effects as a therapeutic modality for attenuating risk factors of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W LeBaron
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT, USA
| | - Ram B Singh
- Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anna Gvozdjakova
- Medical Faculty, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Medical Department, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Viliam Mojto
- Third Internal Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad Arif Niaz
- Center of Nutrition Research, International College of Nutrition, Moradabad, India
| | - Jan Slezak
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: Jan Slezak Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, Bratislava841 04, Slovak RepublicTel +421 903 620 181 Email
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Wen D, Hui R, Wang J, Shen X, Xie B, Gong M, Yu F, Cong B, Ma C. Effects of Molecular Hydrogen on Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity and Spatial Memory Impairment. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:823. [PMID: 31396089 PMCID: PMC6664236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive stimulant, and METH exposure can induce irreversible neuronal damage and cause neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. The ever-increasing levels of METH abuse worldwide have necessitated the identification of effective intervention strategies to protect the brain against METH-induced neurotoxicity. The protective effects of molecular hydrogen on oxidative stress and related neurodegenerative diseases have been recently elucidated. Herein, we investigated whether treatment with molecular hydrogen ameliorated the METH-induced neurotoxicity and spatial learning and memory impairments. Male C57BL/6 mice received four intraperitoneal METH injections (10 mg/kg, 3-h interval), and stereotypic behaviors and hyperthermia were observed. After METH treatment and behavioral observation, the mice were returned to their home cages, where they received water or hydrogen-rich water (HRW) ad libitum for 7 days. We found that the molecular hydrogen delivered by ad libitum HRW consumption significantly inhibited the METH-induced spatial learning impairment and memory loss evidenced in the Barnes maze and Morris water maze tests. Furthermore, molecular hydrogen significantly restrained the neuronal damage in the hippocampus after high-dose METH exposure. Ad libitum HRW consumption also had an inhibitory effect on the METH-induced increase in the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, glucose-related protein 78 (GRP 78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and p-NF-kB p65 expression and elevation of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the hippocampus. These are the first findings to indicate that hydrogen might ameliorate METH-induced neurotoxicity and has a potential application in reducing the risk of neurodegeneration frequently observed in METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rongji Hui
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Shen
- College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Xie
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Gong
- Department of Histoembryology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
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